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usr/bin/wcurl000075500000024576150404430250007222 0ustar00#!/bin/sh

# wcurl - a simple wrapper around curl to easily download files.
#
# Requires curl >= 7.46.0 (2015)
#
# Copyright (C) Samuel Henrique <samueloph@debian.org>, Sergio Durigan
# Junior <sergiodj@debian.org> and many contributors, see the AUTHORS
# file.
#
# Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any purpose
# with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright
# notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
#
# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
# IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
# FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT OF THIRD PARTY RIGHTS. IN
# NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM,
# DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR
# OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE
# OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
#
# Except as contained in this notice, the name of a copyright holder shall not be
# used in advertising or otherwise to promote the sale, use or other dealings in
# this Software without prior written authorization of the copyright holder.
#
# SPDX-License-Identifier: curl

# Stop on errors and on usage of unset variables.
set -eu

VERSION="2025.05.26"

PROGRAM_NAME="$(basename "$0")"
readonly PROGRAM_NAME

# Display the version.
print_version()
{
    cat << _EOF_
${VERSION}
_EOF_
}

# Display the program usage.
usage()
{
    cat << _EOF_
${PROGRAM_NAME} -- a simple wrapper around curl to easily download files.

Usage: ${PROGRAM_NAME} <URL>...
       ${PROGRAM_NAME} [--curl-options <CURL_OPTIONS>]... [--no-decode-filename] [-o|-O|--output <PATH>] [--dry-run] [--] <URL>...
       ${PROGRAM_NAME} [--curl-options=<CURL_OPTIONS>]... [--no-decode-filename] [--output=<PATH>] [--dry-run] [--] <URL>...
       ${PROGRAM_NAME} -h|--help
       ${PROGRAM_NAME} -V|--version

Options:

  --curl-options <CURL_OPTIONS>: Specify extra options to be passed when invoking curl. May be
                                 specified more than once.

  -o, -O, --output <PATH>: Use the provided output path instead of getting it from the URL. If
                           multiple URLs are provided, resulting files share the same name with a
                           number appended to the end (curl >= 7.83.0). If this option is provided
                           multiple times, only the last value is considered.

  --no-decode-filename: Don't percent-decode the output filename, even if the percent-encoding in
                        the URL was done by wcurl, e.g.: The URL contained whitespaces.

  --dry-run: Don't actually execute curl, just print what would be invoked.

  -V, --version: Print version information.

  -h, --help: Print this usage message.

  <CURL_OPTIONS>: Any option supported by curl can be set here. This is not used by wcurl; it is
                 instead forwarded to the curl invocation.

  <URL>: URL to be downloaded. Anything that is not a parameter is considered
         an URL. Whitespaces are percent-encoded and the URL is passed to curl, which
         then performs the parsing. May be specified more than once.
_EOF_
}

# Display an error message and bail out.
error()
{
    printf "%s\n" "$*" > /dev/stderr
    exit 1
}

# Extra curl options provided by the user.
# This is set per-URL for every URL provided.
# Some options are global, but we are erroring on the side of needlesly setting
# them multiple times instead of causing issues with parameters that needs to
# be set per-URL.
CURL_OPTIONS=""

# The URLs to be downloaded.
URLS=""

# Variable used to be set to the percent-decoded filename parsed from the URL, unless
# --output or --no-decode-filename are used.
OUTPUT_PATH=""
HAS_USER_SET_OUTPUT="false"

# The parameters that are passed per-URL to curl.
readonly PER_URL_PARAMETERS="\
    --fail \
    --globoff \
    --location \
    --proto-default https \
    --remote-time \
    --retry 5 "

# Whether to invoke curl or not.
DRY_RUN="false"

# Sanitize parameters.
sanitize()
{
    if [ -z "${URLS}" ]; then
        error "You must provide at least one URL to download."
    fi

    readonly CURL_OPTIONS URLS DRY_RUN HAS_USER_SET_OUTPUT
}

# Indicate via exit code whether the string given in the first parameter
# consists solely of characters from the string given in the second parameter.
# In other words, it returns 0 if the first parameter only contains characters
# from the second parameter, e.g.: Are $1 characters a subset of $2 characters?
is_subset_of()
{
    case "${1}" in
        *[!${2}]*|'') return 1;;
    esac
}

# Print the given string percent-decoded.
percent_decode()
{
    # Encodings of control characters (00-1F) are passed through without decoding.
    # Iterate on the input character-by-character, decoding it.
    printf "%s\n" "${1}" | fold -w1 | while IFS= read -r decode_out; do
        # If character is a "%", read the next character as decode_hex1.
        if [ "${decode_out}" = % ] && IFS= read -r decode_hex1; then
            decode_out="${decode_out}${decode_hex1}"
            # If there's one more character, read it as decode_hex2.
            if IFS= read -r decode_hex2; then
                decode_out="${decode_out}${decode_hex2}"
                # Skip decoding if this is a control character (00-1F).
                # Skip decoding if DECODE_FILENAME is not "true".
                if is_subset_of "${decode_hex1}" "23456789abcdefABCDEF" && \
                    is_subset_of "${decode_hex2}" "0123456789abcdefABCDEF" && \
                    [ "${DECODE_FILENAME}" = "true" ]; then
                    # Use printf to decode it into octal and then decode it to the final format.
                    decode_out="$(printf "%b" "\\$(printf %o "0x${decode_hex1}${decode_hex2}")")"
                fi
            fi
        fi
        printf %s "${decode_out}"
    done
}

# Print the percent-decoded filename portion of the given URL.
get_url_filename()
{
    # Remove protocol and query string if present.
    hostname_and_path="$(printf %s "${1}" | sed -e 's,^[^/]*//,,' -e 's,?.*$,,')"
    # If what remains contains a slash, there's a path; return it percent-decoded.
    case "${hostname_and_path}" in
        # sed to remove everything preceding the last '/', e.g.: "example/something" becomes "something"
        */*) percent_decode "$(printf %s "${hostname_and_path}" | sed -e 's,^.*/,,')";;
    esac
    # No slash means there was just a hostname and no path; return empty string.
}

# Execute curl with the list of URLs provided by the user.
exec_curl()
{
    CMD="curl "

    # Store version to check if it supports --no-clobber and --parallel.
    curl_version=$($CMD --version | cut -f2 -d' ' | head -n1)
    curl_version_major=$(echo "$curl_version" | cut -f1 -d.)
    curl_version_minor=$(echo "$curl_version" | cut -f2 -d.)

    CURL_HAS_NO_CLOBBER=""
    CURL_HAS_PARALLEL=""
    # --no-clobber is only supported since 7.83.0.
    # --parallel is only supported since 7.66.0.
    if [ "${curl_version_major}" -ge 8 ]; then
        CURL_HAS_NO_CLOBBER="--no-clobber"
        CURL_HAS_PARALLEL="--parallel"
    elif [ "${curl_version_major}" -eq 7 ];then
        if [ "${curl_version_minor}" -ge 83 ]; then
            CURL_HAS_NO_CLOBBER="--no-clobber"
        fi
        if [ "${curl_version_minor}" -ge 66 ]; then
            CURL_HAS_PARALLEL="--parallel"
        fi
    fi

    # Detecting whether we need --parallel.  It's easier to rely on
    # the shell's argument parsing.
    # shellcheck disable=SC2086
    set -- $URLS

    if [ "$#" -gt 1 ]; then
        CURL_PARALLEL="$CURL_HAS_PARALLEL"
    else
        CURL_PARALLEL=""
    fi

    # Start assembling the command.
    #
    # We use 'set --' here (again) because (a) we don't have arrays on
    # POSIX shell, and (b) we need better control over the way we
    # split arguments.
    #
    # shellcheck disable=SC2086
    set -- ${CMD} ${CURL_PARALLEL}

    NEXT_PARAMETER=""
    for url in ${URLS}; do
        # If the user did not provide an output path, define one.
        if [ "${HAS_USER_SET_OUTPUT}" = "false" ]; then
            OUTPUT_PATH="$(get_url_filename "${url}")"
            # If we could not get a path from the URL, use the default: index.html.
            [ -z "${OUTPUT_PATH}" ] && OUTPUT_PATH=index.html
        fi
        # shellcheck disable=SC2086
        set -- "$@" ${NEXT_PARAMETER} ${PER_URL_PARAMETERS} ${CURL_HAS_NO_CLOBBER} ${CURL_OPTIONS} --output "${OUTPUT_PATH}" "${url}"
        NEXT_PARAMETER="--next"
    done

    if [ "${DRY_RUN}" = "false" ]; then
        exec "$@"
    else
        printf "%s\n" "$@"
    fi
}

# Default to decoding the output filename
DECODE_FILENAME="true"

# Use "${1-}" in order to avoid errors because of 'set -u'.
while [ -n "${1-}" ]; do
    case "${1}" in
        --curl-options=*)
            opt=$(printf "%s\n" "${1}" | sed 's/^--curl-options=//')
            CURL_OPTIONS="${CURL_OPTIONS} ${opt}"
            ;;

        --curl-options)
            shift
            CURL_OPTIONS="${CURL_OPTIONS} ${1}"
            ;;

        --dry-run)
            DRY_RUN="true"
            ;;

        --output=*)
            opt=$(printf "%s\n" "${1}" | sed 's/^--output=//')
            HAS_USER_SET_OUTPUT="true"
            OUTPUT_PATH="${opt}"
            ;;

        -o|-O|--output)
            shift
            HAS_USER_SET_OUTPUT="true"
            OUTPUT_PATH="${1}"
            ;;

        -o*|-O*)
            opt=$(printf "%s\n" "${1}" | sed 's/^-[oO]//')
            HAS_USER_SET_OUTPUT="true"
            OUTPUT_PATH="${opt}"
            ;;

        --no-decode-filename)
            DECODE_FILENAME="false"
            ;;

        -h|--help)
            usage
            exit 0
            ;;

        -V|--version)
            print_version
            exit 0
            ;;

        --)
            # This is the start of the list of URLs.
            shift
            for url in "$@"; do
                # Encode whitespaces into %20, since wget supports those URLs.
                newurl=$(printf "%s\n" "${url}" | sed 's/ /%20/g')
                URLS="${URLS} ${newurl}"
            done
            break
            ;;

        -*)
            error "Unknown option: '$1'."
            ;;

        *)
            # This must be a URL.
            # Encode whitespaces into %20, since wget supports those URLs.
            newurl=$(printf "%s\n" "${1}" | sed 's/ /%20/g')
            URLS="${URLS} ${newurl}"
            ;;
    esac
    shift
done

sanitize
exec_curl
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proxy support is disabled in this libcurlCURLOPT_SUPPRESS_CONNECT_HEADERScannot mix --continue-at with --datacannot mix --continue-at with --formskipped provided cookie, the cookie header would go over %u bytesCURLOPT_FTP_ALTERNATIVE_TO_USERCURLOPT_SSH_HOST_PUBLIC_KEY_MD5CURLOPT_SSH_HOST_PUBLIC_KEY_SHA256Couldn't find a known_hosts fileignoring %s, not supported by libcurl with %sCURLOPT_SSL_SIGNATURE_ALGORITHMSCURLOPT_FTP_CREATE_MISSING_DIRSCURLOPT_HTTP_TRANSFER_DECODINGCURLOPT_PROXY_TLSAUTH_USERNAMECURLOPT_PROXY_TLSAUTH_PASSWORDCURLOPT_HAPPY_EYEBALLS_TIMEOUT_MSCURLOPT_DISALLOW_USERNAME_IN_URL?--proxy-capath--capathCURLOPT_DEBUGFUNCTIONCURLOPT_DEBUGDATACURLOPT_VERBOSECURLOPT_BUFFERSIZECURLOPT_URLCURLOPT_NOPROGRESSCURLOPT_WRITEDATACURLOPT_INTERLEAVEDATACURLOPT_WRITEFUNCTIONCURLOPT_READDATACURLOPT_READFUNCTIONCURLOPT_SEEKDATACURLOPT_SEEKFUNCTIONCURLOPT_XFERINFOFUNCTIONCURLOPT_XFERINFODATACURLOPT_HEADERFUNCTIONCURLOPT_HEADERDATACURLOPT_NOBODYCURLOPT_XOAUTH2_BEARERCURLOPT_PROXYCURLOPT_PROXYTYPECURLOPT_PROXYUSERPWDCURLOPT_HTTPPROXYTUNNELCURLOPT_PRE_PROXYCURLOPT_PROXYAUTHCURLOPT_NOPROXYCURLOPT_PROXY_SERVICE_NAMECURLOPT_HAPROXYPROTOCOLCURLOPT_HAPROXY_CLIENT_IPCURLOPT_FAILONERRORCURLOPT_REQUEST_TARGETCURLOPT_UPLOADCURLOPT_DIRLISTONLYCURLOPT_APPENDCURLOPT_NETRCCURLOPT_NETRC_FILECURLOPT_TRANSFERTEXTCURLOPT_LOGIN_OPTIONSCURLOPT_USERPWDCURLOPT_RANGECURLOPT_ERRORBUFFERCURLOPT_TIMEOUT_MSCURLOPT_POSTFIELDSCURLOPT_POSTFIELDSIZE_LARGECURLOPT_MIMEPOSTCURLOPT_MIME_OPTIONSCURLOPT_HTTPAUTHCURLOPT_HTTPHEADERCURLOPT_REFERERCURLOPT_USERAGENTCURLOPT_FOLLOWLOCATIONCURLOPT_UNRESTRICTED_AUTHCURLOPT_AWS_SIGV4CURLOPT_AUTOREFERERCURLOPT_PROXYHEADERCURLOPT_HEADEROPTCURLOPT_MAXREDIRSCURLOPT_HTTP_VERSIONCURLOPT_POSTREDIRCURLOPT_ACCEPT_ENCODINGCURLOPT_TRANSFER_ENCODINGCURLOPT_HTTP09_ALLOWEDCURLOPT_ALTSVCCURLOPT_HSTSCURLOPT_EXPECT_100_TIMEOUT_MS;%sCURLOPT_COOKIECURLOPT_COOKIEFILECURLOPT_COOKIEJARCURLOPT_COOKIESESSIONCURLOPT_FTPPORTCURLOPT_FTP_USE_EPSVCURLOPT_FTP_USE_EPRTCURLOPT_FTP_SSL_CCCCURLOPT_FTP_ACCOUNTCURLOPT_FTP_SKIP_PASV_IPCURLOPT_FTP_FILEMETHODCURLOPT_FTP_USE_PRETCURLOPT_LOW_SPEED_LIMITCURLOPT_LOW_SPEED_TIMECURLOPT_MAX_SEND_SPEED_LARGECURLOPT_MAX_RECV_SPEED_LARGECURLOPT_RESUME_FROM_LARGECURLOPT_KEYPASSWDCURLOPT_PROXY_KEYPASSWDCURLOPT_SSH_PRIVATE_KEYFILECURLOPT_SSH_PUBLIC_KEYFILECURLOPT_SSH_COMPRESSION.ssh/known_hostsCURLOPT_SSH_KNOWNHOSTSCURLOPT_CAINFOCURLOPT_PROXY_CAINFOCURLOPT_CAPATHCURLOPT_PROXY_CAPATHCURLOPT_CRLFILECURLOPT_PROXY_CRLFILECURLOPT_PINNEDPUBLICKEY--pinnedpubkeyCURLOPT_PROXY_PINNEDPUBLICKEY--proxy-pinnedpubkeyCURLOPT_SSL_EC_CURVESCURLOPT_CERTINFOCURLOPT_SSLCERTCURLOPT_PROXY_SSLCERTCURLOPT_SSLCERTTYPECURLOPT_PROXY_SSLCERTTYPECURLOPT_SSLKEYCURLOPT_PROXY_SSLKEYCURLOPT_SSLKEYTYPECURLOPT_PROXY_SSLKEYTYPECURLOPT_SSL_VERIFYPEERCURLOPT_SSL_VERIFYHOSTCURLOPT_DOH_SSL_VERIFYPEERCURLOPT_DOH_SSL_VERIFYHOSTCURLOPT_PROXY_SSL_VERIFYPEERCURLOPT_PROXY_SSL_VERIFYHOSTCURLOPT_SSL_VERIFYSTATUSCURLOPT_DOH_SSL_VERIFYSTATUSCURLOPT_SSL_FALSESTARTCURLOPT_SSLVERSIONCURLOPT_PROXY_SSLVERSIONCURLOPT_SSL_OPTIONSCURLOPT_PROXY_SSL_OPTIONSCURLOPT_SSL_CIPHER_LIST--ciphersCURLOPT_PROXY_SSL_CIPHER_LIST--proxy-ciphersCURLOPT_TLS13_CIPHERS--tls13-ciphersCURLOPT_PROXY_TLS13_CIPHERS--proxy-tls13-ciphersCURLOPT_SSL_SESSIONID_CACHECURLOPT_ECHCURLOPT_SSLENGINECURLOPT_USE_SSLCURLOPT_SSL_ENABLE_ALPNCURLOPT_PATH_AS_ISCURLOPT_FILETIMECURLOPT_CRLFCURLOPT_QUOTECURLOPT_POSTQUOTECURLOPT_PREQUOTECURLOPT_TIMECONDITIONCURLOPT_TIMEVALUE_LARGECURLOPT_CUSTOMREQUESTCURLOPT_STDERRCURLOPT_INTERFACECURLOPT_KRBLEVELCURLOPT_DNS_SERVERSCURLOPT_DNS_INTERFACECURLOPT_DNS_LOCAL_IP4CURLOPT_DNS_LOCAL_IP6CURLOPT_TELNETOPTIONSCURLOPT_CONNECTTIMEOUT_MSCURLOPT_DOH_URLCURLOPT_MAXFILESIZE_LARGECURLOPT_IPRESOLVECURLOPT_SOCKS5_GSSAPI_NECCURLOPT_SOCKS5_AUTHCURLOPT_SERVICE_NAMECURLOPT_IGNORE_CONTENT_LENGTHCURLOPT_LOCALPORTCURLOPT_LOCALPORTRANGECURLOPT_HTTP_CONTENT_DECODINGCURLOPT_TCP_NODELAYCURLOPT_TCP_FASTOPENCURLOPT_OPENSOCKETFUNCTIONCURLOPT_TCP_KEEPALIVECURLOPT_TCP_KEEPIDLECURLOPT_TCP_KEEPINTVLCURLOPT_TCP_KEEPCNTCURLOPT_TFTP_BLKSIZECURLOPT_MAIL_FROMCURLOPT_MAIL_RCPTCURLOPT_MAIL_RCPT_ALLOWFAILSCURLOPT_NEW_FILE_PERMSCURLOPT_PROTOCOLS_STRCURLOPT_REDIR_PROTOCOLS_STRCURLOPT_RESOLVECURLOPT_CONNECT_TOCURLOPT_TLSAUTH_USERNAMECURLOPT_TLSAUTH_PASSWORDCURLOPT_TLSAUTH_TYPECURLOPT_PROXY_TLSAUTH_TYPECURLOPT_GSSAPI_DELEGATIONCURLOPT_MAIL_AUTHCURLOPT_SASL_AUTHZIDCURLOPT_SASL_IRCURLOPT_ABSTRACT_UNIX_SOCKETCURLOPT_UNIX_SOCKET_PATHCURLOPT_DEFAULT_PROTOCOLCURLOPT_TFTP_NO_OPTIONSCURLOPT_SOCKOPTFUNCTIONCURLOPT_SOCKOPTDATACURLOPT_UPLOAD_FLAGSCOLUMNS%s%s%s=> Send header=> Send data<= Recv header<= Recv data<= Recv SSL data=> Send SSL data%02d:%02d:%02d%s.%06ld [%ld-%ld] [%ld-x] Failed to create/open output[%zu bytes data]
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 Cannot read from %s: %sskip unknown form field: %sheaders=encoder=no multipart to terminate ����������ȫ��ȫ��x���X���invalid number specified for %sunsupported %s unit. Use G, M, K or BThe etag options only work on a single URL--%s is an insecure option, consider --ssl-reqd insteadYou must select either --fail or --fail-with-body, not both.--continue-at is mutually exclusive with --remove-on-error--continue-at is mutually exclusive with --no-clobber-v, --verbose overrides an earlier trace option--%s is deprecated and has no function anymoreThe filename argument '%s' looks like a flag.The argument '%s' starts with a Unicode quote where maybe an ASCII " was intended?--trace overrides an earlier trace/verbose option--trace-ascii overrides an earlier trace/verbose option--continue-at is mutually exclusive with --rangeCouldn't read file "%s" specified for "--ech ecl:" optionInvalid character is found in given range. A specified range MUST have only digits in 'start'-'stop'. The server's response to this request is uncertain.A specified range MUST include at least one dash (-). Appending one for youIllegal date format for -z, --time-cond (and not a filename). Disabling time condition. See curl_getdate(3) for valid date syntax.Overrides previous HTTP version option%c%.*sids,time,protocolssl,read,writenetworkpkcs11::\<stdin>answeredno-expand-“unsupported --rate unittoo large --rate unitmax-filesize&%s&%s;autopn:ecl:ecl:%scannot read config from '%s'%ld-Failed to read %smissing URL before --next--urloption %s: %sdeleteddraftflaggedseenAF11AF12AF13AF21AF22AF23AF31AF32AF33AF41AF42AF43CS0CS1CS2CS3CS4CS5CS6CS7ECT0ECT1EFLOWCOSTLOWDELAYMINCOSTRELIABILITYTHROUGHPUTVOICE-ADMITabstract-unix-socketaws-sigv4connect-timeoutconnect-tocontinue-atcookiecookie-jarcreate-file-modecurvesdata-asciidata-binarydata-rawdata-urlencodedelegationdisallow-username-in-urldns-interfacedns-ipv4-addrdns-ipv6-addrdns-serversdoh-urldump-headerechegd-fileengineetag-compareetag-saveexpect100-timeoutformform-stringftp-accountftp-alternative-to-userftp-methodftp-portftp-sslftp-ssl-ccc-modeftp-ssl-reqdhappy-eyeballs-timeout-mshaproxy-clientiphelphostpubmd5hostpubsha256hstsincludeip-tosipfs-gatewaykeepalive-cntkeepalive-timekrbkrb4libcurllimit-ratelocal-portlogin-optionsmail-authmail-frommail-rcptmax-redirsnetrc-filenoproxyoauth2-beareroutput-dirparallel-maxpreproxyprotoproto-defaultproto-redirproxy-cacertproxy-certproxy-cert-typeproxy-crlfileproxy-headerproxy-keyproxy-key-typeproxy-passproxy-service-nameproxy-ssl-auto-client-certproxy-tlsauthtypeproxy-tlspasswordproxy-tlsuserproxy-userproxy1.0quoterandom-filerequest-targetresolveretryretry-delayretry-max-timesasl-authzidsigalgssocks4socks4asocks5socks5-gssapi-servicesocks5-hostnamespeed-limitspeed-timessl-sessionssuppress-connect-headerstelnet-optiontftp-blksizetime-condtls-maxtracetrace-asciitrace-configupload-fileupload-flagsurl-queryuser-agentvlan-prioritywrite-out������������������������������������l�������<�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������l�������<���3���|���3���3���`���3�������q���O���3���3���3���0���3���3���	�����������3���3���3���3���3���3���k���3���ߴ��3���3���3���3���3���3���3���3�������|���c�����������3���3���3���3���%������3���3���3���3���3���3�����������3���3���3��������:���Ӭ��3�������3���3���3�������3���3���3�����������i���.���3��������г������3���3������"���3���3���3���3���3������3���3���3���3���3���3�������������3���3���3���3���3���v�������3���3���3���3���3���3���3���3���D���3���X���A���3���3���3���3���ѱ������3���3���3���3���[���2������3����3���3���3���,���3���3���3���3����������3���3�����3���²����������3���z���۸��3���3���3���3�����������~���3���3���3���3���3���3���_���3���'������3���3���Ϸ��X���3���3���3���9������3���3���3���3���3���3���3�������3���3���3���3���3�������3�������˹��U�����������3���3���3���3���d���H���3���3���3���)���3������������׶��3�������3���3���3�������`���A���3���3���3���3���i����������ܭ��������3���3���3���3�����������t���U���3���3���3���3���6���3������3���3���3���3���3���3���3���3���3���3�������3���3���3���߯��Ư��3���3���3���3���3���3���D���3���3���3�����Ұ��3���3���3������������*������P������������������w����������������������� ��J����c������������������������"���������������<��i��������I������������(������z����������������=����=���������������<����������U����������w����������������������������������������������������������������������+�����������G������L��h�����������������������������������+��������G��h��������������������������������������/��]�������������������������������������4������M��i�����������������1����V��r���������������f����e��������������������y����������������������������������A�������������
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ipfsProtocols:rtmp ipfs ipnsFeatures:Build-time engines:  <none>connectionManage connectionsThe command line tool itselfdeprecatedLegacydnsNames and resolvingFILE protocolglobalGlobal optionsHTTP and HTTPS protocolimapIMAP protocolldapLDAP protocolFilesystem outputpop3POP3 protocolpostHTTP POST specificOptions for proxiesscpSCP protocolsftpSFTP protocolsmtpSMTP protocolSSH protocoltelnetTELNET protocoltftpTFTP protocolTimeouts and delaystlsTLS/SSL relatedUpload, sending dataTracing, logging etcUsage: curl [options...] <url>
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Use "--help [option]" to view documentation for a given optioncurl 8.14.1 (x86_64-redhat-linux-gnu) %s
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WARNING: this libcurl is Debug-enabled, do not use in production

had unsupported trailing garbageexpected a proper numerical parameterexpected a positive numerical parameterthe installed libcurl version does not support thisa specified protocol is unsupported by libcurlthe given option cannot be reversed with a --no- prefix--continue-at and --remote-header-name cannot be combinederror encountered when reading a fileblank argument where content is expectedsyntax error in --variable argumentmultipart formpost (-F, --form)You can only select one HTTP request method! You asked for both %s and %s.Unnecessary use of -X or --request, %s is already inferred.Setting custom HTTP method to HEAD with -X/--request may not work the way you want. Consider using -I/--head instead.is unknownis ambiguousrequires parameteris badly used heretoo large numbervariable expansion failureunknown errorGET (-G, --get)HEAD (-I, --head)POST (-d, --data)PUT (-T, --upload-file)HEADp�0�`�@�P�p�p�p�p�p�`�p���������p����������� �IPFS_GATEWAYIPFS_PATH%s/.ipfs/%sgateway%s%s/%s%smalformed target URLIPFS automatic gateway detection failed--ipfs-gateway was given a malformed URLlibssh2threadsafertsp    --abstract-unix-socket <path>Connect via abstract Unix domain socketEnable alt-svc with this cache filePick any authentication methodAppend to target file when uploading    --aws-sigv4 <provider1[:prvdr2[:reg[:srv]]]>CA certificate to verify peer againstCA directory to verify peer against-E, --cert <certificate[:password]>Client certificate file and passwordVerify server cert status OCSP-stapleCertificate type (DER/PEM/ENG/PROV/P12)TLS 1.2 (1.1, 1.0) ciphers to use    --connect-timeout <seconds>Maximum time allowed to connect    --connect-to <HOST1:PORT1:HOST2:PORT2>Connect to host2 instead of host1Send cookies from string/load from fileSave cookies to <filename> after operationCreate necessary local directory hierarchy(EC) TLS key exchange algorithms to request    --disallow-username-in-url    --dns-interface <interface>Interface to use for DNS requestsIPv4 address to use for DNS requestsIPv6 address to use for DNS requestsVerify DoH server cert status OCSP-stapleAllow insecure DoH server connectionsWrite the embedded CA bundle to standard outputWrite the received headers to <filename>EGD socket path for random dataParse incoming ETag and save to a file    --expect100-timeout <seconds>How long to wait for 100-continueFail fast with no output on HTTP errorsFail on HTTP errors but save the bodyEscape form fields using backslash    --form-string <name=string>    --ftp-alternative-to-user <command>Create the remote dirs if not presentSend PASV/EPSV instead of PORT    --ftp-ssl-ccc-mode <active/passive>Require TLS for login, clear for transferPut the post data in the URL and use GETDisable URL globbing with {} and []    --happy-eyeballs-timeout-ms <ms>Send HAProxy PROXY protocol v1 headerPass custom header(s) to serverAcceptable MD5 hash of host public keyAcceptable SHA256 hash of host public keyEnable HSTS with this cache fileUse HTTP/2 without HTTP/1.1 UpgradeIgnore the size of the remote resourceAllow insecure server connectionsSet IP Type of Service or Traffic ClassResolve names to IPv4 addressesResolve names to IPv6 addressesIgnore session cookies read from fileMaximum number of keepalive probes    --keepalive-time <seconds>Interval time for keepalive probesPrivate key file type (DER/PEM/ENG)Enable Kerberos with security <level>Generate libcurl code for this command lineUse a local port number within RANGEAs --location, but send secrets to other hostsOriginator address of the original emailMaximum number of redirects allowedMaximum time allowed for transferProcess given URLs as metalink XML fileUse HTTP Negotiate (SPNEGO) authenticationMust read .netrc for username and passwordMake next URL use separate optionsDisable the ALPN TLS extensionDisable buffering of the output streamDo not overwrite files that already existDisable TCP keepalive on the connectionDo not show the progress meterDisable SSL session-ID reusingList of hosts which do not use proxyHTTP NTLM authentication with winbindWrite to file instead of stdoutMaximum concurrency for parallel transfersPassphrase for the private keyDo not squash .. sequences in URL pathPublic key to verify peer againstDo not switch to GET after a 301 redirectDo not switch to GET after a 302 redirectDo not switch to GET after a 303 redirect    --preproxy <[protocol://]host[:port]>Display transfer progress as a bar    --proto-default <protocol>Use PROTOCOL for any URL missing a schemeEnable/disable PROTOCOLS on redirect-x, --proxy <[protocol://]host[:port]>Pick any proxy authentication methodUse Basic authentication on the proxyLoad CA certs from the OS to verify proxyCA certificates to verify proxy againstCA directory to verify proxy against    --proxy-cert <cert[:passwd]>Set client certificate for proxyClient certificate type for HTTPS proxyTLS 1.2 (1.1, 1.0) ciphers to use for proxy    --proxy-header <header/@file>Pass custom header(s) to proxySkip HTTPS proxy cert verificationPrivate key file type for proxyHTTP Negotiate (SPNEGO) auth with the proxyNTLM authentication with the proxyPassphrase for private key for HTTPS proxy    --proxy-pinnedpubkey <hashes>FILE/HASHES public key to verify proxy with    --proxy-service-name <name>Allow this security flaw for HTTPS proxy    --proxy-ssl-auto-client-certAuto client certificate for proxy    --proxy-tls13-ciphers <list>    --proxy-tlsauthtype <type>TLS authentication type for HTTPS proxy    --proxy-tlspassword <string>-U, --proxy-user <user:password>Use HTTP/1.0 proxy on given portHTTP proxy tunnel (using CONNECT)Send command(s) to server before transferFile for reading random data fromRetrieve only the bytes within RANGERequest rate for serial transfersDo HTTP raw; no transfer decodingUse the header-provided filenameWrite output to file named as remote fileUse the remote filename for all URLsSet remote file's time on local outputSpecify the target for this request    --resolve <[+]host:port:addr[,addr]...>Retry request if transient problems occurRetry all errors (with --retry)Retry on connection refused (with --retry)    --retry-max-time <seconds>Identity for SASL PLAIN authenticationInitial response in SASL authenticationShow error even when -s is usedShow response headers in outputTLS signature algorithms to useSkip download if local file already existsSOCKS4 proxy on given host + portSOCKS4a proxy on given host + portSOCKS5 proxy on given host + portUsername/password auth for SOCKS5 proxiesEnable GSS-API auth for SOCKS5 proxiesCompatibility with NEC SOCKS5 server    --socks5-gssapi-service <name>SOCKS5 proxy service name for GSS-API    --socks5-hostname <host[:port]>SOCKS5 proxy, pass hostname to proxyStop transfers slower than thisTrigger 'speed-limit' abort after this timeAllow security flaw to improve interopUse auto client certificate (Schannel)Disable cert revocation checks (Schannel)Ignore missing cert CRL dist pointsLoad/save SSL session tickets from/to this fileEnable styled output for HTTP headers    --suppress-connect-headersSuppress proxy CONNECT response headersTransfer based on a time conditionAllow use of TLSv1.3 early data (0RTT)Request compressed transfer encodingLike --trace, but without hex outputDetails to log in trace/verbose outputTransfer + connection ids in verbose outputAdd time stamps to trace/verbose outputConnect through this Unix domain socketTransfer local FILE to destinationSend User-Agent <name> to server    --variable <[%]name=text/@file>Make the operation more talkative    --vlan-priority <priority>Output FORMAT after completionStore metadata in extended file attributesAWS V4 signature authHTTP Basic AuthenticationLoad CA certs from the OSRequest compressed responseEnable SSH compressionRead config from a file-C, --continue-at <offset>Resumed transfer offset-b, --cookie <data|filename>-c, --cookie-jar <filename>    --create-file-mode <mode>File mode for created filesConvert LF to CRLF in uploadCertificate Revocation listHTTP POST dataHTTP POST ASCII dataHTTP POST binary dataHTTP POST data, '@' allowedHTTP POST data URL encodedGSS-API delegation permissionHTTP Digest AuthenticationDisable .curlrcInhibit using EPRT or LPRTInhibit using EPSVDisallow username in URL    --dns-ipv4-addr <address>    --dns-ipv6-addr <address>    --dns-servers <addresses>DNS server addrs to useResolve hostnames over DoH-D, --dump-header <filename>Configure ECHCrypto engine to useLoad ETag from fileFail on first transfer errorEnable TLS False Start-F, --form <name=content>Specify multipart MIME dataAccount data stringString to replace USER [name]Control CWD usageSend PORT instead of PASVSend PRET before PASVSkip the IP address for PASVSend CCC after authenticatingSet CCC modeTime for IPv6 before IPv4Set address in HAProxy PROXYShow document info only-H, --header <header/@file>Get help for commandsAllow HTTP/0.9 responsesUse HTTP/1.0Use HTTP/1.1Use HTTP/2Use HTTP/3Use HTTP/3 onlyUse network interfaceGateway for IPFSHTTP POST JSON-j, --junk-session-cookies    --keepalive-cnt <integer>Private key filenameLimit transfer speed to RATEList only modeFollow redirects    --login-options <options>Server login optionsMail from this addressMail to this addressAllow RCPT TO command to failDisplay the full manualMaximum file size to downloadEnable Multipath TCPSpecify FILE for netrcUse either .netrc or URLDisable the NPN TLS extension    --noproxy <no-proxy-list>HTTP NTLM authenticationOAuth 2 Bearer TokenDirectory to save files inPerform transfers in parallelDo not wait for multiplexingUse this proxy firstEnable/disable PROTOCOLS    --proto-redir <protocols>Use this proxySet a CRL list for proxyDigest auth with the proxyUse HTTP/2 with HTTPS proxyPrivate key for HTTPS proxySPNEGO proxy service nameTLS 1.3 proxy cipher suitesTLS password for HTTPS proxyTLS username for HTTPS proxyTLSv1 for HTTPS proxyProxy user and passwordSSH Public key filename    --rate <max request rate>Referrer URLRemove output file on errorsSpecify request method to useResolve host+port to addressWait time between retriesRetry only within this period    --sasl-authzid <identity>SPNEGO service nameSilent mode-Y, --speed-limit <speed>-y, --speed-time <seconds>Try enabling TLSRequire SSL/TLS    --ssl-sessions <filename>Where to redirect stderrUse TCP Fast OpenSet TCP_NODELAY-t, --telnet-option <opt=val>Set telnet optionSet TFTP BLKSIZE optionDo not send any TFTP optionsMaximum allowed TLS versionTLS 1.3 cipher suites to useTLS authentication typeTLS passwordTLS usernameTLSv1.0 or greaterTLSv1.1 or greaterTLSv1.2 or greaterTLSv1.3 or greaterWrite a debug trace to FILEIMAP upload behaviorURL(s) to work withAdd a URL query partUse ASCII/text transfer-u, --user <user:password>Server user and passwordSet variableShow version number and quitSet VLAN priorityerror retrieving curl library informationerror initializing curl libraryerror initializing curlout of file descriptorsNote: Warning: curl: curl: try 'curl --help' or 'curl --manual' for more information
cannot open '%s'CURLOPT_INFILESIZE_LARGE: HTTP error(retrying all errors): timeoutcurl: (%d) %s
Failed writing bodyThrowing away %ld bytesFailed to truncate fileFailed seeking to end of fileRemoved output file: %sFailed removing: %sENGFailed to open %s: %sIf-None-Match: %sIf-None-Match: ""abbad output globfcntl failed on fd=%d: %s(%d) no URL specifiedCURL_CA_BUNDLESSL_CERT_DIRSSL_CERT_FILE-qno transfer performed: connection refused: FTP errorMore details here: https://curl.se/docs/sslcerts.html

curl failed to verify the legitimacy of the server and therefore could not
establish a secure connection to it. To learn more about this situation and
how to fix it, please visit the webpage mentioned above.
curl: (%d) The requested URL returned error: %ld
Error setting extended attributes on '%s': %sThe Retry-After: time would make this command line exceed the maximum allowed time for retries.Problem %s. Will retry in %ld second%s. %ld retr%s left.curl: (%d) Failed writing bodySkipping removal; not a regular file: %sGot more output options than URLsFailed to allocate memory for custom etag headerFailed creating file for saving etags: "%s". Skip this transferFailed to extract a filename from the URL to use for storageoutput glob produces empty stringskips transfer, "%s" exists locallyUsing --anyauth or --proxy-anyauth with upload from stdin involves a big risk of it not working. Use a temporary file or a fixed auth type instead(%d) Could not parse the URL, failed to set queryTransfer aborted due to critical error in another transferTransfer took %ld ms, waits %ldms as set by --ratecurl_responseNo remote file name, uses "%s"Enter %s password for user '%s':Enter %s password for user '%s' on URL #%zu:unrecognized ftp file method '%s', using defaultunrecognized ftp CCC method '%s', using defaultunrecognized delegation method '%s', using noneContent-Type: application/json%s:%sunrecognized protocol '%s'%s,passiveactiveContent-TypeAcceptAccept: application/jsoncurl/8.14.1%s:%d: '%s' %s%s:%d: warning: '%s' uses unquoted whitespaceThis may cause side-effects. Consider using double quotes?%5ld%4ldk%2ld.%0ldM%4ldM%2ld.%0ldG%4ldG%4ldT%4ldP%2ld:%02ld:%02ld%3ldd %02ldh%7ldd%3ldDL% UL%  Dled  Uled  Xfers  Live Total     Current  Left    Speed

%-3s %-3s %s %s %5ld %5ld  %s %s %s %s %5s����MbP?@�@\%03o\x%02x...struct curl_slist *slist%d;slist%d = NULL;curl_slist_free_all(slist%d);curl_mime *mime%d;mime%d = NULL;mime%d = curl_mime_init(hnd);curl_mime_free(mime%d);curl_mimepart *part%d;curl_mime_name(part%d, "%s");curl_mime_type(part%d, "%s");CURL_SSLVERSION_TLSv1CURL_SSLVERSION_DEFAULTCURL_SSLVERSION_MAX_DEFAULTCURL_SSLVERSION_MAX_NONEcurl_easy_setopt(hnd, %s, %s(long)%s%s%*s%s%luUL);objectfunction%s was set to a%s %s pointerCURLOPT_SSL_ENABLE_NPNCURL_NETRC_IGNOREDCURL_NETRC_OPTIONALCURL_NETRC_REQUIREDCURLSSLOPT_ALLOW_BEASTCURLSSLOPT_NO_REVOKECURLSSLOPT_NO_PARTIALCHAINCURLSSLOPT_REVOKE_BEST_EFFORTCURLSSLOPT_NATIVE_CACURLSSLOPT_AUTO_CLIENT_CERTCURLUSESSL_NONECURLUSESSL_TRYCURLUSESSL_CONTROLCURLUSESSL_ALLCURLFTPSSL_CCC_NONECURLFTPSSL_CCC_PASSIVECURLFTPSSL_CCC_ACTIVECURL_TIMECOND_IFMODSINCECURL_TIMECOND_IFUNMODSINCECURL_TIMECOND_LASTMODCURL_TIMECOND_NONECURL_SSLVERSION_MAX_TLSv1_0CURL_SSLVERSION_MAX_TLSv1_1CURL_SSLVERSION_MAX_TLSv1_2CURL_SSLVERSION_MAX_TLSv1_3CURL_SSLVERSION_SSLv2CURL_SSLVERSION_SSLv3CURL_SSLVERSION_TLSv1_0CURL_SSLVERSION_TLSv1_1CURL_SSLVERSION_TLSv1_2CURL_SSLVERSION_TLSv1_3CURL_HTTP_VERSION_NONECURL_HTTP_VERSION_1_0CURL_HTTP_VERSION_1_1CURL_HTTP_VERSION_2_0CURL_HTTP_VERSION_2TLSCURL_HTTP_VERSION_3CURL_HTTP_VERSION_3ONLYCURLAUTH_ANYCURLAUTH_ANYSAFECURLAUTH_BASICCURLAUTH_DIGESTCURLAUTH_GSSNEGOTIATECURLAUTH_NTLMCURLAUTH_DIGEST_IECURLAUTH_ONLYCURLAUTH_NONECURLHSTS_ENABLECURLPROXY_SOCKS4CURLPROXY_SOCKS5CURLPROXY_SOCKS4ACURLPROXY_SOCKS5_HOSTNAMECURLPROXY_HTTPCURLPROXY_HTTP_1_0CURLPROXY_HTTPSslist%d = curl_slist_append(slist%d, "%s");part%d = curl_mime_addpart(mime%d);curl_mime_subparts(part%d, mime%d);curl_mime_data(part%d, "%s", CURL_ZERO_TERMINATED);curl_mime_filedata(part%d, "%s");curl_mime_filename(part%d, NULL);curl_mime_data_cb(part%d, -1, (curl_read_callback) fread, \                  (curl_seek_callback) fseek, NULL, stdin);curl_mime_filename(part%d, "%s");curl_mime_encoder(part%d, "%s");curl_mime_headers(part%d, slist%d, 1);curl_easy_setopt(hnd, %s, %ldL);curl_easy_setopt(hnd, %s, (long)%s);curl_easy_setopt(hnd, %s, (long)(%s | %s));curl_easy_setopt(hnd, %s, mime%d);curl_easy_setopt(hnd, %s, slist%d);curl_easy_setopt(hnd, %s, (curl_off_t)%ld);curl_easy_setopt(hnd, %s, "%s");*#��h%���"��%��%���$���$��\t\r\n\?\"\\	
?"\# Your SSL session cache. https://curl.se/docs/ssl-sessions.html
# This file was generated by libcurl! Edit at your own risk.
Warning: error saving SSL session for '%s': %dSSL session file does not exist (yet?): %sunrecognized line %d in ssl session file %sinvalid shmax base64 encoding in line %dinvalid sdata base64 encoding in line %d: %simport of session from line %d rejected(%d)Warning: Failed to create SSL session file %sWarning: Failed to open %sunmatched close brace/bracketunmatched bracenested braceempty string within bracesrange overflowunexpected close bracketbad rangebad range specificationtoo many globs%0*ld%s in URL position %zu:
%s
%*s^internal error: invalid pattern type (%d)
"%s":%lu.%06lu"%s":null"%s":%ld%03ldcert:%{%header{%output{�J���J���L���J���J���J���J���L���J���J���L���J���J���J���J���J���J���J���L���K���K���K���K���K���K���K���K���K���K���K���K���K���K���K���K���K���K���K���K��	
	
curl: unknown --write-out variable: '%.*s'
\\\"\b\f\n\r\t\u%04x"curl_version":,

}user.xdg.referrer.urluser.creatoruser.xdg.origin.urluser.mime_type{{}}missing close '}}' in '%s'bad variable name length '%s'bad variable name: %s[64dec-fail]variable contains null byteOverwriting variable '%s'unknown variable function in '%.*s'Bad variable name length (%zd), skippingVariable '%s' import fail, not setBad --variable syntax, skipping: %s>���?456789:;<=�������	

������ !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789-_ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/	



	  _   _ ____  _      ___| | | |  _ \| |     / __| | | | |_) | |    | (__| |_| |  _ <| |___     \___|\___/|_| \_\_____|
    curl - transfer a URL
SYNOPSIS
    curl [options / URLs]
DESCRIPTION    libcurl(3) for details.
URL    RFC 3986.    the command line.    in
	"http://[fe80::3%25eth0]/"
GLOBBING
    With leading zeroes:    each other:    letter:
VARIABLES    backslash, like "\{{".    not set:
	--variable '%USER'    expanded causes an error.    when sent as POST data:
	--variable %HOME	https://example.com/
OUTPUT    them.
PROTOCOLS
    DICT
    FILE	approach works.
    FTP(S)
    GOPHER(S)
	Retrieve files.
    HTTP(S)
    IMAP(S)	With or without using TLS.
    LDAP(S)
    MQTT
    POP3(S)	using TLS.
    RTMP(S)
    RTSP
    SCP
    SFTP
    SMB(S)
    SMTP(S)	without TLS.
    TELNET
    TFTP
    WS(S)
PROGRESS METER    is 1048576 bytes.    or similar.    the --silent option.
VERSION
	curl https://curl.se/info
OPTIONS
ALL OPTIONS
	    Example:
	    See also --unix-socket.
    --alt-svc <filename>	    modified.
    --anyauth	    no extra effect.
    -a, --append		  https://example.com
    --basic	    --negotiate).	    extra effect.
	    See also --proxy-basic.
    --ca-native	    verification.	    (Added in 8.13.0)
    --cacert <file>	    variable.	    PATH.	    application's directory.	    value is used.
    --capath <dir>	    version).	    last set value is used.
    --cert-status	    the verification fails.
    --cert-type <type>
    --ciphers <list>	    URL:
    --compressed	    with --no-compressed.
    --compressed-ssh	    --no-compressed-ssh.
	    See also --compressed.
    -K, --config <file>	    on the command line.	    8.2.0).	    the file from stdin.
		# --- Example file ---		# this is a comment		url = "example.com"		output = "curlhere.html"		-O	    places in this order:
	    1) "$CURL_HOME/.curlrc"
	    3) "$HOME/.curlrc"	    executable is placed.	    line
	    See also --disable.	    used.
	    Examples:
	    See also --max-time.	    "example.org".	    is not used by curl.	    figure that out.
	    See also --range.	    functions.	    cookies.	    file format.	    option.	    it.
    --create-dirs	    systems.	    default 0644.	    is used.
    --crlf
	    See also --use-ascii.
    --crlfile <file>
    --curves <list>	    utilities.
    -d, --data <data>	    --data-raw.
    --data-ascii <data>
    --data-binary <data>	    whatsoever.
	    See also --data-ascii.
    --data-raw <data>	    times in a command line
	    See also --data.
    --data-urlencode <data>
	    content
	    =content
	    name=content
	    @filename
	    name@filename		to be URL-encoded already.
    --delegation <LEVEL>
	    none
	    policy
	    always
    --digest
    -q, --disable
	    See also --config.
    --disable-eprt	    EPRT is necessary then.
    --disable-epsv	    is necessary then.	    set value is used.
    --doh-cert-status
    --doh-insecure	    checking.	    resolution insecure.	    --no-doh-insecure.	    --proxy-insecure.
    --doh-url <URL>	    The URL must be HTTPS.
    --dump-ca-embed	    then quit.	     curl --dump-ca-embed	    written to stdout.	    --dump-header.
	    See also --output.
    --ech <config>
	    false
	    grease
	    true		fails.)
	    hard
	    ecl:<b64val>
	    pn:<name>
    --egd-file <file>
	    See also --random-file.
    --engine <name>
    --etag-compare <file>	    the stored ETag.	    subsequent request.
    --etag-save <file>	    command line.
    -f, --fail	    greater.	    --no-fail.
    --fail-early	    contained by --next.
    --fail-with-body
    --false-start	    according to RFC 2388.	    message to transmit.	    by IMAP.	    input:	    server:
	    or	    double-quotes like:		    https://example.com	    backslash.		   https://example.com	    contents:		X-header-2: this is		 another header	    as follows:	    the argument,	    It attaches a text file:
    --form-escape	    in a command line
	    See also --form.
    --ftp-account <data>
	    See also --user.
    --ftp-create-dirs
	    See also --create-dirs.
    --ftp-method <method>	    alternatives:
	    multicwd		slowest behavior.
	    nocwd		the fastest behavior.
	    singlecwd		full penalty of "multicwd".
	    See also --list-only.
    --ftp-pasv
    -P, --ftp-port <address>	    of:
	    interface		use (Unix only)
	    IP address
	    hostname
	    -
    --ftp-pret
    --ftp-skip-pasv-ip
	    See also --ftp-pasv.
    --ftp-ssl-ccc	    with --no-ftp-ssl-ccc.
	    See also --ftp-ssl-ccc.
    --ftp-ssl-control
	    See also --ssl.
    -G, --get
    -g, --globoff
    --haproxy-clientip <ip>	    sent.
    --haproxy-protocol	    --no-haproxy-protocol.
    -I, --head	    headers.	    uploaded mails.	    "X-Custom-Header:".	    HTTP proxy.	    chunked encoding.
    -h, --help <subject>	    argument.	    command line arguments.	    available options.	    categories.	     curl --help all	     curl --help --insecure	     curl --help -f
	    See also --verbose.
    --hostpubmd5 <md5>		  sftp://example.com/
    --hostpubsha256 <sha256>		   sftp://example.com/
    --hsts <filename>
    --http0.9	    with --no-http0.9.
    -0, --http1.0	    --http1.1.
    --http1.1	    --http0.9.
    --http2	    (HTTP) Use HTTP/2.	    and --no-alpn.
    --http2-prior-knowledge	    handshake.
    --http3	    URLs.	    HTTP/1 and HTTP/2.
    --http3-only	    error.	    the given host and port.
    --ignore-content-length
    -k, --insecure
    --interface <name>
	    if!<name>
	    host!<name>
		IP address or hostname.		root.
    --ip-tos <string>	    IPv6.
    --ipfs-gateway <URL>
    -4, --ipv4	    effect.	    and --http2.
    -6, --ipv6	    example try IPv4.
    --json <data>	    options:
		--data-binary [arg]	    sending.
    --key <key>
    --key-type <type>
	    See also --key.
    --krb <level>	    --delegation and --ssl.
    --libcurl <file>
    --limit-rate <speed>
    -l, --list-only	    server instead of LIST.	    listed in this mode.
    --local-port <range>
	    See also --globoff.
    -L, --location	    this.	    method.	    --post302 and --post303.
    --location-trusted	    or port number changed.	    server authentication.
    --mail-auth <address>
    --mail-from <address>
    --mail-rcpt <address>	    recipients.
    --mail-rcpt-allowfails		  smtp://example.com
    -M, --manual	     curl --manual
    --max-filesize <bytes>
	    See also --limit-rate.
    --max-redirs <num>
	    See also --location.
    -m, --max-time <seconds>
    --metalink
	    See also --parallel.
    --mptcp	    --no-mptcp.
    --negotiate
    -n, --netrc	    checked for _netrc only.
		machine host.example.com		login myself		password secret	    again with --no-netrc.
    --netrc-file <filename>	    --user and --config.
    --netrc-optional	    --netrc-file.
    -:, --next	    line:
    --no-alpn	    --no-npn and --http2.
    -N, --no-buffer	    buffering.
    --no-clobber
    --no-keepalive	    --keepalive.
    --no-npn	    7.86.0).	    --no-alpn and --http2.
    --no-progress-meter	    --silent does.
    --no-sessionid	    again with --sessionid.
	    See also --insecure.	    "www.notlocal.com".	    override it.
	    See also --proxy.
    --ntlm	    instead, such as Digest.
    --ntlm-wb
    --oauth2-bearer <token>	    --user options.
    -o, --output <file>	    being fetched. Like in:	    the output to stdout.
	    Or for Windows:
		curl example.com -o nul	    prevention:	    --remote-header-name.
    --output-dir <dir>
    -Z, --parallel	    transfers finish.		  -o file2	    --parallel-immediate.
    --parallel-immediate	    slower transfer startup.
    --parallel-max <num>
    --pass <phrase>
    --path-as-is	    with --no-path-as-is.
    --pinnedpubkey <hashes>
	    PEM/DER support:	    10.7+/iOS 10+, Schannel
	    sha256 support:
    --post301	    with --no-post301.
    --post302	    with --no-post302.
    --post303	    with --no-post303.	    proxy. Hence pre proxy.	    assumed to be 1080.
    -#, --progress-bar
    --proto <protocols>
	    +		already permitted.
	    =		instance of the option.
	    See also --proto.	    Use the specified proxy.	    instead.	    cannot be used.
    --proxy-anyauth
    --proxy-basic
    --proxy-ca-native
    --proxy-cacert <file>	    be in PEM format.	    --proxy.
    --proxy-capath <dir>	    certificates.
    --proxy-cert-type <type>
    --proxy-ciphers <list>	    on this URL:
    --proxy-crlfile <file>
    --proxy-digest	    command line
    --proxy-http2	    with --no-proxy-http2.
    --proxy-insecure
    --proxy-key <key>
    --proxy-key-type <type>
    --proxy-negotiate
    --proxy-ntlm
    --proxy-pass <phrase>
    --proxy-ssl-allow-beast	    this URL:	    --proxy-tlsuser is set.
    --proxy-tlsuser <name>
    --proxy-tlsv1
	    See also --proxy-pass.
    --proxy1.0 <host[:port]>
    -p, --proxytunnel	    through to.	    with --no-proxytunnel.
    --pubkey <key>
	    See also --pass.
    -Q, --quote <command>	    SFTP servers.
	    atime date file
	    chgrp group file
	    chmod mode file
	    chown user file
	    mkdir directory_name		directory_name operand.
	    mtime date file
	    pwd		working directory.
	    rename source target		operand.
	    rm file
	    rmdir directory
		See ln.
	    See also --request.
    --random-file <file>	    of OpenSSL.
	    See also --egd-file.
    -r, --range <range>
	    0-499
	    500-999
	    -500
	    9500-
	    0-0,-1
	    100-199,500-599		whole document.		transfer.	    as possible.	    --parallel is used.	    per hour.	    transfer was started.	    unrestricted.
    --raw
	    See also --tr-encoding.
    -e, --referer <URL>
    -J, --remote-header-name	    has no effect.	    filenames.	    character sets).
	    See also --remote-name.
    -O, --remote-name	    off.)	    use --output-dir.	    is not overwritten.	    filename.	    have.
    --remote-name-all	    --no-remote-name-all.		  ftp://example.com/file2
    -R, --remote-time	    --no-remote-time.
    --remove-on-error	    transfer.
    -X, --request <method>	    and control characters.
	    HTTP		and more.		command line options.
	    FTP		doing file lists with FTP.
	    POP3		RETR.
	    IMAP
	    SMTP		VRFY.
    --request-target <path>	    different ports.	    used first.
    --retry <num>	    code.
    --retry-all-errors	    read the example below.	    duplicate data.
    --retry-connrefused
    --retry-delay <seconds>
	    See also --retry.
    --sasl-ir	    with --no-sasl-ir.
    --service-name <name>
    -S, --show-error	    fails.
    -i, --show-headers	    a separate stream.	    the server.
    --sigalgs <list>
    -s, --silent
    --skip-existing	    --no-skip-existing.	    --no-clobber.
    --socks4 <host[:port]>	    proxy.	    mutually exclusive.
    --socks4a <host[:port]>	    resolve the hostname.
    --socks5 <host[:port]>
    --socks5-basic
	    See also --socks5.
    --socks5-gssapi
    --socks5-gssapi-nec	    --no-socks5-gssapi-nec.	    port 1080.
    --ssl	    to a secure connection.	    encryption required.	    backend.	    --no-ssl.
    --ssl-allow-beast	    on later TLS versions.	    --no-ssl-allow-beast.
    --ssl-auto-client-cert
    --ssl-no-revoke
	    See also --crlfile.
    --ssl-reqd	    upgraded to use SSL/TLS.	    handshake does not work.	    with --no-ssl-reqd.
    --ssl-revoke-best-effort	    reasons.	    secure.
    -2, --sslv2
    -3, --sslv3
    --stderr <file>
    --styled-output	    capability.
    --tcp-fastopen
	    See also --false-start.
    --tcp-nodelay
	    See also --no-buffer.
	    TTYPE=<term>
		Sets the terminal type.
	    XDISPLOC=<X display>
	    NEW_ENV=<var,val>
    --tftp-blksize <value>
    --tftp-no-options
    -z, --time-cond <time>	    details.
    --tls-earlydata	    sent that way.
    --tls-max <VERSION>
	    default
	    1.0
		Use up to TLSv1.0.
	    1.1
		Use up to TLSv1.1.
	    1.2
		Use up to TLSv1.2.
	    1.3
		Use up to TLSv1.3.
    --tls13-ciphers <list>	    --curves.
    --tlsauthtype <type>
	    See also --tlsuser.
    --tlspassword <string>
    --tlsuser <name>	    set.
	    See also --tlspassword.
    -1, --tlsv1
    --tlsv1.0	    to a remote TLS server.
	    See also --tlsv1.3.
    --tlsv1.1
    --tlsv1.2
    --tlsv1.3
    --tr-encoding
    --trace <file>	    logs with others.	    and --trace-time.
    --trace-ascii <file>
    --trace-config <string>	    components.
    --trace-ids
    --trace-time	    displays.
    --unix-socket <path>
    -T, --upload-file <file>
    --upload-flags <flags>
    --url <url/file>	     curl --url @file
    --url-query <data>
    -B, --use-ascii
    -A, --user-agent <name>	    --proxy-header options.	    with the new.	    case insensitive.	    given file:	    contents from two other:
	    Available functions:
	    trim
		Example:
	    json
	    url
	    b64
	    64dec
		(Added in 8.13.0)		  //example.com/{{name}}"
    -v, --verbose	    read,write,ssl).	    wish to see.
    -V, --version	    invocation.	    feature.	    date.
	    alt-svc
	    AsynchDNS		resolver backends.
	    brotli
	    CharConv		(like EBCDIC)
	    Debug		only.
	    ECH
		ECH support is present.
	    gsasl
	    GSS-API
		GSS-API is supported.
	    HSTS
		HSTS support is present.
	    HTTP2
	    HTTP3
	    HTTPS-proxy
	    IDN
	    IPv6
	    Kerberos
	    Largefile		2GB.
	    libz
	    MultiSSL
	    NTLM
	    NTLM_WB
	    PSL
	    SPNEGO
	    SSL
	    SSLS-EXPORT		--ssl-sessions.
	    SSPI
		SSPI is supported.
	    TLS-SRP		TLS.
	    TrackMemory
	    Unicode
	    UnixSockets
	    zstd		HTTP is supported.	     curl --version	    network.
    -w, --write-out <format>	    you write "@-".	    in 7.84.0).	    successful or not.
	    certs		backends. (Added in 7.88.0)
	    conn_id
	    content_type
	    errormsg
	    exitcode
	    filename_effective
	    ftp_entry_path		remote FTP server.
	    header{name}
	    header_json		7.83.0)
	    http_code
	    http_connect
	    http_version
	    local_ip
	    local_port
	    method		in 7.72.0)
	    num_certs
	    num_connects
	    num_headers		a header. (Added in 7.73.0)
	    num_redirects
	    num_retries		used. (Added in 8.9.0)
	    onerror
	    output{filename}		in 8.3.0)
	    proxy_ssl_verify_result		successful.
	    proxy_used
	    redirect_url
	    referer
	    remote_ip		can be either IPv4 or IPv6.
	    remote_port
	    response_code
	    scheme		effectively used.
	    size_download
	    size_header
	    size_request
	    size_upload
	    speed_download		download. Bytes per second.
	    speed_upload		upload. Bytes per second.
	    ssl_verify_result
	    stderr
	    stdout
	    time_appconnect		completed.
	    time_connect
	    time_namelookup		resolving was completed.
	    time_posttransfer
	    time_pretransfer
	    time_queue		in 8.12.0)
	    time_redirect
	    time_starttransfer
	    time_total
	    tls_earlydata
	    url.scheme
	    url.user
	    url.password		8.1.0)
	    url.options
	    url.host
	    url.port
	    url.path
	    url.query
	    url.fragment
	    url.zoneid
	    urle.scheme		(Added in 8.1.0)
	    urle.user
	    urle.password		fetched. (Added in 8.1.0)
	    urle.options
	    urle.host
	    urle.port
	    urle.path
	    urle.query
	    urle.fragment
	    urle.zoneid
	    urlnum		(Added in 7.75.0)
	    url_effective
	    xfer_id
    --xattr	    --no-xattr.
    ~/.curlrc
ENVIRONMENT    using the --proxy option.	POP3, IMAP, SMTP, LDAP, etc.	hostname itself.
    APPDATA <dir>
    COLUMNS <terminal width>
    CURL_CA_BUNDLE <file>
    CURL_HOME <dir>
    HOME <dir>
    QLOGDIR <directory name>
    SHELL
    SSL_CERT_DIR <dir>
    SSL_CERT_FILE <path>
    SSLKEYLOGFILE <filename>	Rustls.
    USERPROFILE <dir>
    XDG_CONFIG_HOME <dir>	default .curlrc file.
PROXY PROTOCOL PREFIXES
    http://	used.
    https://
    socks4://
    socks4a://
    socks5://
    socks5h://
EXIT CODES
    0	instructions.
    1	protocol.
    2
	Failed to initialize.
    3
    4
    5
    6
    7
	Failed to connect to host.
    8
    9
    10	connection or similar.
    11	request.
    12
    13
    14	sent.
    15	227-line.
    16	error message for details.
    17
    18
    19	command failed.
    21
    22
    23	similar.
    25	STOR command.
    26
    27
    28	to the conditions.
    30
    31	for resumed FTP transfers.
    33
    34
    35
    36
    37
    38
    39
	LDAP search failed.
    41
    42
    43
    45
    47	amount.
    48	up in the manual.
    49
	Malformed telnet option.
    52
    53
    54
    55
    56
    58
    59
    60
    61
    63
	Maximum file size exceeded.
    64
    65
    66
    67	log in.
    68
    69
    70
    71
	Illegal TFTP operation.
    72
	Unknown TFTP transfer ID.
    73
	File already exists (TFTP).
    74
	No such user (TFTP).
    77
    78
    79
    80
    82
    83
	Issuer check failed.
    84
    85
    86
    87
    88
    89
    90
    91
    92
    93
    94
    95	details.
    96
    97
	Proxy handshake error.
    98
    99
    100
    XX
BUGS
AUTHORS
WWW
    https://curl.se
SEE ALSO
    ftp(1), wget(1)
    curl is a tool  for transferring data  from or to a  server using URLs.  It    supports these protocols:  DICT, FILE,  FTP, FTPS,  GOPHER, GOPHERS,  HTTP,    HTTPS, IMAP,  IMAPS, LDAP,  LDAPS, MQTT,  POP3, POP3S,  RTMP, RTMPS,  RTSP,    SCP, SFTP, SMB, SMBS, SMTP, SMTPS, TELNET, TFTP, WS and WSS.
    curl  is  powered  by  libcurl  for  all  transfer-related  features.   See
    The URL syntax is  protocol-dependent. You find  a detailed description  in
    If you provide  a URL without  a leading  protocol:// scheme, curl  guesses    what protocol you want. It then  defaults to HTTP but assumes others  based    on often-used hostname prefixes. For  example, for hostnames starting  with    "ftp." curl assumes you want FTP.
    You can specify any  amount of URLs on the  command line. They are  fetched    in a sequential manner  in the specified  order unless you use  --parallel.    You can specify  command line options and  URLs mixed and  in any order  on
    curl attempts to reuse connections  when doing multiple transfers, so  that    getting many files from  the same server do  not use multiple connects  and    setup handshakes. This improves  speed. Connection reuse  can only be  done    for URLs  specified for  a single  command line  invocation  and cannot  be    performed between separate curl runs.
    Provide an IPv6 zone  id in the URL with  an escaped percentage sign.  Like
    Everything provided on the command line  that is not a command line  option    or its argument, curl assumes is a URL and treats it as such.
    You can specify  multiple URLs  or parts  of URLs by  writing lists  within    braces or ranges within brackets. We call this "globbing".
    Provide a list with three different names like this:
	"http://site.{one,two,three}.com"
    Do sequences of alphanumeric series by using [] as in:
	"ftp://ftp.example.com/file[1-100].txt"
	"ftp://ftp.example.com/file[001-100].txt"
    With letters through the alphabet:
	"ftp://ftp.example.com/file[a-z].txt"
    Nested sequences are not  supported, but you can  use several ones next  to
	"http://example.com/archive[1996-1999]/vol[1-4]/part{a,b,c}.html"
    You can specify a step  counter for the ranges  to get every Nth number  or
	"http://example.com/file[1-100:10].txt"
	"http://example.com/file[a-z:2].txt"
    When using [] or {} sequences when invoked from a command line  prompt, you    probably have to put the full  URL within double quotes to avoid the  shell    from interfering  with it.  This  also goes  for other  characters  treated    special, like for example '&', '?' and '*'.
    Switch off globbing with --globoff.
    curl supports command line variables  (added in 8.3.0). Set variables  with    --variable name=content or --variable name@file (where "file" can be  stdin    if set to a single dash (-)).
    Variable contents can be expanded in option parameters using "{{name}}"  if    the option name  is prefixed with  "--expand-". This  gets the contents  of    the variable "name" inserted, or  a blank if the  name does not exist as  a    variable. Insert  "{{"  verbatim  in the  string  by prefixing  it  with  a
    You access and expand  environment variables by  first importing them.  You    select to either  require the  environment variable  to be set  or you  can    provide a default value  in case it is  not already set. Plain  "--variable    %name" imports the variable called "name"  but exits with an error if  that    environment variable is not already set.  To provide a default value if  it    is not set, use "--variable %name=content" or "--variable %name@content".
    Example. Get the USER  environment variable into the  URL, fail if USER  is	--expand-url = "https://example.com/api/{{USER}}/method"
    When expanding variables, curl  supports a set  of functions that can  make    the variable  contents more  convenient to  use. It  can  trim leading  and    trailing white space  with "trim",  it can  output the contents  as a  JSON    quoted string with "json", URL encode the string with "url",  base64 encode    it with "b64" and  base64 decode it with "64dec".  To apply functions to  a    variable expansion,  add them  colon separated  to the  right  side of  the    variable. Variable content  holding null  bytes that are  not encoded  when
    Example: get the contents  of a file  called $HOME/.secret into a  variable    called "fix". Make  sure that  the content is  trimmed and  percent-encoded	--expand-variable fix@{{HOME}}/.secret	--expand-data "{{fix:trim:url}}"
    Command line variables and expansions were added in 8.3.0.
    If not told otherwise, curl writes  the received data to stdout. It can  be    instructed to instead save that data into a local file, using  the --output    or --remote-name options.  If curl is  given multiple  URLs to transfer  on    the command line,  it similarly needs  multiple options  for where to  save
    curl does  not  parse or  otherwise "understand"  the  content it  gets  or    writes as output. It does no encoding or decoding, unless  explicitly asked    to with dedicated command line options.
    curl supports  numerous  protocols, or  put  in URL  terms:  schemes.  Your    particular build may not support them all.
	Lets you lookup words using online dictionaries.
	Read or write local files. curl does not support accessing  file:// URL	remotely, but when running  on Microsoft Windows  using the native  UNC
	curl supports  the File  Transfer Protocol  with a  lot  of tweaks  and	levers. With or without using TLS.
	curl supports HTTP with numerous  options and variations. It can  speak	HTTP version 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 2 and 3 depending on build options  and the	correct command line options.
	Using the  mail reading  protocol, curl  can download  emails for  you.
	curl can do directory lookups for you, with or without TLS.
	curl supports MQTT version 3. Downloading over MQTT equals  subscribing	to a topic while uploading/posting  equals publishing on a topic.  MQTT	over TLS is not supported (yet).
	Downloading from a pop3 server means getting an email. With  or without
	The Realtime Messaging  Protocol is primarily  used to serve  streaming	media and curl can download it.
	curl supports RTSP 1.0 downloads.
	curl supports SSH version 2 scp transfers.
	curl supports SFTP (draft 5) done over SSH version 2.
	curl supports SMB version 1 for upload and download.
	Uploading contents to an  SMTP server means  sending an email. With  or
	Fetching a  telnet URL  starts an  interactive session  where it  sends	what it reads on stdin and outputs what the server sends it.
	curl can do TFTP downloads and uploads.
	WebSocket done over HTTP/1. WSS implies that it works over HTTPS.
    curl normally displays a progress  meter during operations, indicating  the    amount of transferred data, transfer  speeds and estimated time left,  etc.    The progress  meter displays the  transfer rate  in bytes  per second.  The    suffixes (k, M, G, T, P) are  1024 based. For example 1k is 1024 bytes.  1M
    curl displays this data to the  terminal by default, so if you invoke  curl    to do  an operation  and it  is about  to write  data to  the terminal,  it    disables the  progress  meter as  otherwise it  would  mess up  the  output    mixing progress meter and response data.
    If you want a  progress meter for  HTTP POST or PUT  requests, you need  to    redirect the response output to a file, using shell redirect  (>), --output
    This does not apply to FTP upload  as that operation does not spit out  any    response data to the terminal.
    If you prefer a progress  bar instead of the regular meter,  --progress-bar    is your friend.  You can also  disable the  progress meter completely  with
    This man page describes  curl 8.14.1. If you  use a later version,  chances    are this  man page  does  not fully  document  it. If  you use  an  earlier    version, this document  tries to  include version  information about  which    specific version that introduced changes.
    You can always learn which the latest curl version is by running
    The  online  version  of  this  man  page  is  always  showing  the  latest    incarnation: https://curl.se/docs/manpage.html
    Options start  with one  or  two dashes.  Many of  the options  require  an    additional value  next to  them. If  provided text  does not  start with  a    dash, it is presumed to be and treated as a URL.
    The short "single-dash" form  of the options, -d  for example, may be  used    with or without a  space between it  and its value, although  a space is  a    recommended separator.  The  long  double-dash form,  --data  for  example,    requires a space between it and its value.
    Short version options that  do not need any  additional values can be  used    immediately next to each  other, like for example  you can specify all  the    options -O, -L and -v at once as -OLv.
    In general, all  boolean options are  enabled with  --option and yet  again    disabled with  --no-option.  That is,  you use  the  same option  name  but    prefix it with "no-".  However, in this list we  mostly only list and  show    the --option version of them.
    When --next is used, it resets the parser state and you start again  with a    clean option state, except for the options that are global.  Global options    retain their values and meaning even after --next.
    The first argument  that is  exactly two  dashes ("--"), marks  the end  of    options; any argument  after the  end of  options is interpreted  as a  URL    argument even if it starts with a dash.
    The   following    options    are    global:    --fail-early,    --libcurl,    --parallel-immediate, --parallel-max,  --parallel, --progress-bar,  --rate,    --show-error,  --stderr,  --styled-output,  --trace-ascii,  --trace-config,    --trace-ids, --trace-time, --trace and --verbose.
    --abstract-unix-socket <path>	    (HTTP) Connect through an abstract  Unix domain socket, instead  of	    using the  network. Note:  netstat shows  the path  of an  abstract	    socket prefixed with  "@", however the  <path> argument should  not	    have this leading character. If --abstract-unix-socket is  provided	    several times, the last set value is used.	     curl --abstract-unix-socket socketpath https://example.com	    (HTTPS) Enable the  alt-svc parser.  If the filename  points to  an	    existing alt-svc  cache file,  that gets  used. After  a  completed	    transfer, the cache is saved to  the filename again if it has  been
	    Specify a ""  filename (zero  length) to  avoid loading/saving  and	    make curl just handle the cache in memory.
	    If this option is used several times, curl loads contents  from all	    the files but  the last one  is used for  saving. --alt-svc can  be	    used several times in a command line	     curl --alt-svc svc.txt https://example.com
	    Added in 7.64.1. See also --resolve and --connect-to.	    (HTTP) Figure out authentication method automatically, and use  the	    most secure one the remote site claims to support. This is  done by	    first doing  a  request  and checking  the  response-headers,  thus	    possibly inducing an extra network round-trip. This option is  used	    instead of setting a specific authentication method, which you  can	    do with --basic, --digest, --ntlm, and --negotiate.
	    Using --anyauth is not  recommended if you  do uploads from  stdin,	    since it may  require data  to be  sent twice and  then the  client	    must be able  to rewind. If  the need  should arise when  uploading	    from stdin, the upload operation fails.
	    Used together with --user.  Providing --anyauth multiple times  has	     curl --anyauth --user me:pwd https://example.com
	    See also --proxy-anyauth, --basic and --digest.	    (FTP SFTP) When used  in an upload,  this option makes curl  append	    to the target file  instead of overwriting  it. If the remote  file	    does not exist, it  is created. Note that  this flag is ignored  by	    some SFTP servers (including OpenSSH). Providing --append  multiple	    times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-append.	     curl --upload-file local --append ftp://example.com/
	    See also --range and --continue-at.
    --aws-sigv4 <provider1[:prvdr2[:reg[:srv]]]>	    (HTTP) Use AWS V4 signature authentication in the transfer.
	    The provider argument  is a string  that is  used by the  algorithm	    when creating outgoing authentication headers.
	    The region argument is  a string that  points to a geographic  area	    of a resources  collection (region-code)  when the  region name  is	    omitted from the endpoint.
	    The  service argument  is  a  string  that  points  to  a  function	    provided by  a  cloud  (service-code)  when  the  service  name  is	    omitted from  the  endpoint.  If --aws-sigv4  is  provided  several	    times, the last set value is used.	     curl --aws-sigv4 "aws:amz:us-east-2:es" --user "key:secret" \
	    Added in 7.75.0. See also --basic and --user.	    (HTTP) Use HTTP  Basic authentication  with the  remote host.  This	    method is the default and this option is usually pointless,  unless	    you use  it  to  override  a  previously set  option  that  sets  a	    different authentication  method  (such  as  --ntlm,  --digest,  or
	    Used together with --user. Providing --basic multiple times has  no	     curl -u name:password --basic https://example.com	    (TLS) Use the  operating system's native  CA store for  certificate
	    This option is  independent of other  CA certificate locations  set	    at  run time  or  build  time.  Those  locations  are  searched  in	    addition to the native CA store.
	    This option works with OpenSSL and its forks (LibreSSL,  BoringSSL,	    etc) on Windows. (Added in 7.71.0)
	    This option works with wolfSSL  on Windows, Linux (Debian,  Ubuntu,	    Gentoo, Fedora, RHEL), macOS, Android and iOS. (Added in 8.3.0)
	    This option works with GnuTLS. (Added in 8.5.0)
	    This option works with rustls  on Windows, macOS, Android and  iOS.	    On Linux  it is  equivalent  to using  the Mozilla  CA  certificate	    bundle. When  used  with  rustls  _only_ the  native  CA  store  is	    consulted, not  other locations  set  at run  time or  build  time.
	    This  option  currently  has  no  effect  for  Schannel  or  Secure	    Transport. Those  are  native  TLS  libraries  from  Microsoft  and	    Apple, respectively, that by  default use the  native CA store  for	    verification  unless  overridden  by  a  CA  certificate   location	    setting. Providing --ca-native multiple times has no extra  effect.	    Disable it again with --no-ca-native.	     curl --ca-native https://example.com
	    Added in  8.2.0.  See  also  --cacert,  --capath,  --dump-ca-embed,	    --insecure and --proxy-ca-native.	    (TLS) Use the specified  certificate file to  verify the peer.  The	    file may contain multiple CA certificates. The certificate(s)  must	    be in PEM format. Normally curl is built to use a default  file for	    this, so this option is typically used to alter that default file.
	    curl recognizes the environment variable named 'CURL_CA_BUNDLE'  if	    it is set and the TLS  backend is not Schannel, and uses the  given	    path as a  path to  a CA  cert bundle. This  option overrides  that
	    (Windows) curl  automatically  looks  for a  CA  certs  file  named	    'curl-ca-bundle.crt', either in the same directory as curl.exe,  or	    in the  Current Working  Directory,  or in  any folder  along  your
	    curl 8.11.0  added  a  build-time option  to  disable  this  search	    behavior,  and   another  option   to   restrict  search   to   the
	    (iOS and macOS  only) If  curl is built  against Secure  Transport,	    then this  option  is  supported for  backward  compatibility  with	    other SSL engines, but it should  not be set. If the option is  not	    set, then  curl  uses  the  certificates in  the  system  and  user	    Keychain to  verify the  peer,  which is  the preferred  method  of	    verifying the peer's certificate chain.
	    (Schannel only) This option is supported for Schannel in Windows  7	    or later (added in 7.60.0).  This option is supported for  backward	    compatibility with other SSL engines; instead it is recommended  to	    use  Windows'  store   of  root  certificates   (the  default   for	    Schannel). If  --cacert is  provided several  times, the  last  set	     curl --cacert CA-file.txt https://example.com
	    See also --capath, --dump-ca-embed and --insecure.	    (TLS) Use the specified certificate  directory to verify the  peer.	    Multiple paths can be provided by separating them with colon  (":")	    (e.g.  "path1:path2:path3").  The  certificates  must  be  in   PEM	    format, and if curl  is built against  OpenSSL, the directory  must	    have been  processed  using  the  c_rehash  utility  supplied  with	    OpenSSL. Using  --capath can  allow  OpenSSL-powered curl  to  make	    SSL-connections much more  efficiently than using  --cacert if  the	    --cacert file contains many CA certificates.
	    If this  option is set,  the default  capath value  is ignored.  If	    --capath is provided several times, the last set value is used.	     curl --capath /local/directory https://example.com
	    See also --cacert, --dump-ca-embed and --insecure.
    -E, --cert <certificate[:password]>	    (TLS) Use  the specified  client certificate  file when  getting  a	    file  with  HTTPS,   FTPS  or  another   SSL-based  protocol.   The	    certificate must be  in PKCS#12 format  if using Secure  Transport,	    or PEM format if using  any other engine. If the optional  password	    is not  specified, it is  queried for  on the  terminal. Note  that	    this option assumes a certificate file that is the private  key and	    the client  certificate  concatenated.  See  --cert  and  --key  to	    specify them independently.
	    In the <certificate> portion of  the argument, you must escape  the	    character ":" as "\:" so that it is not recognized as  the password	    delimiter. Similarly, you  must escape the  double quote  character	    as \" so that it is not recognized as an escape character.
	    If curl is built against  OpenSSL, and the engine pkcs11 or  pkcs11	    provider is available, then  a PKCS#11 URI  (RFC 7512) can be  used	    to specify  a certificate  located in  a PKCS#11  device. A  string	    beginning with  "pkcs11:" is  interpreted as  a PKCS#11  URI. If  a	    PKCS#11 URI  is  provided,  then  the --engine  option  is  set  as	    "pkcs11" if none was provided and the --cert-type option is  set as	    "ENG"  or  "PROV"  if  none  was  provided  (depending  on  OpenSSL
	    If curl  is built  against GnuTLS,  a PKCS#11  URI can  be used  to	    specify a  certificate  located  in  a  PKCS#11  device.  A  string	    beginning with "pkcs11:" is interpreted as a PKCS#11 URI.	    then  the  certificate  string  can   either  be  the  name  of   a	    certificate/private key  in the  system or  user keychain,  or  the	    path to a PKCS#12-encoded certificate and private key. If you  want	    to use a file  from the current  directory, please precede it  with	    "./" prefix, in order to avoid confusion with a nickname.
	    (Schannel only) Client  certificates must  be specified  by a  path	    expression to a certificate store.  (Loading PFX is not  supported;	    you  can  import  it  to  a  store  first).  You  can  use  "<store	    location>\<store name>\<thumbprint>" to refer  to a certificate  in	    the     system      certificates      store,      for      example,	    "CurrentUser\MY\934a7ac6f8a5d579285a74fa61e19f23ddfe8d7a".	    Thumbprint is  usually a  SHA-1 hex  string which  you  can see  in	    certificate  details.  Following  store  locations  are  supported:	    CurrentUser,      LocalMachine,      CurrentService,      Services,	    CurrentUserGroupPolicy,	 LocalMachineGroupPolicy	 and	    LocalMachineEnterprise. If --cert  is provided  several times,  the	     curl --cert certfile --key keyfile https://example.com
	    See also --cert-type, --key and --key-type.	    (TLS) Verify  the status  of the  server certificate  by using  the	    Certificate Status Request (aka. OCSP stapling) TLS extension.
	    If this option  is enabled and  the server  sends an invalid  (e.g.	    expired)  response,  if  the  response  suggests  that  the  server	    certificate has been revoked,  or no response  at all is  received,
	    This support  is  currently only  implemented  in the  OpenSSL  and	    GnuTLS backends.  Providing  --cert-status multiple  times  has  no	    extra effect. Disable it again with --no-cert-status.	     curl --cert-status https://example.com
	    See also --pinnedpubkey.	    (TLS) Set type of the  provided client certificate. PEM, DER,  ENG,	    PROV and P12 are recognized types.
	    The default type  depends on the  TLS backend  and is usually  PEM,	    however for Secure Transport and  Schannel it is P12. If --cert  is	    a pkcs11: URI then  ENG or PROV is  the default type (depending  on	    OpenSSL version).  If --cert-type  is provided  several times,  the	     curl --cert-type PEM --cert file https://example.com
	    See also --cert, --key and --key-type.	    (TLS) Specify which cipher  suites to use  in the connection if  it	    negotiates TLS  1.2 (1.1,  1.0). The  list of  ciphers suites  must	    specify valid  ciphers. Read  up on  cipher suite  details on  this
	    https://curl.se/docs/ssl-ciphers.html  If  --ciphers  is   provided	     curl --ciphers ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:\		  ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256 https://example.com
	    See also --tls13-ciphers, --proxy-ciphers and --curves.	    (HTTP) Request a  compressed response using  one of the  algorithms	    curl supports, and automatically decompress the content.
	    Response headers  are  not modified  when  saved, so  if  they  are	    "interpreted" separately again at a  later point they might  appear	    to be saying that the content is (still) compressed; while  in fact	    it has already been decompressed.
	    If  this option  is  used  and  the  server  sends  an  unsupported	    encoding, curl reports an error.  This is a request, not an  order;	    the server  may  or  may not  deliver  data  compressed.  Providing	    --compressed multiple times has no  extra effect. Disable it  again	     curl --compressed https://example.com
	    See also --compressed-ssh.	    (SCP SFTP)  Enable  SSH compression.  This  is a  request,  not  an	    order; the server may or may not do it. Providing  --compressed-ssh	    multiple  times  has  no  extra  effect.  Disable  it  again   with	     curl --compressed-ssh sftp://example.com/	    Specify a text file to  read curl arguments from. The command  line	    arguments found in the text file are used as if they  were provided
	    Options and their parameters must be specified on the same  line in	    the file, separated by whitespace, colon, or the equals sign.  Long	    option names can  optionally be  given in the  config file  without	    the  initial  double  dashes  and  if  so,  the  colon   or  equals	    characters can be used  as separators. If  the option is  specified	    with one or two dashes, there  can be no colon or equals  character	    between the option and its parameter.
	    If the parameter contains whitespace or starts with a colon  (:) or	    equals sign  (=),  it  must be  specified  enclosed  within  double	    quotes ("like  this"). Within  double quotes  the following  escape	    sequences are available:  \\, \", \t,  \n, \r  and \v. A  backslash	    preceding any other letter is ignored.
	    If the first non-blank column of a config line is a  '#' character,	    that line is treated as a comment.
	    Only write  one option  per physical  line in  the  config file.  A	    single line  is required to  be no  more than  10 megabytes  (since
	    Specify the filename  to --config as  minus "-"  to make curl  read
	    Note that to be able to specify a URL in the config file,  you need	    to specify it  using the --url  option, and  not by simply  writing	    the URL on its own line. So, it could look similar to this:
		url = "https://curl.se/docs/"		user-agent = "superagent/1.0"
		# and fetch another URL too		url = "example.com/docs/manpage.html"		referer = "http://nowhereatall.example.com/"		# --- End of example file ---
	    When curl is invoked,  it (unless --disable  is used) checks for  a	    default config file  and uses it  if found,  even when --config  is	    used. The  default config  file  is checked  for in  the  following
	    2) "$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/curlrc" (Added in 7.73.0)
	    4) Windows: "%USERPROFILE%\.curlrc"
	    5) Windows: "%APPDATA%\.curlrc"
	    6) Windows: "%USERPROFILE%\Application Data\.curlrc"
	    7) Non-Windows: use getpwuid to find the home directory
	    8) On  Windows,  if  it  finds  no .curlrc  file  in  the  sequence	    described above, it checks for  one in the same directory the  curl
	    On Windows  two filenames  are checked  per location:  .curlrc  and	    _curlrc, preferring the former.  Older versions on Windows  checked	    for _curlrc only. --config can  be used several times in a  command	     curl --config file.txt https://example.com
    --connect-timeout <seconds>	    Maximum time in seconds that  you allow curl's connection to  take.	    This only limits the connection  phase, so if curl connects  within	    the given period it continues - if not it exits.
	    This option accepts decimal values.  The decimal value needs to  be	    provided using  a dot  (.) as  decimal separator  -  not the  local	    version even if it might be using another separator.
	    The connection phase  is considered  complete when  the DNS  lookup	    and  requested  TCP,   TLS  or   QUIC  handshakes   are  done.   If	    --connect-timeout is provided several times, the last set value  is	     curl --connect-timeout 20 https://example.com	     curl --connect-timeout 3.14 https://example.com
    --connect-to <HOST1:PORT1:HOST2:PORT2>	    For a  request  intended for  the  "HOST1:PORT1" pair,  connect  to	    "HOST2:PORT2" instead. This  option is only  used to establish  the	    network connection.  It does  NOT affect  the hostname/port  number	    that is used  for TLS/SSL (e.g.  SNI, certificate verification)  or	    for the application protocols.
	    "HOST1" and "PORT1" may be  empty strings, meaning any host or  any	    port number.  "HOST2"  and  "PORT2"  may  also  be  empty  strings,	    meaning use the request's original hostname and port number.
	    A hostname specified to this option is compared as a string,  so it	    needs to match the name used  in the request URL. It can be  either	    numerical such  as  "127.0.0.1"  or  the full  host  name  such  as
	    Example:  redirect  connects  from  the  example.com  hostname   to	    127.0.0.1 independently of port number:
		curl --connect-to example.com::127.0.0.1: https://example.com/
	    Example:  redirect  connects  from   all  hostnames  to   127.0.0.1	    independently of port number:
		curl --connect-to ::127.0.0.1: http://example.com/
	    --connect-to can be used several times in a command line	     curl --connect-to example.com:443:example.net:8443 \
	    See also --resolve and --header.
    -C, --continue-at <offset>	    Resume a previous transfer  from the given  byte offset. The  given	    offset is  the exact  number of  bytes that  are skipped,  counting	    from the beginning of the  source file before it is transferred  to	    the destination. If used with uploads, the FTP server command  SIZE
	    Use "-C -" to instruct curl to automatically find out  where/how to	    resume the transfer. It then  uses the given output/input files  to
	    When  using this  option  for  HTTP  uploads  using  POST  or  PUT,	    functionality is not guaranteed. The HTTP protocol has no  standard	    interoperable resume  upload and  curl uses  a set  of headers  for	    this purpose that  once proved  working for some  servers and  have	    been left for those who find that useful.
	    This command line  option is mutually  exclusive with --range:  you	    can only use one of them for a single transfer.
	    The --no-clobber  and  --remove-on-error  options  cannot  be  used	    together with --continue-at. If  --continue-at is provided  several	     curl -C - https://example.com	     curl -C 400 https://example.com
    -b, --cookie <data|filename>	    (HTTP)  This  option  has  two  slightly  separate  cookie  sending
	    Either: pass  the exact  data to  send to  the HTTP  server in  the	    Cookie header. It is supposedly  data previously received from  the	    server in a "Set-Cookie:"  line. The data  should be in the  format	    "NAME1=VALUE1;  NAME2=VALUE2".  When  given   a  set  of   specific	    cookies,  curl  populates  its  cookie  header  with  this  content	    explicitly in  all outgoing  request(s). If  multiple requests  are	    done due  to authentication,  followed redirects  or similar,  they	    all get this cookie header passed on.
	    Or: If  no  "=" symbol  is  used in  the  argument, it  is  instead	    treated as a filename to  read previously stored cookie from.  This	    option also activates  the cookie  engine which  makes curl  record	    incoming cookies,  which may  be handy  if you  are  using this  in	    combination  with  the  --location   option  or  do  multiple   URL	    transfers on the same invoke.
	    If the filename is  a single minus  ("-"), curl reads the  contents	    from stdin. If  the filename  is an  empty string ("")  and is  the	    only cookie input,  curl activates  the cookie  engine without  any
	    The file format of  the file to read  cookies from should be  plain	    HTTP headers  (Set-Cookie  style) or  the  Netscape/Mozilla  cookie
	    The file specified with --cookie is only used as input.  No cookies	    are written to that  file. To store  cookies, use the  --cookie-jar
	    If you use the Set-Cookie file  format and do not specify a  domain	    then the  cookie is not  sent since  the domain  never matches.  To	    address this, set a domain in Set-Cookie line (doing that  includes	    subdomains) or preferably: use the Netscape format.
	    Users often  want  to  both read  cookies  from a  file  and  write	    updated  cookies back  to  a  file,  so  using  both  --cookie  and	    --cookie-jar in the same command line is common.
	    If curl is built with PSL (Public Suffix List) support,  it detects	    and discards cookies  that are  specified for  such suffix  domains	    that should not be  allowed to have cookies.  If curl is not  built	    with  PSL support,  it  has  no  ability  to  stop  super  cookies.	    --cookie can be used several times in a command line	     curl -b "" https://example.com	     curl -b cookiefile https://example.com	     curl -b cookiefile -c cookiefile https://example.com	     curl -b name=Jane https://example.com
	    See also --cookie-jar and --junk-session-cookies.
    -c, --cookie-jar <filename>	    (HTTP) Specify to  which file you  want curl  to write all  cookies	    after a  completed  operation. curl  writes  all cookies  from  its	    in-memory  cookie  storage  to  the  given  file  at  the   end  of	    operations. Even  if no cookies  are known,  a file  is created  so	    that it removes any  formerly existing cookies  from the file.  The	    file uses the Netscape cookie file format. If you set  the filename	    to a single minus, "-", the cookies are written to stdout.
	    The file specified with  --cookie-jar is only  used for output.  No	    cookies are read from the  file. To read cookies, use the  --cookie	    option. Both options can specify the same file.
	    This command line  option activates  the cookie  engine that  makes	    curl record and  use cookies.  The --cookie  option also  activates
	    If the cookie jar cannot be  created or written to, the whole  curl	    operation does  not fail  or even  report an  error clearly.  Using	    --verbose gets a warning  displayed, but that  is the only  visible	    feedback  you  get  about   this  possibly  lethal  situation.   If	    --cookie-jar is  provided  several times,  the  last set  value  is	     curl -c store-here.txt https://example.com	     curl -c store-here.txt -b read-these https://example.com
	    See also --cookie and --junk-session-cookies.	    When used in  conjunction with  the --output  option, curl  creates	    the necessary  local directory  hierarchy  as needed.  This  option	    creates  the  directories  mentioned   with  the  --output   option	    combined with  the  path possibly  set  with --output-dir.  If  the	    combined output filename uses no  directory, or if the  directories	    it mentions already exist, no directories are created.
	    Created directories  are made  with mode  0750 on  Unix-style  file
	    To  create  remote  directories  when   using  FTP  or  SFTP,   try	    --ftp-create-dirs. Providing  --create-dirs multiple  times has  no	    extra effect. Disable it again with --no-create-dirs.	     curl --create-dirs --output local/dir/file https://example.com
	    See also --ftp-create-dirs and --output-dir.
    --create-file-mode <mode>	    (SFTP SCP FILE) When  curl is used  to create files remotely  using	    one of the supported protocols, this option allows the user  to set	    which 'mode' to set  on the file at  creation time, instead of  the
	    This   option   takes   an    octal   number   as   argument.    If	    --create-file-mode is provided  several times, the  last set  value	     curl --create-file-mode 0777 -T localfile sftp://example.com/new
	    Added in 7.75.0. See also --ftp-create-dirs.	    (FTP SMTP) Convert line  feeds to carriage  return plus line  feeds	    in upload.  Useful  for  MVS (OS/390).  Providing  --crlf  multiple	    times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-crlf.	     curl --crlf -T file ftp://example.com/	    (TLS)  Provide  a  file  using   PEM  format  with  a   Certificate	    Revocation List that may specify  peer certificates that are to  be	    considered revoked.  If --crlfile  is provided  several times,  the	     curl --crlfile rejects.txt https://example.com
	    See also --cacert and --capath.	    (TLS) Set specific curves to  use during SSL session  establishment	    according to RFC 8422, 5.1. Multiple algorithms can be provided  by	    separating them with  ":" (e.g. "X25519:P-521").  The parameter  is	    available identically  in  the OpenSSL  "s_client"  and  "s_server"
	    --curves allows  a OpenSSL  powered  curl to  make  SSL-connections	    with exactly  the  (EC) curve  requested  by the  client,  avoiding	    nontransparent client/server negotiations.
	    If this option is set,  the default curves list built into  OpenSSL	    are ignored. If --curves  is provided several  times, the last  set	     curl --curves X25519 https://example.com
	    Added in 7.73.0. See also --ciphers.	    (HTTP MQTT) Send the specified data  in a POST request to the  HTTP	    server, in the same way that a browser does when a user  has filled	    in an HTML form  and presses the  submit button. This option  makes	    curl  pass  the   data  to  the   server  using  the   content-type	    application/x-www-form-urlencoded. Compared to --form.
	    --data-raw  is  almost  the  same  but  does  not  have  a  special	    interpretation of the @ character. To post data purely binary,  you	    should instead  use the  --data-binary  option. To  URL-encode  the	    value of a form field you may use --data-urlencode.
	    If any of these options is used more than once on the  same command	    line, the  data  pieces  specified are  merged  with  a  separating	    &-symbol.  Thus,  using  '-d  name=daniel  -d  skill=lousy'   would	    generate a post chunk that looks like 'name=daniel&skill=lousy'.
	    If you  start the data  with the  letter @,  the rest  should be  a	    filename to read the data from, or  - if you want curl to read  the	    data from  stdin. Posting  data from  a file  named 'foobar'  would	    thus be done with --data @foobar. When --data is told to  read from	    a file like  that, carriage  returns, newlines and  null bytes  are	    stripped out. If you do not want the @ character to have  a special	    interpretation use --data-raw instead.
	    The data for  this option  is passed  on to the  server exactly  as	    provided on  the command  line. curl  does not  convert, change  or	    improve it.  It is  up  to the  user  to provide  the data  in  the	    correct form. --data can be used several times in a command line	     curl -d "name=curl" https://example.com	     curl -d "name=curl" -d "tool=cmdline" https://example.com	     curl -d @filename https://example.com
	    This  option  is  mutually   exclusive  with  --form,  --head   and	    --upload-file.  See   also  --data-binary,   --data-urlencode   and	    (HTTP) This option is  just an alias  for --data. --data-ascii  can	    be used several times in a command line	     curl --data-ascii @file https://example.com
	    See also --data-binary, --data-raw and --data-urlencode.	    (HTTP) Post  data exactly  as specified  with no  extra  processing	    filename. "@-" makes curl read the data from stdin. Data  is posted	    in a  similar  manner as  --data  does, except  that  newlines  and	    carriage returns are preserved and conversions are never done.
	    Like  --data  the  default  content-type  sent  to  the  server  is	    application/x-www-form-urlencoded. If  you  want  the  data  to  be	    treated as  arbitrary  binary  data  by the  server  then  set  the	    content-type      to      octet-stream:      -H      "Content-Type:	    application/octet-stream".
	    If this option is used several times, the ones following  the first	    append data  as  described in  --data.  --data-binary can  be  used	    several times in a command line	     curl --data-binary @filename https://example.com	    (HTTP) Post  data  similarly  to --data  but  without  the  special	    interpretation of the @ character.  --data-raw can be used  several	     curl --data-raw "hello" https://example.com	     curl --data-raw "@at@at@" https://example.com	    (HTTP) Post  data, similar  to the  other --data  options with  the	    exception that this performs URL-encoding.
	    To be  CGI-compliant, the  <data>  part should  begin with  a  name	    followed by a  separator and  a content  specification. The  <data>	    part can be passed to curl using one of the following syntaxes:
		URL-encode the content  and pass  that on. Just  be careful  so		that the content does  not contain any  "=" or "@" symbols,  as		that makes the syntax match one of the other cases below.
		URL-encode the  content and  pass that  on. The  preceding  "="		symbol is not included in the data.
		URL-encode the content  part and  pass that on.  Note that  the		name part is expected to be URL-encoded already.
		load  data  from  the  given  file  (including  any  newlines),		URL-encode that data  and pass it  on in  the POST. Using  "@-"		makes curl read the data from stdin.		URL-encode that data and pass it on in the POST. The  name part		gets    an     equal     sign    appended,     resulting     in		name=urlencoded-file-content. Note  that the  name is  expected
	    --data-urlencode can be used several times in a command line	     curl --data-urlencode name=val https://example.com	     curl --data-urlencode =encodethis https://example.com	     curl --data-urlencode name@file https://example.com	     curl --data-urlencode @fileonly https://example.com
	    See also --data and --data-raw.	    (GSS/kerberos) Set LEVEL what curl  is allowed to delegate when  it	    comes to user credentials.
		Do not allow any delegation.
		Delegates if and only if the OK-AS-DELEGATE flag is set  in the		Kerberos service ticket, which is a matter of realm policy.
		Unconditionally allow the server to delegate.
	    If --delegation is provided  several times, the  last set value  is	     curl --delegation "none" https://example.com
	    See also --insecure and --ssl.	    (HTTP)  Enable  HTTP  Digest  authentication.  This  authentication	    scheme avoids sending  the password  over the wire  in clear  text.	    Use this  in  combination with  the  normal --user  option  to  set	    username and  password. Providing  --digest multiple  times has  no	    extra effect. Disable it again with --no-digest.	     curl -u name:password --digest https://example.com
	    This  option  is  mutually  exclusive  with  --basic,  --ntlm   and	    --negotiate. See also --user, --proxy-digest and --anyauth.	    If used  as the first  parameter on  the command  line, the  curlrc	    config file is not  read or used. See  the --config for details  on	    the default config file  search path. Providing --disable  multiple	    times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-disable.	     curl -q https://example.com	    (FTP) Disable  the use of  the EPRT  and LPRT  commands when  doing	    active FTP  transfers. curl  normally first  attempts to  use  EPRT	    before using PORT, but with  this option, it uses PORT right  away.	    EPRT is an  extension to the  original FTP  protocol, and does  not	    work on all  servers, but  enables more functionality  in a  better	    way than the traditional PORT command.
	    --eprt can be used  to explicitly enable  EPRT again and  --no-eprt	    is an alias for --disable-eprt.
	    If the server is accessed using IPv6, this option has no  effect as
	    Disabling EPRT only  changes the  active behavior. If  you want  to	    switch to passive mode you need  to not use --ftp-port or force  it	    with --ftp-pasv.  Providing --disable-eprt  multiple times  has  no	    extra effect. Disable it again with --no-disable-eprt.	     curl --disable-eprt ftp://example.com/
	    See also --disable-epsv and --ftp-port.	    (FTP) Disable the use  of the EPSV  command when doing passive  FTP	    transfers. curl normally  first attempts to  use EPSV before  PASV,	    but with this option, it does not try EPSV.
	    --epsv can be used  to explicitly enable  EPSV again and  --no-epsv	    is an alias for --disable-epsv.
	    If the server is  an IPv6 host, this option  has no effect as  EPSV
	    Disabling EPSV only changes  the passive behavior.  If you want  to	    switch to  active  mode  you  need  to  use  --ftp-port.  Providing	    --disable-epsv multiple  times  has  no extra  effect.  Disable  it	    again with --no-disable-epsv.	     curl --disable-epsv ftp://example.com/
	    See also --disable-eprt and --ftp-port.
    --disallow-username-in-url	    Exit with error  if passed  a URL containing  a username.  Probably	    most useful when the URL  is being provided at runtime or  similar.	    Providing --disallow-username-in-url  multiple times  has no  extra	    effect. Disable it again with --no-disallow-username-in-url.	     curl --disallow-username-in-url https://example.com
	    Added in 7.61.0. See also --proto.
    --dns-interface <interface>	    (DNS) Send outgoing DNS requests through the given interface.  This	    option is  a  counterpart to  --interface  (which does  not  affect	    DNS). The  supplied  string  must  be an  interface  name  (not  an	    address). If --dns-interface  is provided several  times, the  last	     curl --dns-interface eth0 https://example.com
	    --dns-interface requires that libcurl  is built to support  c-ares.	    See also --dns-ipv4-addr and --dns-ipv6-addr.
    --dns-ipv4-addr <address>	    (DNS) Bind to a specific IP address when making IPv4  DNS requests,	    so that the DNS requests originate from this address. The  argument	    should be a  single IPv4  address. If  --dns-ipv4-addr is  provided	     curl --dns-ipv4-addr 10.1.2.3 https://example.com
	    --dns-ipv4-addr requires that libcurl  is built to support  c-ares.	    See also --dns-interface and --dns-ipv6-addr.
    --dns-ipv6-addr <address>	    (DNS) Bind to a specific IP address when making IPv6  DNS requests,	    should be a  single IPv6  address. If  --dns-ipv6-addr is  provided	     curl --dns-ipv6-addr 2a04:4e42::561 https://example.com
	    --dns-ipv6-addr requires that libcurl  is built to support  c-ares.	    See also --dns-interface and --dns-ipv4-addr.
    --dns-servers <addresses>	    (DNS) Set the list of DNS servers to be used instead of  the system	    default. The list of IP addresses should be separated with  commas.	    Port numbers  may also  optionally  be given,  appended to  the  IP	    address separated  with  a  colon.  If  --dns-servers  is  provided	     curl --dns-servers 192.168.0.1,192.168.0.2 https://example.com	     curl --dns-servers 10.0.0.1:53 https://example.com
	    --dns-servers requires  that libcurl  is built  to support  c-ares.	    Same as --cert-status but used for DoH (DNS-over-HTTPS).
	    Verify the  status of  the DoH  servers' certificate  by using  the
	    If this  option is  enabled and  the DoH  server  sends an  invalid	    (e.g. expired) response, if the  response suggests that the  server	    GnuTLS backends. Providing --doh-cert-status multiple times has  no	    extra effect. Disable it again with --no-doh-cert-status.	     curl --doh-cert-status --doh-url https://doh.example \
	    Added in 7.76.0. See also --doh-insecure.	    By  default, every  connection  curl  makes  to  a  DoH  server  is	    verified to be secure before the transfer takes place. This  option	    tells curl  to  skip  the verification  step  and  proceed  without
	    WARNING:  using  this  option  makes  the  DoH  transfer  and  name
	    This option is  equivalent to --insecure  and --proxy-insecure  but	    used  for  DoH  (DNS-over-HTTPS)  only.  Providing   --doh-insecure	     curl --doh-insecure --doh-url https://doh.example \
	    Added   in   7.76.0.   See    also   --doh-url,   --insecure    and	    Specify  which  DNS-over-HTTPS  (DoH)  server  to  use  to  resolve	    hostnames, instead of  using the default  name resolver  mechanism.
	    Some SSL options that you set  for your transfer also apply to  DoH	    since  the  name  lookups  take   place  over  SSL.  However,   the	    certificate  verification  settings  are  not  inherited  but   are	    controlled separately via --doh-insecure and --doh-cert-status.
	    By default, DoH is bypassed  when initially looking up DNS  records	    of the DoH server.  You can specify the  IP address(es) of the  DoH	    server with --resolve to avoid this.
	    This option is  unset if  an empty string  "" is used  as the  URL.	    (Added in 7.85.0) If --doh-url is provided several times, the  last	     curl --doh-url https://doh.example https://example.com	     curl --doh-url https://doh.example --resolve \		  doh.example:443:192.0.2.1 https://example.com
	    Added in 7.62.0. See also --doh-insecure.	    (TLS) Write  the CA  bundle embedded  in curl  to standard  output,
	    If curl  was  not built  with a  default  CA bundle  embedded,  the	    output is empty.  Providing --dump-ca-embed multiple  times has  no	    extra effect. Disable it again with --no-dump-ca-embed.
	    Added  in  8.10.0.  See   also  --ca-native,  --cacert,   --capath,	    --proxy-ca-native, --proxy-cacert and --proxy-capath.
    -D, --dump-header <filename>	    (HTTP FTP) Write  the received  protocol headers  to the  specified	    file. If no headers  are received, the  use of this option  creates	    an empty file. Specify "-" as filename (a single minus) to  have it
	    Starting in curl  8.10.0, specify  "%" (a single  percent sign)  as	    filename writes the output to stderr.
	    When used  in FTP,  the FTP  server response  lines are  considered	    being "headers" and thus are saved there.
	    Starting in curl  8.11.0, using the  --create-dirs option can  also	    create missing  directory  components  for  the  path  provided  in
	    Having multiple transfers in one  set of operations (i.e. the  URLs	    in one --next clause), appends them to the same file,  separated by	    a blank line. If --dump-header is provided several times, the  last	     curl --dump-header store.txt https://example.com	     curl --dump-header - https://example.com -o save	    (HTTPS) Specify how to do ECH (Encrypted Client Hello).
	    The values allowed for <config> can be:
		Do not attempt ECH. The is the default.
		Send a GREASE ECH extension
		Attempt ECH  if  possible,  but  do  not fail  if  ECH  is  not		attempted. (The  connection  fails  if  ECH  is  attempted  but
		Attempt ECH and fail  if that is  not possible. ECH only  works		with TLS  1.3  and also  requires  using DoH  or  providing  an		ECHConfigList on the command line.
		A base64 encoded ECHConfigList that is used for ECH.
		A name  to  use to  over-ride  the "public_name"  field  of  an		ECHConfigList (only available  with OpenSSL  TLS support)  Most		ECH related errors cause error CURLE_ECH_REQUIRED (101).
	    If --ech is provided several times, the last set value is used.	     curl --ech true https://example.com
	    Added in 8.8.0. See also --doh-url.	    (TLS) Deprecated option (added  in 7.84.0). Prior  to that it  only	    had an effect on curl if built to use old versions of OpenSSL.
	    Specify the path name to  the Entropy Gathering Daemon socket.  The	    socket is used to  seed the random  engine for SSL connections.  If	    --egd-file is provided several times, the last set value is used.	     curl --egd-file /random/here https://example.com	    (TLS)  Select  the  OpenSSL  crypto   engine  to  use  for   cipher	    operations. Use  --engine  list  to  print  a  list  of  build-time	    supported engines. Note  that not  all (and possibly  none) of  the	    engines may  be  available  at runtime.  If  --engine  is  provided	     curl --engine flavor https://example.com
	    See also --ciphers and --curves.	    (HTTP) Make a conditional HTTP  request for the specific ETag  read	    from the given file by sending a custom If-None-Match header  using
	    For correct results,  make sure  that the  specified file  contains	    only a single line with  the desired ETag. A non-existing or  empty	    file is treated as an empty ETag.
	    Use the option --etag-save to first save the ETag from  a response,	    and then use  this option to  compare against the  saved ETag in  a
	    Use this  option  with a  single  URL only.  If  --etag-compare  is	    provided several times, the last set value is used.	     curl --etag-compare etag.txt https://example.com
	    Added in 7.68.0. See also --etag-save and --time-cond.	    (HTTP) Save  an HTTP  ETag  to the  specified file.  An ETag  is  a	    caching related header,  usually returned in  a response. Use  this	    option with a single URL only.
	    If no ETag is sent by the server, an empty file is created.
	    In many situations you want to use an existing etag in  the request	    to avoid downloading the same resource again but also save  the new	    etag  if  it  has  indeed  changed,  by  using  both  etag  options	    --etag-save and --etag-compare with the same filename, in the  same
	    Starting in curl  8.12.0, using the  --create-dirs option can  also	    --etag-save. If  --etag-save is  provided several  times, the  last	     curl --etag-save storetag.txt https://example.com
	    Added in 7.68.0. See also --etag-compare.
    --expect100-timeout <seconds>	    (HTTP) Maximum time in  seconds that you allow  curl to wait for  a	    100-continue response  when  curl emits  an  Expects:  100-continue	    header in  its request.  By  default curl  waits one  second.  This	    option  accepts  decimal  values.  When  curl  stops  waiting,   it	    continues as if a response was received.
	    The decimal  value  needs  to be  provided  using a  dot  (".")  as	    decimal separator  - not  the local  version even  if  it might  be	    using  another  separator.   If  --expect100-timeout  is   provided	     curl --expect100-timeout 2.5 -T file https://example.com
	    See also --connect-timeout.	    (HTTP) Fail with error code 22 and with no response body  output at	    all for  HTTP transfers  returning HTTP  response codes  at 400  or
	    In normal cases when  an HTTP server  fails to deliver a  document,	    it returns a body  of text stating  so (which often also  describes	    why and  more) and  a 4xx  HTTP response  code.  This command  line	    option prevents curl from outputting that data and instead  returns	    error 22 early. By  default, curl does  not consider HTTP  response	    codes to indicate failure.
	    To  get both  the  error  code  and  also  save  the  content,  use	    --fail-with-body instead.
	    This  method  is  not  fail-safe  and  there  are  occasions  where	    non-successful  response  codes   slip  through,  especially   when	    authentication is involved (response codes 401 and 407).  Providing	    --fail multiple times has  no extra effect.  Disable it again  with	     curl --fail https://example.com
	    This option is mutually  exclusive with --fail-with-body. See  also	    --fail-with-body and --fail-early.	    Fail and exit on the first detected transfer error.
	    When curl is used to do multiple transfers on the command  line, it	    attempts to operate on each given  URL, one by one. By default,  it	    ignores errors  if there are  more URLs  given and  the last  URL's	    success determines the error code curl returns. Early failures  are	    "hidden" by subsequent successful transfers.
	    Using this  option, curl  instead  returns an  error on  the  first	    transfer that fails,  independent of  the amount of  URLs that  are	    given on  the  command line.  This  way, no  transfer  failures  go	    undetected by scripts and similar.
	    This option does not imply  --fail, which causes transfers to  fail	    due to  the server's  HTTP status  code. You  can  combine the  two	    options, however  note  --fail  is  not  global  and  is  therefore
	    This option is global  and does not need  to be specified for  each	    use of --next. Providing --fail-early  multiple times has no  extra	    effect. Disable it again with --no-fail-early.	     curl --fail-early https://example.com https://two.example
	    See also --fail and --fail-with-body.	    (HTTP) Return an  error on  server errors where  the HTTP  response	    code is 400 or greater). In normal cases when an HTTP  server fails	    to deliver  a document,  it  returns an  HTML document  stating  so	    (which often also describes why and more). This option allows  curl	    to output and save that content but also to return error 22.
	    This is an alternative option  to --fail which makes curl fail  for	    the same circumstances  but without saving  the content.  Providing	    --fail-with-body multiple  times has  no extra  effect. Disable  it	    again with --no-fail-with-body.	     curl --fail-with-body https://example.com
	    This option is  mutually exclusive  with --fail.  Added in  7.76.0.	    See also --fail and --fail-early.	    (TLS) Use false start  during the TLS  handshake. False start is  a	    mode where  a TLS  client starts  sending application  data  before	    verifying the server's Finished message,  thus saving a round  trip	    when performing a full handshake.
	    This functionality  is currently  only  implemented in  the  Secure	    Transport (on iOS 7.0  or later, or  macOS 10.9 or later)  backend.	    Providing  --false-start  multiple  times  has  no  extra   effect.	    Disable it again with --no-false-start.	     curl --false-start https://example.com
	    See also --tcp-fastopen.
    -F, --form <name=content>	    (HTTP SMTP IMAP) For the HTTP protocol family, emulate a  filled-in	    form in  which a user  has pressed  the submit  button. This  makes	    curl  POST   data   using  the   Content-Type   multipart/form-data
	    For SMTP  and  IMAP  protocols,  this  composes  a  multipart  mail
	    This enables uploading of binary files etc. To force the  'content'	    part to be a file, prefix the filename with an @ sign. To  just get	    the content part from a  file, prefix the filename with the  symbol	    <. The difference between @ and <  is then that @ makes a file  get	    attached in the  post as a file  upload, while the  < makes a  text	    field and just gets the contents for that text field from a file.
	    Read content from stdin instead of a file by using a single  "-" as	    filename. This  goes for both  @ and  < constructs.  When stdin  is	    used,  the  contents  is  buffered  in  memory  first  by  curl  to	    determine its size and allow  a possible resend. Defining a  part's	    data from  a  named  non-regular file  (such  as a  named  pipe  or	    similar) is  not  subject  to  buffering and  is  instead  read  at	    transmission time;  since  the  full size  is  unknown  before  the	    transfer starts, such data is  sent as chunks by HTTP and  rejected
	    Example: send an image  to an HTTP  server, where 'profile' is  the	    name of  the  form-field to  which  the file  portrait.jpg  is  the
		curl -F profile=@portrait.jpg https://example.com/upload.cgi
	    Example: send your  name and shoe  size in two  text fields to  the
		curl -F name=John -F shoesize=11 https://example.com/
	    Example: send your essay in a text field to the server. Send  it as	    a plain text field, but get the contents for it from a local file:
		curl -F "story=<hugefile.txt" https://example.com/
	    You can  also  instruct curl  what  Content-Type to  use  by  using	    "type=", in a manner similar to:
		curl -F "web=@index.html;type=text/html" example.com
		curl -F "name=daniel;type=text/foo" example.com
	    You can  also explicitly change  the name  field of  a file  upload	    part by setting filename=, like this:
		curl -F "file=@localfile;filename=nameinpost" example.com
	    If  filename/path contains  ','  or  ';',  it  must  be  quoted  by
		curl -F "file=@\"local,file\";filename=\"name;in;post\"" \
		curl -F 'file=@"local,file";filename="name;in;post"' \
	    Note that  if  a  filename/path is  quoted  by  double-quotes,  any	    double-quote or backslash  within the filename  must be escaped  by
	    Quoting must  also  be applied  to  non-file data  if  it  contains	    semicolons, leading/trailing spaces or leading double quotes:
		curl -F 'colors="red; green; blue";type=text/x-myapp' \
	    You can add custom headers to the field by setting headers=, like
		curl -F "submit=OK;headers=\"X-submit-type: OK\"" example.com
		curl -F "submit=OK;headers=@headerfile" example.com
	    The headers=  keyword may  appear more  than once  and above  notes	    about quoting  apply. When  headers  are read  from a  file,  empty	    lines and lines starting with  '#' are ignored; each header can  be	    folded  by   splitting  between   two   words  and   starting   the	    continuation line  with  a  space;  embedded  carriage-returns  and	    trailing spaces are stripped. Here  is an example of a header  file
		# This file contains two headers.		X-header-1: this is a header
		# The following header is folded.
	    To support sending multipart mail messages, the syntax is  extended
	    - name can  be omitted: the  equal sign is  the first character  of
	    - if data starts with '(',  this signals to start a new  multipart:	    it can be followed by a content type specification.
	    - a multipart can be terminated with a '=)' argument.
	    Example: the following command sends an SMTP mime email  consisting	    in an inline part in two alternative formats: plain text  and HTML.
		curl -F '=(;type=multipart/alternative' \		     -F '=plain text message' \		     -F '= <body>HTML message</body>;type=text/html' \		     -F '=)' -F '=@textfile.txt' ...  smtp://example.com
	    Data  can  be  encoded  for  transfer  using  encoder=.   Available	    encodings are binary and 8bit that do nothing else than  adding the	    corresponding  Content-Transfer-Encoding  header,  7bit  that  only	    rejects 8-bit characters  with a  transfer error,  quoted-printable	    and  base64  that  encodes  data  according  to  the  corresponding	    schemes, limiting lines length to 76 characters.
	    Example: send multipart mail  with a quoted-printable text  message	    and a base64 attached file:
		curl -F '=text message;encoder=quoted-printable' \		     -F '=@localfile;encoder=base64' ... smtp://example.com
	    See further examples and details in the MANUAL. --form can  be used	     curl --form "name=curl" --form "file=@loadthis" \
	    This  option  is  mutually   exclusive  with  --data,  --head   and	    --upload-file. See also --data, --form-string and --form-escape.	    (HTTP imap smtp) Pass on  names of multipart form fields and  files	    using   backslash-escaping   instead   of   percent-encoding.    If	    --form-escape is  provided several  times, the  last set  value  is	     curl --form-escape -F 'field\name=curl' -F 'file=@load"this' \
	    Added in 7.81.0. See also --form.
    --form-string <name=string>	    (HTTP SMTP IMAP)  Similar to  --form except that  the value  string	    for  the named  parameter  is  used  literally.  Leading  @  and  <	    characters, and the ";type="  string in the  value have no  special	    meaning.  Use  this  in  preference  to  --form  if  there  is  any	    possibility that the  string value may  accidentally trigger the  @	    or < features of  --form. --form-string can  be used several  times	     curl --form-string "name=data" https://example.com	    (FTP) When an  FTP server  asks for "account  data" after  username	    and password has  been provided, this  data is  sent off using  the	    ACCT command. If --ftp-account is provided several times, the  last	     curl --ftp-account "mr.robot" ftp://example.com/
    --ftp-alternative-to-user <command>	    (FTP) If  authenticating with  the USER  and PASS  commands  fails,	    send  this  command.   When  connecting   to  Tumbleweed's   Secure	    Transport server over FTPS using a client certificate, using  "SITE	    AUTH"  tells  the  server  to   retrieve  the  username  from   the	    certificate.  If  --ftp-alternative-to-user  is  provided   several	     curl --ftp-alternative-to-user "U53r" ftp://example.com
	    See also --ftp-account and --user.	    (FTP SFTP) When an FTP or SFTP URL/operation uses a path  that does	    not currently exist on  the server, the  standard behavior of  curl	    is to  fail. Using  this option,  curl instead  attempts to  create	    missing directories.  Providing  --ftp-create-dirs  multiple  times	    has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-ftp-create-dirs.	     curl --ftp-create-dirs -T file ftp://example.com/remote/path/file	    (FTP) Control what  method curl should  use to reach  a file on  an	    FTP(S) server. The method argument  should be one of the  following
		Do a single CWD operation for each path part in the  given URL.		For deep hierarchies this means many commands. This is how  RFC		1738 says  it  should be  done. This  is  the default  but  the
		Do no CWD at all. curl does SIZE, RETR, STOR etc and  gives the		full path to  the server for  each of  these commands. This  is
		Do one CWD with the  full target directory and then operate  on		the file  "normally"  (like  in the  multicwd  case).  This  is		somewhat more standards compliant than "nocwd" but without  the
	    If --ftp-method is provided  several times, the  last set value  is	     curl --ftp-method multicwd ftp://example.com/dir1/dir2/file	     curl --ftp-method nocwd ftp://example.com/dir1/dir2/file	     curl --ftp-method singlecwd ftp://example.com/dir1/dir2/file	    (FTP) Use  passive mode  for the  data connection.  Passive is  the	    internal default behavior,  but using  this option can  be used  to	    override a previous --ftp-port option.
	    Reversing an enforced  passive really  is not doable  but you  must	    then instead enforce the correct --ftp-port again.
	    Passive mode means that curl tries the EPSV command first  and then	    PASV, unless --disable-epsv is used. Providing --ftp-pasv  multiple	    times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-ftp-pasv.	     curl --ftp-pasv ftp://example.com/
	    See also --disable-epsv.	    (FTP) Reverse the default initiator/listener roles when  connecting	    with FTP.  This  option  makes  curl use  active  mode.  curl  then	    commands the  server  to connect  back  to the  client's  specified	    address and port, while  passive mode asks  the server to setup  an	    IP address and port for it  to connect to. <address> should be  one
		e.g. eth0 to specify which  interface's IP address you want  to
		e.g. 192.168.10.1 to specify the exact IP address
		e.g. my.host.domain to specify the machine
		make curl pick  the same IP  address that  is already used  for		the  control  connection.  This  is  the  recommended   choice.		Disable the use  of PORT with  --ftp-pasv. Disable the  attempt		to  use   the   EPRT  command   instead   of  PORT   by   using		--disable-eprt. EPRT is really PORT++.
		You can  also  append  ":[start]-[end]" to  the  right  of  the		address, to tell curl  what TCP port  range to use. That  means		you specify a port  range, from a lower  to a higher number.  A		single number works as well, but do note that it  increases the		risk of failure since the port may not be available.
	    If --ftp-port  is provided  several times,  the last  set value  is	     curl -P - ftp:/example.com	     curl -P eth0 ftp:/example.com	     curl -P 192.168.0.2 ftp:/example.com
	    See also --ftp-pasv and --disable-eprt.	    (FTP) Send  a PRET  command  before PASV  (and EPSV).  Certain  FTP	    servers, mainly  drftpd,  require  this  non-standard  command  for	    directory listings  as  well as  up  and downloads  in  PASV  mode.	    Providing --ftp-pret multiple  times has no  extra effect.  Disable	    it again with --no-ftp-pret.	     curl --ftp-pret ftp://example.com/
	    See also --ftp-port and --ftp-pasv.	    (FTP) Do  not  use  the  IP  address the  server  suggests  in  its	    response to  curl's  PASV  command  when  curl  connects  the  data	    connection. Instead  curl reuses  the same  IP address  it  already	    uses for the control connection.
	    This option is enabled by default (added in 7.74.0).
	    This option has no effect if PORT, EPRT or EPSV is used  instead of	    PASV. Providing  --ftp-skip-pasv-ip  multiple times  has  no  extra	    effect. Disable it again with --no-ftp-skip-pasv-ip.	     curl --ftp-skip-pasv-ip ftp://example.com/	    (FTP) Use CCC (Clear Command Channel) Shuts down the SSL/TLS  layer	    after   authenticating.   The   rest   of   the   control   channel	    communication is  unencrypted. This  allows NAT  routers to  follow	    the  FTP  transaction.  The  default  mode  is  passive.  Providing	    --ftp-ssl-ccc multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it  again	     curl --ftp-ssl-ccc ftps://example.com/
	    See also --ssl and --ftp-ssl-ccc-mode.
    --ftp-ssl-ccc-mode <active/passive>	    (FTP) Set  the CCC mode.  The passive  mode does  not initiate  the	    shutdown, but instead waits for the  server to do it, and does  not	    reply to the shutdown  from the server.  The active mode  initiates	    the shutdown  and waits  for  a reply  from the  server.  Providing	    --ftp-ssl-ccc-mode multiple times has  no extra effect. Disable  it	    again with --no-ftp-ssl-ccc-mode.	     curl --ftp-ssl-ccc-mode active --ftp-ssl-ccc ftps://example.com/	    (FTP) Require  SSL/TLS  for  the FTP  login,  clear  for  transfer.	    Allows secure authentication, but non-encrypted data transfers  for	    efficiency. Fails  the  transfer if  the  server does  not  support	    SSL/TLS. Providing --ftp-ssl-control  multiple times  has no  extra	    effect. Disable it again with --no-ftp-ssl-control.	     curl --ftp-ssl-control ftp://example.com	    (HTTP) When  used,  this  option  makes  all  data  specified  with	    --data, --data-binary or  --data-urlencode to  be used  in an  HTTP	    GET request instead  of the  POST request that  otherwise would  be	    used. curl appends the provided data to the URL as a query string.
	    If used  in  combination with  --head,  the POST  data  is  instead	    appended to the URL with  a HEAD request. Providing --get  multiple	    times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-get.	     curl --get https://example.com	     curl --get -d "tool=curl" -d "age=old" https://example.com	     curl --get -I -d "tool=curl" https://example.com
	    See also --data and --request.	    Switch off the  URL globbing  function. When you  set this  option,	    you can specify URLs that  contain the letters {}[] without  having	    curl itself interpret them. Note that these letters are not  normal	    legal URL contents but they should be encoded according to  the URI	    standard. Providing --globoff multiple  times has no extra  effect.	    Disable it again with --no-globoff.	     curl -g "https://example.com/{[]}}}}"
	    See also --config and --disable.
    --happy-eyeballs-timeout-ms <ms>	    Set the timeout for Happy Eyeballs.
	    Happy Eyeballs is  an algorithm  that attempts to  connect to  both	    IPv4 and  IPv6  addresses  for  dual-stack  hosts,  giving  IPv6  a	    head-start of the  specified number  of milliseconds.  If the  IPv6	    address cannot be connected to within that time, then a  connection	    attempt  is made  to  the  IPv4  address  in  parallel.  The  first	    connection to be established is the one that is used.
	    The range of  suggested useful  values is  limited. Happy  Eyeballs	    RFC 6555 says "It is RECOMMENDED that connection attempts be  paced	    150-250 ms apart  to balance human  factors against network  load."	    libcurl currently defaults to 200 ms. Firefox and Chrome  currently	    default to  300  ms.  If  --happy-eyeballs-timeout-ms  is  provided	     curl --happy-eyeballs-timeout-ms 500 https://example.com
	    See also --max-time and --connect-timeout.	    (HTTP) Set a client IP in  HAProxy PROXY protocol v1 header at  the	    beginning of the connection.
	    For valid requests, IPv4  addresses must be  indicated as a  series	    of exactly 4 integers  in the range  [0..255] inclusive written  in	    decimal representation separated  by exactly one  dot between  each	    other. Heading  zeroes are  not permitted  in front  of numbers  in	    order to  avoid any  possible confusion  with octal  numbers.  IPv6	    addresses must  be  indicated as  series  of 4  hexadecimal  digits	    (upper or lower case) delimited by colons between each other,  with	    the acceptance of one double colon sequence to replace the  largest	    acceptable  range  of  consecutive  zeroes.  The  total  number  of	    decoded bits must be exactly 128.
	    Otherwise, any string  can be accepted  for the  client IP and  get
	    It replaces  --haproxy-protocol if  used, it  is not  necessary  to	    specify both  flags.  If  --haproxy-clientip  is  provided  several	     curl --haproxy-clientip $IP
	    Added in 8.2.0. See also --proxy.	    (HTTP) Send a HAProxy PROXY protocol v1 header at the  beginning of	    the connection. This  is used  by some load  balancers and  reverse	    proxies to indicate the client's true IP address and port.
	    This option is  primarily useful  when sending test  requests to  a	    service that  expects  this  header.  Providing  --haproxy-protocol	     curl --haproxy-protocol https://example.com
	    Added in 7.60.0. See also --proxy.	    (HTTP FTP FILE)  Fetch the headers  only. HTTP-servers feature  the	    command HEAD which  this uses to  get nothing but  the header of  a	    document. When used on an FTP  or FILE URL, curl displays the  file	    size and  last modification  time only.  Providing --head  multiple	    times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-head.	     curl -I https://example.com
	    See also --get, --verbose and --trace-ascii.
    -H, --header <header/@file>	    (HTTP IMAP SMTP) Extra header to include in information sent.  When	    used within an  HTTP request, it  is added  to the regular  request
	    For an IMAP or SMTP  MIME uploaded mail built with --form  options,	    it  is  prepended  to  the  resulting  MIME  document,  effectively	    including it  at the  mail global  level. It  does  not affect  raw
	    You may  specify any  number of  extra headers.  Note  that if  you	    should add a  custom header that has  the same name  as one of  the	    internal ones curl would  use, your externally  set header is  used	    instead of the internal one. This allows you to make  even trickier	    stuff  than  curl  would  normally  do.  You  should  not   replace	    internally set headers without knowing perfectly well what you  are	    doing. Remove an  internal header by  giving a replacement  without	    content on the right side of  the colon, as in: -H "Host:". If  you	    send the  custom  header with  no-value  then its  header  must  be	    terminated with a semicolon, such as -H "X-Custom-Header;" to  send
	    curl makes sure that each  header you add/replace is sent with  the	    proper end-of-line marker, you should  thus not add that as a  part	    of the header  content: do  not add newlines  or carriage  returns,	    they only  mess things  up for  you. curl  passes  on the  verbatim	    string you give it  without any filter  or other safe guards.  That	    includes white space and control characters.
	    This option can  take an  argument in @filename  style, which  then	    adds a header for each line in the input file. Using @-  makes curl	    read the header file from stdin.
	    Please note that  most anti-spam utilities  check the presence  and	    value of  several  MIME mail  headers:  these are  "From:",  "To:",	    "Date:" and "Subject:" among others  and should be added with  this
	    You need  --proxy-header to  send custom  headers intended  for  an
	    Passing on  a "Transfer-Encoding:  chunked"  header when  doing  an	    HTTP request with a  request body, makes  curl send the data  using
	    WARNING: headers set with this option are set in all  HTTP requests	    -  even  after  redirects  are   followed,  like  when  told   with	    --location. This can lead to  the header being sent to other  hosts	    than the original host,  so sensitive headers  should be used  with	    caution combined with following redirects.
	    "Authorization:" and "Cookie:"  headers are  explicitly not  passed	    on in  HTTP requests  when following  redirects to  other  origins,	    unless --location-trusted  is used.  --header can  be used  several	     curl -H "X-First-Name: Joe" https://example.com	     curl -H "User-Agent: yes-please/2000" https://example.com	     curl -H "Host:" https://example.com	     curl -H @headers.txt https://example.com
	    See also --user-agent and --referer.	    Usage help.  Provide help  for  the subject  given as  an  optional
	    If no  argument  is  provided, curl  displays  the  most  important
	    The argument can  either be a  category or  a command line  option.	    When a category is  provided, curl shows  all command line  options	    within the  given  category. Specify  category  "all" to  list  all
	    If "category"  is  specified,  curl  displays  all  available  help
	    If the  provided  subject  is  instead  an  existing  command  line	    option, specified either in its  short form with a single dash  and	    a single letter, or in the  long form with two dashes and a  longer	    name, curl displays a help text for that option in the terminal.
	    The help output is extensive for some options.
	    If the provided command line option is not known, curl says so.	    (SFTP SCP)  Pass a  string containing  32 hexadecimal  digits.  The	    string should  be the 128  bit MD5  checksum of  the remote  host's	    public key, curl refuses  the connection with  the host unless  the	    checksums match.  If --hostpubmd5  is provided  several times,  the	     curl --hostpubmd5 e5c1c49020640a5ab0f2034854c321a8 \
	    See also --hostpubsha256.	    (SFTP SCP) Pass  a string containing  a Base64-encoded SHA256  hash	    of the remote host's public  key. curl refuses the connection  with	    the host unless the hashes match.
	    This feature requires  libcurl to  be built with  libssh2 and  does	    not work with  other SSH backends.  If --hostpubsha256 is  provided	     curl --hostpubsha256 NDVkMTQxMGQ1ODdmMjQ3MjczYjAyOTY5MmRkMjVmNDQ=\
	    Added in 7.80.0. See also --hostpubmd5.	    (HTTPS) Enable HSTS for the transfer. If the filename points  to an	    existing  HSTS  cache  file,  that  is  used.  After  a   completed
	    If curl is told to use HTTP:// for a transfer involving  a hostname	    that exists  in the HSTS  cache, it  upgrades the  transfer to  use	    HTTPS. Each  HSTS  cache entry  has  an individual  lifetime  after	    which the upgrade is no longer performed.	    make curl just handle HSTS in memory.	    the files but the last one  is used for saving. --hsts can be  used	     curl --hsts cache.txt https://example.com
	    Added in 7.74.0. See also --proto.	    (HTTP) Accept an HTTP version 0.9 response.
	    HTTP/0.9 is a response without  headers and therefore you can  also	    connect with  this to  non-HTTP servers  and still  get a  response	    since curl simply transparently downgrades - if allowed.
	    HTTP/0.9  is  disabled  by  default  (added  in  7.66.0)  Providing	    --http0.9 multiple  times has  no extra  effect. Disable  it  again	     curl --http0.9 https://example.com
	    Added in 7.64.0. See also --http1.1, --http2 and --http3.	    (HTTP) Use  HTTP  version  1.0  instead  of  using  its  internally	    preferred HTTP version. Providing  --http1.0 multiple times has  no	     curl --http1.0 https://example.com
	    This  option  is  mutually   exclusive  with  --http1.1,   --http2,	    --http2-prior-knowledge  and  --http3.   See  also  --http0.9   and	    (HTTP) Use  HTTP version  1.1.  This is  the default  with  HTTP://	    URLs. Providing --http1.1 multiple times has no extra effect.	     curl --http1.1 https://example.com
	    This  option  is  mutually   exclusive  with  --http1.0,   --http2,	    --http2-prior-knowledge  and  --http3.   See  also  --http1.0   and
	    For HTTPS, this means curl negotiates HTTP/2 in the TLS  handshake.	    curl does this by default.
	    For HTTP,  this  means curl  attempts  to upgrade  the  request  to	    HTTP/2 using the Upgrade: request header.
	    When curl uses HTTP/2 over HTTPS, it does not itself insist  on TLS	    1.2 or higher even though that is required by the  specification. A	    user can  add this  version requirement  with --tlsv1.2.  Providing	    --http2 multiple times has no extra effect.	     curl --http2 https://example.com
	    --http2 requires  that libcurl  is built  to support  HTTP/2.  This	    option   is   mutually   exclusive   with   --http1.1,   --http1.0,	    --http2-prior-knowledge and  --http3. See  also --http1.1,  --http3	    (HTTP) Issue a non-TLS HTTP  request using HTTP/2 directly  without	    HTTP/1.1 Upgrade.  It  requires  prior knowledge  that  the  server	    supports HTTP/2 straight away. HTTPS  requests still do HTTP/2  the	    standard  way  with  negotiated   protocol  versions  in  the   TLS
	    Since 8.10.0 if this  option is set for  an HTTPS request then  the	    application layer protocol version (ALPN) offered to the server  is	    only HTTP/2. Prior to that  both HTTP/1.1 and HTTP/2 were  offered.	    Providing  --http2-prior-knowledge  multiple  times  has  no  extra	    effect. Disable it again with --no-http2-prior-knowledge.	     curl --http2-prior-knowledge https://example.com
	    --http2-prior-knowledge requires that libcurl  is built to  support	    HTTP/2.  This  option   is  mutually   exclusive  with   --http1.1,	    --http1.0, --http2 and --http3. See also --http2 and --http3.	    (HTTP) Attempt  HTTP/3 to  the host  in the  URL,  but fallback  to	    earlier HTTP versions if the HTTP/3 connection establishment  fails	    or is slow.  HTTP/3 is only  available for HTTPS  and not for  HTTP
	    This option  allows a user  to avoid  using the  Alt-Svc method  of	    upgrading to  HTTP/3  when you  know  or suspect  that  the  target	    speaks HTTP/3 on the given host and port.
	    When asked to  use HTTP/3, curl  issues a  separate attempt to  use	    older HTTP versions with a slight delay, so if the  HTTP/3 transfer	    fails or is slow,  curl still tries to  proceed with an older  HTTP	    version. The  fallback  performs the  regular  negotiation  between
	    Use --http3-only  for  similar functionality  without  a  fallback.	    Providing --http3 multiple times has no extra effect.	     curl --http3 https://example.com
	    --http3 requires  that libcurl  is built  to support  HTTP/3.  This	    option is mutually  exclusive with  --http1.1, --http1.0,  --http2,	    --http2-prior-knowledge and  --http3-only.  Added  in  7.66.0.  See	    also --http1.1 and --http2.	    (HTTP) Instruct curl to use HTTP/3 to the host in the URL,  with no	    fallback to  earlier HTTP  versions. HTTP/3  can only  be used  for	    HTTPS and  not for HTTP  URLs. For  HTTP, this  option triggers  an	    upgrading to HTTP/3 when you know that the target speaks  HTTP/3 on
	    This  option makes  curl  fail  if  a  QUIC  connection  cannot  be	    established, it does  not attempt  any other HTTP  versions on  its	    own.  Use  --http3  for  similar  functionality  with  a  fallback.	    Providing --http3-only multiple times has no extra effect.	     curl --http3-only https://example.com
	    --http3-only requires  that libcurl  is  built to  support  HTTP/3.	    This  option  is  mutually  exclusive  with  --http1.1,  --http1.0,	    --http2, --http2-prior-knowledge and --http3. Added in 7.88.0.  See	    also --http1.1, --http2 and --http3.	    (FTP HTTP)  For HTTP,  ignore the  Content-Length header.  This  is	    particularly useful for servers  running Apache 1.x, which  reports	    incorrect Content-Length for files larger than 2 gigabytes.
	    For FTP, this makes  curl skip the SIZE  command to figure out  the	    size before downloading  a file. Providing  --ignore-content-length	    --no-ignore-content-length.	     curl --ignore-content-length https://example.com
	    See also --ftp-skip-pasv-ip.	    (TLS SFTP SCP) By  default, every secure  connection curl makes  is	    makes  curl  skip  the   verification  step  and  proceed   without
	    When  this option  is  not  used  for  protocols  using  TLS,  curl	    verifies the  server's TLS  certificate before  it continues:  that	    the certificate contains the right name which matches the  hostname	    used in the URL  and that the certificate has  been signed by a  CA	    certificate present in  the cert  store. See  this online  resource	    for further details: https://curl.se/docs/sslcerts.html
	    For SFTP  and SCP,  this  option makes  curl skip  the  known_hosts	    verification. known_hosts is a file  normally stored in the  user's	    home  directory  in   the  ".ssh"   subdirectory,  which   contains	    hostnames and their public keys.
	    WARNING: using this option makes the transfer insecure.
	    When curl uses secure protocols it trusts responses and allows  for	    example  HSTS  and  Alt-Svc  information  to  be  stored  and  used	    subsequently. Using --insecure  can make  curl trust  and use  such	    information from malicious  servers. Providing --insecure  multiple	    times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-insecure.	     curl --insecure https://example.com
	    See also --proxy-insecure, --cacert and --capath.	    Perform the operation  using a specified  interface. You can  enter	    interface name,  IP  address  or  hostname. If  you  prefer  to  be	    specific, you can use the following special syntax:
		Interface  name.  If  the  provided  name  does  not  match  an		existing interface, curl returns with error 45.
	    ifhost!<interface>!<host>
		Interface  name  and  IP  address  or  hostname.  This   syntax		requires libcurl 8.9.0 or later.
		If the  provided name  does not  match an  existing  interface,		curl returns  with  error  45.  curl  does  not  support  using		network interface names for this option on Windows.
		That name resolve operation if a hostname is provided does  not		use DNS-over-HTTPS even if --doh-url is set.
		On Linux  this option can  be used  to specify  a VRF  (Virtual		Routing and Forwarding)  device, but the  binary then needs  to		either have  the CAP_NET_RAW  capability set  or to  be run  as
	    If --interface is  provided several  times, the last  set value  is	     curl --interface eth0 https://example.com	     curl --interface "host!10.0.0.1" https://example.com	     curl --interface "if!enp3s0" https://example.com
	    See also --dns-interface.	    (All) Set  Type of  Service (TOS)  for IPv4  or  Traffic Class  for
	    The values allowed for  <string> can be  a numeric value between  1	    and 255 or one of the following:
	    CS0, CS1, CS2,  CS3, CS4, CS5,  CS6, CS7,  AF11, AF12, AF13,  AF21,	    AF22, AF23, AF31,  AF32, AF33, AF41,  AF42, AF43, EF,  VOICE-ADMIT,	    ECT1, ECT0,  CE, LE,  LOWCOST, LOWDELAY,  THROUGHPUT,  RELIABILITY,	    MINCOST If --ip-tos is provided  several times, the last set  value	     curl --ip-tos CS5 https://example.com
	    Added in 8.9.0. See also --tcp-nodelay and --vlan-priority.	    (IPFS) Specify which  gateway to use  for IPFS  and IPNS URLs.  Not	    specifying this  instead  makes  curl  check  if  the  IPFS_GATEWAY	    environment  variable  is  set,  or  if  a  "~/.ipfs/gateway"  file	    holding the gateway URL exists.
	    If you run a local IPFS node, this gateway is by  default available	    under "http://localhost:8080". A full example URL would look like:
		curl --ipfs-gateway http://localhost:8080 \		   ipfs://bafybeigagd5nmnn2iys2f3
	    There  are   many   public   IPFS  gateways.   See   for   example:	    https://ipfs.github.io/public-gateway-checker/
	    If you opt to  go for a  remote gateway you need  to be aware  that	    you completely  trust the  gateway.  This might  be fine  in  local	    gateways that you host yourself.  With remote gateways there  could	    potentially be malicious  actors returning you  data that does  not	    match the  request you  made, inspect  or even  interfere with  the	    request. You  may not  notice this  when using  curl. A  mitigation	    could be to go  for a "trustless"  gateway. This means you  locally	    verify the data.  Consult the  docs page on  trusted vs  trustless:	    https://docs.ipfs.tech/reference/http/gateway/#trusted-vs-trustless	    If --ipfs-gateway is provided several times, the last set value  is	     curl --ipfs-gateway https://example.com ipfs://
	    Added in 8.4.0. See also --help and --manual.	    Use IPv4  addresses  only when  resolving  hostnames, and  not  for	    example try  IPv6. Providing  --ipv4 multiple  times has  no  extra	     curl --ipv4 https://example.com
	    This option is mutually exclusive  with --ipv6. See also  --http1.1	    Use IPv6  addresses  only when  resolving  hostnames, and  not  for
	    Your resolver  may  respond  to an  IPv6-only  resolve  request  by	    returning IPv6 addresses that  contain "mapped" IPv4 addresses  for	    compatibility purposes.  macOS  is  known  to  do  this.  Providing	    --ipv6 multiple times has no extra effect.	     curl --ipv6 https://example.com
	    This option is mutually exclusive  with --ipv4. See also  --http1.1	    (HTTP) Send the specified JSON data  in a POST request to the  HTTP	    server. --json  works as  a  shortcut for  passing on  these  three		--header "Content-Type: application/json"		--header "Accept: application/json"
	    There is no verification that the passed in data is actual  JSON or	    that the syntax is correct.	    filename to read the  data from, or a single  dash (-) if you  want	    curl to read the  data from stdin. Posting  data from a file  named	    'foobar' would  thus be  done with  --json @foobar  and to  instead	    read the data from stdin, use --json @-.
	    If this option  is used more  than once on  the same command  line,	    the additional data pieces are concatenated to the previous  before
	    The headers this  option sets  can be overridden  with --header  as	    usual. --json can be used several times in a command line	     curl --json '{ "drink": "coffe" }' https://example.com	     curl --json '{ "drink":' --json ' "coffe" }' https://example.com	     curl --json @prepared https://example.com	     curl --json @- https://example.com < json.txt	    --upload-file.  Added  in  7.82.0.   See  also  --data-binary   and
    -j, --junk-session-cookies	    (HTTP) When curl is  told to read cookies  from a given file,  this	    option makes it discard  all "session cookies".  This has the  same	    effect as if  a new  session is started.  Typical browsers  discard	    session   cookies   when   they   are   closed   down.    Providing	    --junk-session-cookies multiple times has no extra effect.  Disable	    it again with --no-junk-session-cookies.	     curl --junk-session-cookies -b cookies.txt https://example.com
	    See also --cookie and --cookie-jar.
    --keepalive-cnt <integer>	    Set the maximum number of keepalive probes TCP should send  but get	    no response before dropping the connection. This option is  usually	    used in conjunction with --keepalive-time.
	    This  option   is   supported   on   Linux,   *BSD/macOS,   Windows	    >=10.0.16299, Solaris 11.4,  and recent AIX,  HP-UX and more.  This	    option has no effect if --no-keepalive is used.
	    If unspecified, the  option defaults  to 9.  If --keepalive-cnt  is	     curl --keepalive-cnt 3 https://example.com
	    Added in 8.9.0. See also --keepalive-time and --no-keepalive.
    --keepalive-time <seconds>	    Set the  time a  connection  needs to  remain idle  before  sending	    keepalive probes and the time between individual keepalive  probes.	    It  is  currently  effective  on  operating  systems  offering  the	    "TCP_KEEPIDLE" and "TCP_KEEPINTVL"  socket options (meaning  Linux,	    *BSD/macOS, Windows,  Solaris, and  recent  AIX, HP-UX  and  more).	    Keepalive is used  by the TCP  stack to  detect broken networks  on	    idle connections.  The number  of  missed keepalive  probes  before	    declaring the connection  down is  OS dependent and  is commonly  8	    (*BSD/macOS/AIX), 9 (Linux/AIX) or 5/10 (Windows), and this  number	    can be changed by specifying the curl option "keepalive-cnt".  Note	    that this option has no effect if --no-keepalive is used.
	    If  unspecified,   the   option   defaults  to   60   seconds.   If	    --keepalive-time is provided several times,  the last set value  is	     curl --keepalive-time 20 https://example.com
	    See also --no-keepalive, --keepalive-cnt and --max-time.	    (TLS SSH) Private key filename. Allows you to provide your  private	    key in this separate  file. For SSH,  if not specified, curl  tries	    the    following    candidates    in    order:     "~/.ssh/id_rsa",	    "~/.ssh/id_dsa", "./id_rsa", "./id_dsa".
	    If curl is built against OpenSSL library, and the engine  pkcs11 or	    pkcs11 provider is available, then a PKCS#11 URI (RFC 7512)  can be	    used to  specify  a private  key located  in  a PKCS#11  device.  A	    string beginning with  "pkcs11:" is interpreted  as a PKCS#11  URI.	    If a PKCS#11 URI  is provided, then the  --engine option is set  as	    "pkcs11" if none was provided  and the --key-type option is set  as
	    If curl is  built against  Secure Transport or  Schannel then  this	    option is ignored  for TLS protocols  (HTTPS, etc). Those  backends	    expect the private  key to be  already present  in the keychain  or	    PKCS#12 file  containing  the  certificate. If  --key  is  provided	     curl --cert certificate --key here https://example.com
	    See also --key-type and --cert.	    (TLS)  Private  key  file  type.  Specify  which  type  your  --key	    provided private key is.  DER, PEM, and  ENG are supported. If  not	    specified, PEM  is  assumed.  If  --key-type  is  provided  several	     curl --key-type DER --key here https://example.com	    (FTP) Enable Kerberos  authentication and  use. The  level must  be	    entered and should  be one of  'clear', 'safe', 'confidential',  or	    'private'. Should  you  use  a level  that  is not  one  of  these,	    'private' is used.  If --krb  is provided several  times, the  last	     curl --krb clear ftp://example.com/
	    --krb requires that libcurl is built to support Kerberos. See  also	    Append this option to any  ordinary curl command line, and you  get	    libcurl-using C  source code  written  to the  file that  does  the	    equivalent of what your command-line operation does.	    use of --next.  If --libcurl  is provided several  times, the  last	     curl --libcurl client.c https://example.com	    Specify the maximum transfer rate you  want curl to use - for  both	    downloads and  uploads.  This  feature  is useful  if  you  have  a	    limited pipe  and you  would like  your transfer  not  to use  your	    entire bandwidth. To make it slower than it otherwise would be.
	    The given speed  is measured  in bytes/second, unless  a suffix  is	    appended. Appending 'k' or 'K' counts the number as kilobytes,  'm'	    or 'M' makes  it megabytes, while  'g' or  'G' makes it  gigabytes.	    The suffixes (k,  M, G,  T, P) are  1024 based. For  example 1k  is	    1024. Examples: 200K, 3m and 1G.
	    The rate limiting logic  works on averaging  the transfer speed  to	    no more than the set threshold over a period of multiple seconds.
	    If you  also  use  the  --speed-limit  option,  that  option  takes	    precedence and might  cripple the rate-limiting  slightly, to  help	    keep the  speed-limit logic  working. If  --limit-rate is  provided	     curl --limit-rate 100K https://example.com	     curl --limit-rate 1000 https://example.com	     curl --limit-rate 10M https://example.com
	    See also --rate, --speed-limit and --speed-time.	    (FTP POP3  SFTP  FILE)  When  listing an  FTP  directory,  force  a	    name-only view.  Maybe particularly  useful if  the user  wants  to	    machine-parse the contents  of an  FTP directory  since the  normal	    directory view does not  use a standard  look or format. When  used	    like this, the  option causes  an NLST  command to be  sent to  the
	    Note: Some FTP servers list  only files in their response to  NLST;	    they do not include sub-directories and symbolic links.
	    When listing  an SFTP  directory, this  switch forces  a  name-only	    view, one per line. This is especially useful if the user  wants to	    machine-parse the contents  of an SFTP  directory since the  normal	    directory view provides more information than just filenames.
	    When retrieving a specific  email from POP3,  this switch forces  a	    LIST command to be performed instead of RETR. This is  particularly	    useful if the user wants to see if a specific message-id  exists on	    the server and what size it is.
	    For FILE, this option has  no effect yet as directories are  always
	    Note: When  combined with  --request, this  option can  be used  to	    send a  UIDL  command instead,  so the  user  may use  the  email's	    unique identifier rather than its  message-id to make the  request.	    Providing --list-only multiple times  has no extra effect.  Disable	    it again with --no-list-only.	     curl --list-only ftp://example.com/dir/
	    See also --quote and --request.	    Set a  preferred single  number or  range (FROM-TO)  of local  port	    numbers to use  for the  connection(s). Note that  port numbers  by	    nature are a  scarce resource  so setting this  range to  something	    too narrow might  cause unnecessary connection  setup failures.  If	    --local-port is  provided  several times,  the  last set  value  is	     curl --local-port 1000-3000 https://example.com	    (HTTP) If the server reports  that the requested page has moved  to	    a different location (indicated with  a Location: header and a  3XX	    response code), this option makes curl redo the request to  the new	    place. If  used together  with  --show-headers or  --head,  headers	    from all requested pages are shown.
	    When authentication  is used,  or when  sending a  cookie with  "-H	    Cookie:", curl only sends its  credentials to the initial host.  If	    a redirect takes  curl to  a different  host, it does  not get  the	    credentials passed  on. See  --location-trusted  on how  to  change
	    Limit the amount of redirects  to follow by using the  --max-redirs
	    When curl  follows a  redirect and  if the  request is  a POST,  it	    sends the following  request with a  GET if  the HTTP response  was	    301, 302, or  303. If  the response  code was any  other 3xx  code,	    curl resends  the  following  request  using  the  same  unmodified
	    You can tell curl  to not change POST requests  to GET after a  30x	    response by  using  the  dedicated  options  for  that:  --post301,
	    The method  set  with --request  overrides  the method  curl  would	    otherwise select to  use. Providing --location  multiple times  has	    no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-location.	     curl -L https://example.com
	    See also --resolve and --alt-svc.	    (HTTP) Instruct curl to follow HTTP redirects like --location,  but	    permit curl to send  credentials and other  secrets along to  other	    hosts than the initial one.
	    This may  or  may  not introduce  a  security breach  if  the  site	    redirects you to a site to  which you send this sensitive data  to.	    Another host means that  one or more  of hostname, protocol  scheme
	    This option also allows  curl to pass  long cookies set  explicitly	    with --header. Providing --location-trusted  multiple times has  no	    extra effect. Disable it again with --no-location-trusted.	     curl --location-trusted -u user:password https://example.com	     curl --location-trusted -H "Cookie: session=abc" \
    --login-options <options>	    (IMAP LDAP  POP3 SMTP)  Specify  the login  options to  use  during
	    You can  use login  options to  specify protocol  specific  options	    that may be used during authentication. At present only IMAP,  POP3	    and SMTP support  login options. For  more information about  login	    options  please  see  RFC  2384,  RFC  5092  and  the   IETF  draft	    https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-earhart-url-smtp-00
	    Since 8.2.0,  IMAP supports  the login  option "AUTH=+LOGIN".  With	    this option, curl uses  the plain (not  SASL) "LOGIN IMAP"  command	    even if the server advertises  SASL authentication. Care should  be	    taken in  using this option,  as it  sends your  password over  the	    network in  plain  text. This  does not  work  if the  IMAP  server	    disables the plain "LOGIN" (e.g. to prevent password snooping).  If	    --login-options is provided  several times, the  last set value  is	     curl --login-options 'AUTH=*' imap://example.com	    (SMTP) Specify  a  single address.  This  is used  to  specify  the	    authentication address (identity)  of a submitted  message that  is	    being  relayed  to  another  server.  If  --mail-auth  is  provided	     curl --mail-auth user@example.com -T mail smtp://example.com/
	    See also --mail-rcpt and --mail-from.	    (SMTP) Specify  a single  address that  the given  mail should  get	    sent from. If --mail-from is  provided several times, the last  set	     curl --mail-from user@example.com -T mail smtp://example.com/
	    See also --mail-rcpt and --mail-auth.	    (SMTP) Specify a  single email  address, username  or mailing  list	    name.  Repeat  this  option  several  times  to  send  to  multiple
	    When  performing  an  address  verification  (VRFY  command),   the	    recipient should  be  specified as  the  username or  username  and	    domain (as per Section 3.5 of RFC 5321).
	    When  performing  a  mailing   list  expand  (EXPN  command),   the	    recipient should be specified using the mailing list name, such  as	    "Friends" or  "London-Office".  --mail-rcpt  can  be  used  several	     curl --mail-rcpt user@example.net smtp://example.com
	    See also --mail-rcpt-allowfails.	    (SMTP) When sending  data to multiple  recipients, by default  curl	    aborts SMTP conversation if at  least one of the recipients  causes	    RCPT TO command to return an error.
	    The    default    behavior    can    be    changed    by    passing	    --mail-rcpt-allowfails command-line option which makes curl  ignore	    errors and proceed with the remaining valid recipients.
	    If all  recipients  trigger  RCPT  TO failures  and  this  flag  is	    specified, curl still aborts the SMTP conversation and returns  the	    error  received  from  to  the  last  RCPT  TO  command.  Providing	    --mail-rcpt-allowfails multiple times has no extra effect.  Disable	    it again with --no-mail-rcpt-allowfails.	     curl --mail-rcpt-allowfails --mail-rcpt dest@example.com \
	    Added in 7.69.0. See also --mail-rcpt.	    Manual. Display the huge help text.
	    See also --verbose, --libcurl and --trace.	    (FTP HTTP  MQTT) When set  to a  non-zero value,  it specifies  the	    maximum size  (in  bytes)  of  a  file to  download.  If  the  file	    requested is larger than  this value, the  transfer does not  start	    and curl returns with exit code 63.
	    Setting the maximum value to zero disables the limit.
	    A size  modifier may be  used. For  example, Appending  'k' or  'K'	    counts the  number as  kilobytes, 'm'  or 'M'  makes it  megabytes,	    while 'g' or 'G' makes it gigabytes. Examples: 200K, 3m and 1G.
	    NOTE: before curl 8.4.0, when the  file size is not known prior  to	    download, for  such files this  option has  no effect  even if  the	    file transfer ends up being larger than this given limit.
	    Starting with curl  8.4.0, this  option aborts the  transfer if  it	    reaches  the  threshold  during  transfer.  If  --max-filesize   is	     curl --max-filesize 100K https://example.com	    (HTTP) Set  the  maximum number  of  redirections to  follow.  When	    --location is  used,  to  prevent  curl  from  following  too  many	    redirects, by default, the limit  is set to 50 redirects. Set  this	    option to  -1 to  make it  unlimited. If  --max-redirs is  provided	     curl --max-redirs 3 --location https://example.com	    Set the maximum  time in seconds  that you  allow each transfer  to	    take. Prevents your batch jobs  from hanging for hours due to  slow	    networks or links going down. This option accepts decimal values.
	    If you  enable retrying  the transfer  (--retry) then  the  maximum	    time counter is reset  each time the  transfer is retried. You  can	    use --retry-max-time to limit the retry time.
	    The decimal value needs to be  provided using a dot (.) as  decimal	    separator -  not  the  local version  even  if it  might  be  using	    another separator.  If --max-time  is provided  several times,  the	     curl --max-time 10 https://example.com	     curl --max-time 2.92 https://example.com
	    See also --connect-timeout and --retry-max-time.	    This option was  previously used  to specify  a Metalink  resource.	    Metalink support is  disabled in curl  for security reasons  (added	    in 7.78.0). If --metalink is  provided several times, the last  set	     curl --metalink file https://example.com	    Enable the use of Multipath  TCP (MPTCP) for connections. MPTCP  is	    an extension to the standard  TCP that allows multiple TCP  streams	    over  different  network   paths  between  the   same  source   and	    destination. This can enhance bandwidth and improve reliability  by	    using multiple paths simultaneously.
	    MPTCP is beneficial in networks where multiple paths exist  between	    clients and servers,  such as  mobile networks where  a device  may	    switch between WiFi  and cellular  data or in  wired networks  with	    multiple Internet Service Providers.
	    This option  is currently  only supported  on Linux  starting  from	    kernel 5.6. Only  TCP connections are  modified, hence this  option	    does not affect HTTP/3 (QUIC) or UDP connections.
	    The server curl connects  to must also  support MPTCP. If not,  the	    connection  seamlessly  falls  back   to  TCP.  Providing   --mptcp	     curl --mptcp https://example.com
	    Added in 8.9.0. See also --tcp-fastopen.	    (HTTP) Enable Negotiate (SPNEGO) authentication.
	    This option requires a library built with GSS-API or SSPI  support.	    Use --version to see if your curl supports GSS-API/SSPI or SPNEGO.
	    When using this option, you must also provide a fake  --user option	    to activate the authentication code  properly. Sending a '-u :'  is	    enough as the username and password from the --user option  are not	    actually used. Providing  --negotiate multiple times  has no  extra	     curl --negotiate -u : https://example.com
	    See also --basic, --ntlm, --anyauth and --proxy-negotiate.	    Make curl scan  the .netrc file  in the  user's home directory  for	    login name and password.  This is typically  used for FTP on  Unix.	    If used with HTTP, curl  enables user authentication. See  netrc(5)	    and ftp(1) for details on  the file format. curl does not  complain	    if that  file does not  have the  right permissions  (it should  be	    neither  world-  nor  group-readable).  The  environment   variable	    "HOME" is used to find the home directory.
	    On Windows two filenames in the home directory are checked:  .netrc	    and _netrc,  preferring  the  former.  Older  versions  on  Windows
	    A quick and simple example of  how to setup a .netrc to allow  curl	    to FTP to the machine  host.example.com with username 'myself'  and	    password 'secret' could look similar to:
	    Providing --netrc multiple  times has no  extra effect. Disable  it	     curl --netrc https://example.com
	    This  option   is   mutually  exclusive   with   --netrc-file   and	    --netrc-optional. See also --netrc-file, --config and --user.	    Set the  netrc file to  use. Similar  to --netrc,  except that  you	    also provide the path (absolute or relative).
	    It abides  by --netrc-optional  if  specified. If  --netrc-file  is	     curl --netrc-file netrc https://example.com
	    This option is mutually exclusive  with --netrc. See also  --netrc,	    Similar  to  --netrc,  but  this  option  makes  the  .netrc  usage	    optional and not  mandatory as the  --netrc option does.  Providing	    --netrc-optional multiple  times has  no extra  effect. Disable  it	    again with --no-netrc-optional.	     curl --netrc-optional https://example.com
	    This  option  is   mutually  exclusive  with   --netrc.  See   also	    Use a  separate  operation for  the  following URL  and  associated	    options. This allows you  to send several  URL requests, each  with	    their  own  specific  options,  for  example,  such  as   different	    usernames or custom requests for each.
	    --next resets all  local options  and only global  ones have  their	    values  survive  over  to   the  operation  following  the   --next	    instruction.   Global   options    include   --verbose,    --trace,	    --trace-ascii and --fail-early.
	    For example, you can do both a  GET and a POST in a single  command
		curl www1.example.com --next -d postthis www2.example.com
	    --next can be used several times in a command line	     curl https://example.com --next -d postthis www2.example.com	     curl -I https://example.com --next https://example.net/
	    See also --parallel and --config.	    (HTTPS) Disable the ALPN TLS extension. ALPN is enabled by  default	    if libcurl was built with  an SSL library that supports ALPN.  ALPN	    is used  by a  libcurl  that supports  HTTP/2 to  negotiate  HTTP/2	    support with the server during https sessions.
	    Note that this is the  negated option name documented. You can  use	    --alpn to enable  ALPN. Providing --no-alpn  multiple times has  no	    extra effect. Disable it again with --alpn.	     curl --no-alpn https://example.com
	    --no-alpn requires that libcurl is  built to support TLS. See  also	    Disable  the  buffering  of  the  output  stream.  In  normal  work	    situations, curl uses  a standard buffered  output stream that  has	    the effect  that it  outputs the  data in  chunks, not  necessarily	    exactly when  the data  arrives. Using  this option  disables  that	    --buffer to enable buffering again. Providing --no-buffer  multiple	    times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --buffer.	     curl --no-buffer https://example.com
	    See also --progress-bar.	    When used in conjunction  with the --output,  --remote-header-name,	    --remote-name,   or   --remote-name-all   options,   curl    avoids	    overwriting files that already exist.  Instead, a dot and a  number	    gets appended to the name of the file that would be created,  up to	    filename.100 after which it does not create any file.
	    Note that this is the negated option name documented. You  can thus	    use   --clobber    to    enforce   the    clobbering,    even    if	    --remote-header-name is specified.
	    The   --continue-at   option   cannot   be   used   together   with	    --no-clobber. Providing --no-clobber  multiple times  has no  extra	    effect. Disable it again with --clobber.	     curl --no-clobber --output local/dir/file https://example.com
	    Added in 7.83.0. See also --output and --remote-name.	    Disable the use of keepalive  messages on the TCP connection.  curl	    otherwise enables them by default.	    use --keepalive  to  enforce  keepalive.  Providing  --no-keepalive	     curl --no-keepalive https://example.com
	    See also --keepalive-time and --keepalive-cnt.	    (HTTPS) curl never uses  NPN, this option  has no effect (added  in
	    Disable the  NPN  TLS  extension.  NPN is  enabled  by  default  if	    libcurl was built  with an SSL  library that  supports NPN. NPN  is	    used by a libcurl that supports HTTP/2 to negotiate HTTP/2  support	    with the server during https sessions. Providing --no-npn  multiple	    times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --npn.	     curl --no-npn https://example.com
	    --no-npn requires that libcurl  is built to  support TLS. See  also	    Option to switch off  the progress meter  output without muting  or	    otherwise  affecting  warning   and  informational  messages   like	    use --progress-meter to enable the progress meter again.  Providing	    --no-progress-meter multiple times has no extra effect. Disable  it	    again with --progress-meter.	     curl --no-progress-meter -o store https://example.com
	    Added in 7.67.0. See also --verbose and --silent.	    (TLS) Disable curl's use of SSL session-ID caching. By default  all	    transfers are done using the cache. Note that while nothing  should	    ever get hurt by  attempting to reuse  SSL session-IDs, there  seem	    to be broken SSL implementations  in the wild that may require  you	    to disable this in order for you to succeed.	    use  --sessionid   to   enforce   session-ID   caching.   Providing	    --no-sessionid multiple  times  has  no extra  effect.  Disable  it	     curl --no-sessionid https://example.com
    --noproxy <no-proxy-list>	    Comma-separated list of hosts for which not to use a proxy,  if one	    is specified. The only  wildcard is a  single "*" character,  which	    matches all hosts,  and effectively disables  the proxy. Each  name	    in this  list is  matched as  either a  domain  which contains  the	    hostname, or the  hostname itself. For  example, "local.com"  would	    match "local.com",  "local.com:80",  and "www.local.com",  but  not
	    This option overrides  the environment variables  that disable  the	    proxy ("no_proxy"  and  "NO_PROXY").  If there  is  an  environment	    variable disabling a proxy, you can set the no proxy list to  "" to
	    IP addresses specified to  this option can  be provided using  CIDR	    notation (added in 7.86.0): an appended slash and number  specifies	    the number  of  network bits  out  of the  address  to use  in  the	    comparison. For example "192.168.0.0/16" would match all  addresses	    starting with "192.168".  If --noproxy is  provided several  times,	    the last set value is used.	     curl --noproxy "www.example" https://example.com	    (HTTP) Use NTLM authentication. The NTLM authentication method  was	    designed by  Microsoft and  is used  by IIS  web servers.  It is  a	    proprietary  protocol,  reverse-engineered  by  clever  people  and	    implemented in curl based on  their efforts. This kind of  behavior	    should not  be endorsed,  you should  encourage everyone  who  uses	    NTLM to switch  to a  public and  documented authentication  method
	    If you want to enable NTLM for your proxy authentication,  then use	    --proxy-ntlm. Providing --ntlm multiple times has no extra effect.	     curl --ntlm -u user:password https://example.com
	    --ntlm requires that libcurl is  built to support TLS. This  option	    is mutually  exclusive  with  --basic,  --negotiate,  --digest  and	    --anyauth. See also --proxy-ntlm.	    (HTTP) Deprecated option (added in 8.8.0).
	    Enabled NTLM much  in the style  --ntlm does,  but handed over  the	    authentication to  a separate  executable  that was  executed  when	    needed. Providing --ntlm-wb multiple times has no extra effect.	     curl --ntlm-wb -u user:password https://example.com
	    See also --ntlm and --proxy-ntlm.	    (IMAP LDAP POP3 SMTP HTTP)  Specify the Bearer Token for OAUTH  2.0	    server authentication.  The Bearer  Token  is used  in  conjunction	    with the username which  can be specified as  part of the --url  or
	    The Bearer Token and username are formatted according to RFC  6750.	    If --oauth2-bearer is  provided several times,  the last set  value	     curl --oauth2-bearer "mF_9.B5f-4.1JqM" https://example.com
	    See also --basic, --ntlm and --digest.	    Write output to the given file instead of stdout. If you  are using	    globbing to fetch multiple documents, you should quote the URL  and	    you can  use  "#"  followed  by  a number  in  the  filename.  That	    variable is  then replaced  with  the current  string for  the  URL
		curl "http://{one,two}.example.com" -o "file_#1.txt"
	    or use several variables like:
		curl "http://{site,host}.host[1-5].example" -o "#1_#2"
	    You may use  this option as many  times as the  number of URLs  you	    have. For  example, if you  specify two  URLs on  the same  command	    line, you can use it like this:
		curl -o aa example.com -o bb example.net
	    and the order of the -o options and the URLs does not  matter, just	    that the first  -o is for  the first URL  and so  on, so the  above	    command line can also be written as
		curl example.com example.net -o aa -o bb
	    See also the --create-dirs option  to create the local  directories	    dynamically. Specifying the  output as '-'  (a single dash)  passes
	    To suppress response bodies, you can redirect output to /dev/null:
		curl example.com -o /dev/null
	    Specify the  filename  as  single  minus to  force  the  output  to	    stdout, to  override  curl's  internal binary  output  in  terminal
		curl https://example.com/jpeg -o -
	    --output is associated with a single URL. Use it once per  URL when	    you use several URLs in a command line.	     curl -o file https://example.com	     curl "http://{one,two}.example.com" -o "file_#1.txt"	     curl "http://{site,host}.host[1-5].example" -o "#1_#2"	     curl -o file https://example.com -o file2 https://example.net
	    See      also       --remote-name,      --remote-name-all       and	    Specify the  directory  in  which  files  should  be  stored,  when	    --remote-name or --output are used.
	    The given output directory is used for all URLs and  output options	    on the command line, up until the first --next.
	    If the specified  target directory  does not  exist, the  operation	    fails  unless  --create-dirs  is  also  used.  If  --output-dir  is	     curl --output-dir "tmp" -O https://example.com
	    Added in 7.73.0. See also --remote-name and --remote-header-name.	    Make curl  perform all  transfers in  parallel as  compared to  the	    regular serial manner.  Parallel transfer means  that curl runs  up	    to N  concurrent transfers  simultaneously and  if there  are  more	    than N  transfers  to  handle,  it starts  new  ones  when  earlier
	    With parallel  transfers, the  progress meter  output is  different	    from when doing serial transfers, as it then displays the  transfer	    status for multiple transfers in a single line.
	    The  maximum   amount  of   concurrent   transfers  is   set   with	    --parallel-max and it defaults to 50.	    use of --next.  Providing --parallel  multiple times  has no  extra	    effect. Disable it again with --no-parallel.	     curl --parallel https://example.com -o file1 https://example.com \
	    Added in  7.66.0. See  also --next,  --verbose, --parallel-max  and	    When doing  parallel  transfers,  this  option  instructs  curl  to	    prefer opening up more connections in parallel at once rather  than	    waiting to  see  if  new  transfers can  be  added  as  multiplexed	    streams on another connection.
	    By default, without this option set, curl prefers to wait  a little	    and multiplex  new transfers  over existing  connections. It  keeps	    the number of connections low at the expense of risking  a slightly	    use of --next.  Providing --parallel-immediate  multiple times  has	    no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-parallel-immediate.	     curl --parallel-immediate -Z https://example.com -o file1 \		  https://example.com -o file2
	    Added in 7.68.0. See also --parallel and --parallel-max.	    When asked to do parallel transfers, using --parallel, this  option	    controls the maximum amount of transfers to do simultaneously.
	    The default is 50. 300 is the largest supported value.	    use of --next.  If --parallel-max  is provided  several times,  the	     curl --parallel-max 100 -Z https://example.com ftp://example.com/
	    Added in 7.66.0. See also --parallel.	    (SSH TLS) Passphrase for  the private key used  for SSH or TLS.  If	    --pass is provided several times, the last set value is used.	     curl --pass secret --key file https://example.com
	    See also --key and --user.	    Do not  handle sequences  of /../  or /./  in the  given URL  path.	    Normally curl squashes  or merges them  according to standards  but	    with this  option  set  you  tell  it not  to  do  that.  Providing	    --path-as-is multiple times has no  extra effect. Disable it  again	     curl --path-as-is https://example.com/../../etc/passwd
	    See also --request-target.	    (TLS) Use the specified public  key file (or hashes) to verify  the	    peer. This can be a path  to a file which contains a single  public	    key in PEM or  DER format, or any  number of base64 encoded  sha256	    hashes preceded by 'sha256//' and separated by ';'.
	    When negotiating  a  TLS or  SSL  connection, the  server  sends  a	    certificate indicating  its identity.  A  public key  is  extracted	    from this certificate and if  it does not exactly match the  public	    key provided  to this  option, curl  aborts the  connection  before	    sending or receiving any data.
	    This option is independent  of option --insecure.  If you use  both	    options together then the peer is still verified by public key.
	    OpenSSL  and  GnuTLS,  wolfSSL,  mbedTLS,  Secure  Transport  macOS
	    OpenSSL,  GnuTLS  and  wolfSSL,  mbedTLS,  Secure  Transport  macOS
	    Other SSL  backends not  supported. If  --pinnedpubkey is  provided	     curl --pinnedpubkey keyfile https://example.com	     curl --pinnedpubkey 'sha256//ce118b51897f4452dc' \	    (HTTP) Respect  RFC 7231/6.4.2  and do  not convert  POST  requests	    into GET  requests  when  following a  301  redirect.  The  non-RFC	    behavior  is  ubiquitous  in  web   browsers,  so  curl  does   the	    conversion by default  to maintain consistency.  However, a  server	    may require a POST to remain a POST after such a  redirection. This	    option  is  meaningful  only   when  using  --location.   Providing	    --post301 multiple  times has  no extra  effect. Disable  it  again	     curl --post301 --location -d "data" https://example.com
	    See also --post302, --post303 and --location.	    (HTTP) Respect  RFC 7231/6.4.3  and do  not convert  POST  requests	    into GET  requests  when  following a  302  redirect.  The  non-RFC	    --post302 multiple  times has  no extra  effect. Disable  it  again	     curl --post302 --location -d "data" https://example.com
	    See also --post301, --post303 and --location.	    (HTTP) Violate  RFC 7231/6.4.4  and do  not convert  POST  requests	    into GET  requests  when  following  303  redirect.  A  server  may	    require a  POST to  remain a  POST after  a  303 redirection.  This	    --post303 multiple  times has  no extra  effect. Disable  it  again	     curl --post303 --location -d "data" https://example.com
	    See also --post302, --post301 and --location.
    --preproxy <[protocol://]host[:port]>	    Use the  specified SOCKS  proxy  before connecting  to an  HTTP  or	    HTTPS --proxy.  In such a  case curl  first connects  to the  SOCKS	    proxy and  then  connects (through  SOCKS)  to the  HTTP  or  HTTPS
	    The pre proxy string should be specified with a protocol://  prefix	    to specify alternative proxy protocols. Use socks4://,  socks4a://,	    socks5:// or socks5h://  to request the  specific SOCKS version  to	    be used. No protocol specified makes curl default to SOCKS4.
	    If the port  number is  not specified  in the proxy  string, it  is
	    User and password that  might be provided  in the proxy string  are	    URL decoded by curl. This allows you to pass in  special characters	    such as @ by using %40 or  pass in a colon with %3a. If  --preproxy	    is provided several times, the last set value is used.	     curl --preproxy socks5://proxy.example -x http://http.example \
	    See also --proxy and --socks5.	    Make curl  display  transfer  progress as  a  simple  progress  bar	    instead of the standard, more informational, meter.
	    This progress bar draws a single line of '#' characters  across the	    screen and shows a  percentage if the  transfer size is known.  For	    transfers without a known size, there is a space ship  (-=o=-) that	    moves back  and forth  but only  while data  is being  transferred,	    with a set of flying hash sign symbols on top.	    use of  --next.  Providing  --progress-bar multiple  times  has  no	    extra effect. Disable it again with --no-progress-bar.	     curl -# -O https://example.com
	    See also --styled-output.	    Limit  what  protocols  to  allow  for  transfers.  Protocols   are	    evaluated left  to  right, are  comma  separated, and  are  each  a	    protocol name  or  'all',  optionally  prefixed  by  zero  or  more	    modifiers. Available modifiers are:
		Permit  this  protocol   in  addition   to  protocols   already		permitted (this is the default if no modifier is used).
		Deny this  protocol, removing  it from  the list  of  protocols
		Permit  only   this  protocol   (ignoring  the   list   already		permitted), though subject to later modification by  subsequent		entries in  the  comma  separated list.  For  example:  --proto		-ftps uses the default protocols, but disables ftps
		--proto -all,https,+http only enables http and https
		--proto =http,https also only enables http and https
		Unknown and disabled protocols  produce a warning. This  allows		scripts to safely  rely on  being able  to disable  potentially		dangerous protocols,  without  relying upon  support  for  that		protocol being built into curl to avoid an error.
		This option  can be  used  multiple times,  in which  case  the		effect is  the same  as concatenating  the protocols  into  one
	    If --proto is provided several times, the last set value is used.	     curl --proto =http,https,sftp https://example.com
	    See also --proto-redir and --proto-default.
    --proto-default <protocol>	    Use protocol for any provided URL missing a scheme.
	    An    unknown    or     unsupported    protocol    causes     error	    CURLE_UNSUPPORTED_PROTOCOL.
	    This option does not change the default proxy protocol (http).
	    Without this  option  set,  curl  guesses  protocol  based  on  the	    hostname, see  --url for  details. If  --proto-default is  provided	     curl --proto-default https ftp.example.com
	    See also --proto and --proto-redir.
    --proto-redir <protocols>	    Limit what protocols  to allow  on redirects.  Protocols denied  by	    --proto are  not overridden  by this  option. See  --proto for  how	    protocols are represented.
	    Example, allow only HTTP and HTTPS on redirect:
		curl --proto-redir -all,http,https http://example.com
	    By default curl only allows HTTP, HTTPS, FTP and FTPS  on redirects	    (added in 7.65.2). Specifying all or +all enables all protocols  on	    redirects, which  is not  good for  security. If  --proto-redir  is	     curl --proto-redir =http,https https://example.com
    -x, --proxy <[protocol://]host[:port]>
	    The proxy string  can be  specified with a  protocol:// prefix.  No	    protocol specified or http:// it  is treated as an HTTP proxy.  Use	    socks4://,  socks4a://,  socks5://  or  socks5h://  to  request   a	    specific SOCKS version to be used.
	    Unix domain sockets  are supported for  socks proxy. Set  localhost	    for the host part. e.g. socks5h://localhost/path/to/socket.sock
	    HTTPS proxy support  works with  the https://  protocol prefix  for	    OpenSSL and GnuTLS.  It also  works for  BearSSL, mbedTLS,  Rustls,	    Schannel, Secure Transport and wolfSSL (added in 7.87.0).
	    Unrecognized  and  unsupported  proxy  protocols  cause  an  error.	    Ancient curl  versions ignored  unknown  schemes and  used  http://
	    This option overrides existing  environment variables that set  the	    proxy to use. If there is an environment variable setting  a proxy,	    you can set proxy to "" to override it.
	    All  operations  that  are  performed   over  an  HTTP  proxy   are	    transparently converted  to HTTP.  It means  that certain  protocol	    specific operations might not  be available. This  is not the  case	    if you can tunnel through the proxy, as one with  the --proxytunnel	    such as @ by using %40 or pass in a colon with %3a.
	    The  proxy host  can  be  specified  the  same  way  as  the  proxy	    environment variables, including the protocol prefix (http://)  and	    the embedded user + password.
	    When a proxy is used, the  active FTP mode as set with  --ftp-port,
	    Doing FTP over an  HTTP proxy without  --proxytunnel makes curl  do	    HTTP with an  FTP URL over  the proxy.  For such transfers,  common	    FTP  specific  options  do  not  work,  including  --ssl-reqd   and	    --ftp-ssl-control. If --proxy is  provided several times, the  last	     curl --proxy http://proxy.example https://example.com
	    See also --socks5 and --proxy-basic.	    Automatically  pick   a   suitable   authentication   method   when	    communicating with the given HTTP proxy. This might cause an  extra	    request/response  round-trip.  Providing  --proxy-anyauth  multiple	    times has no extra effect.	     curl --proxy-anyauth --proxy-user user:passwd -x proxy \
	    See also --proxy, --proxy-basic and --proxy-digest.	    Use HTTP  Basic authentication  when communicating  with the  given	    proxy. Use  --basic for  enabling HTTP  Basic with  a remote  host.	    Basic is the default authentication method curl uses with  proxies.	    Providing --proxy-basic multiple times has no extra effect.	     curl --proxy-basic --proxy-user user:passwd -x proxy \
	    See also --proxy, --proxy-anyauth and --proxy-digest.	    verification of the HTTPS proxy.
	    This option  is independent  of other  HTTPS proxy  CA  certificate	    locations set  at  run time  or  build time.  Those  locations  are	    searched in addition to the native CA store.
	    Equivalent to --ca-native  but used in  HTTPS proxy context.  Refer	    to   --ca-native   for    TLS   backend   limitations.    Providing	    --proxy-ca-native multiple times  has no extra  effect. Disable  it	    again with --no-proxy-ca-native.	     curl --proxy-ca-native https://example.com
	    Added  in  8.2.0.   See  also   --ca-native,  --cacert,   --capath,	    --dump-ca-embed and --insecure.	    Use the specified certificate file  to verify the HTTPS proxy.  The
	    This allows you to use a different trust for the proxy  compared to	    the remote server connected to via the proxy.
	    Equivalent  to  --cacert  but  used  in  HTTPS  proxy  context.  If	    --proxy-cacert is provided  several times,  the last  set value  is	     curl --proxy-cacert CA-file.txt -x https://proxy \
	    See also  --proxy-capath, --cacert,  --capath, --dump-ca-embed  and	    Same as --capath but used in HTTPS proxy context.
	    Use the  specified  certificate  directory  to  verify  the  proxy.	    OpenSSL. Using  --proxy-capath can  allow OpenSSL-powered  curl  to	    make   SSL-connections   much    more   efficiently   than    using	    --proxy-cacert  if  the  --proxy-cacert   file  contains  many   CA	    --proxy-capath is provided  several times,  the last  set value  is	     curl --proxy-capath /local/directory -x https://proxy \
	    See also --proxy-cacert, --proxy, --capath and --dump-ca-embed.
    --proxy-cert <cert[:passwd]>	    Use the specified client  certificate file when communicating  with	    an HTTPS proxy. The certificate must be in PKCS#12 format  if using	    Secure Transport, or PEM format  if using any other engine. If  the	    optional password  is  not specified,  it  is queried  for  on  the	    terminal. Use --proxy-key to provide the private key.
	    This option is  the equivalent to  --cert but  used in HTTPS  proxy	    context. If --proxy-cert  is provided several  times, the last  set	     curl --proxy-cert file -x https://proxy https://example.com
	    See also --proxy, --proxy-key and --proxy-cert-type.	    Set type  of  the  provided client  certificate  when  using  HTTPS	    proxy. PEM, DER, ENG, PROV and P12 are recognized types.	    however  for  Secure   Transport  and  Schannel   it  is  P12.   If	    --proxy-cert is a pkcs11: URI then ENG or PROV is the  default type	    (depending on OpenSSL version).
	    Equivalent to  --cert-type  but used  in  HTTPS proxy  context.  If	    --proxy-cert-type is provided several times, the last set value  is	     curl --proxy-cert-type PEM --proxy-cert file -x https://proxy \
	    See also --proxy-cert and --proxy-key.	    (TLS) Same as --ciphers but used in HTTPS proxy context.
	    Specify which cipher suites to use in the connection to  your HTTPS	    proxy when it negotiates  TLS 1.2 (1.1,  1.0). The list of  ciphers	    suites must specify valid ciphers. Read up on cipher suite  details
	    https://curl.se/docs/ssl-ciphers.html   If    --proxy-ciphers    is	     curl --proxy-ciphers ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:\		  ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256 -x https://proxy \
	    See also --proxy-tls13-ciphers, --ciphers and --proxy.	    Provide filename  for  a  PEM formatted  file  with  a  Certificate	    Revocation  List  that   specifies  peer   certificates  that   are	    considered revoked when communicating with an HTTPS proxy.
	    Equivalent to --crlfile but  only used in  HTTPS proxy context.  If	    --proxy-crlfile is provided  several times, the  last set value  is	     curl --proxy-crlfile rejects.txt -x https://proxy \
	    See also --crlfile and --proxy.	    Use HTTP Digest  authentication when communicating  with the  given	    proxy. Use --digest for  enabling HTTP Digest  with a remote  host.	    Providing --proxy-digest multiple times has no extra effect.	     curl --proxy-digest --proxy-user user:passwd -x proxy \
	    See also --proxy, --proxy-anyauth and --proxy-basic.
    --proxy-header <header/@file>	    (HTTP) Extra header to include in the request when sending  HTTP to	    a proxy. You may specify any  number of extra headers. This is  the	    equivalent option to --header but  is for proxy communication  only	    like in CONNECT requests  when you want  a separate header sent  to	    the proxy to what is sent to the actual remote host.	    they only mess things up for you.
	    Headers specified with  this option  are not  included in  requests	    that curl knows are not to be sent to a proxy.	    read the headers from stdin.
	    This option  can  be  used  multiple  times  to  add/replace/remove	    multiple headers. --proxy-header  can be  used several  times in  a	     curl --proxy-header "X-First-Name: Joe" -x http://proxy \	     curl --proxy-header "User-Agent: surprise" -x http://proxy \	     curl --proxy-header "Host:" -x http://proxy https://example.com	    (HTTP) Negotiate HTTP/2 with an HTTPS proxy. The proxy might  still	    only offer HTTP/1 and then curl sticks to using that version.
	    This has  no  effect for  any  other kinds  of  proxies.  Providing	    --proxy-http2 multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it  again	     curl --proxy-http2 -x proxy https://example.com
	    --proxy-http2 requires  that libcurl  is built  to support  HTTP/2.	    Added in 8.1.0. See also --proxy.	    Same as --insecure but used in HTTPS proxy context.
	    Every secure connection curl makes is verified to be secure  before	    the  transfer  takes  place.  This  option  makes  curl  skip   the	    verification step with a proxy and proceed without checking.
	    When this  option  is  not  used  for a  proxy  using  HTTPS,  curl	    verifies the proxy's TLS certificate before it continues: that  the	    certificate contains the right name which matches the hostname  and	    that the certificate has  been signed by  a CA certificate  present	    in the cert store.  See this online  resource for further  details:	    https://curl.se/docs/sslcerts.html
	    WARNING:  using  this  option  makes  the  transfer  to  the  proxy	    insecure. Providing --proxy-insecure  multiple times  has no  extra	    effect. Disable it again with --no-proxy-insecure.	     curl --proxy-insecure -x https://proxy https://example.com
	    See also --proxy and --insecure.	    Specify the  filename  for  your  private  key  when  using  client	    certificates with your HTTPS proxy.  This option is the  equivalent	    to --key  but  used  in  HTTPS proxy  context.  If  --proxy-key  is	     curl --proxy-key here -x https://proxy https://example.com
	    See also --proxy-key-type and --proxy.	    Specify  the  private  key  file  type  your  --proxy-key  provided	    private  key  uses.  DER,  PEM,  and  ENG  are  supported.  If  not	    specified, PEM is assumed.
	    Equivalent to  --key-type  but  used in  HTTPS  proxy  context.  If	    --proxy-key-type is provided several times,  the last set value  is	     curl --proxy-key-type DER --proxy-key here -x https://proxy \
	    See also --proxy-key and --proxy.	    Use HTTP Negotiate (SPNEGO) authentication when communicating  with	    the given  proxy.  Use  --negotiate  for  enabling  HTTP  Negotiate	    (SPNEGO) with a remote  host. Providing --proxy-negotiate  multiple	     curl --proxy-negotiate --proxy-user user:passwd -x proxy \
	    See also --proxy-anyauth, --proxy-basic and --proxy-service-name.	    Use HTTP  NTLM authentication  when  communicating with  the  given	    proxy. Use --ntlm for enabling  NTLM with a remote host.  Providing	    --proxy-ntlm multiple times has no extra effect.	     curl --proxy-ntlm --proxy-user user:passwd -x http://proxy \
	    See also --proxy-negotiate, --proxy-anyauth and --proxy-user.	    Passphrase for the private key for HTTPS proxy client certificate.
	    Equivalent  to  --pass  but  used   in  HTTPS  proxy  context.   If	    --proxy-pass is  provided  several times,  the  last set  value  is	     curl --proxy-pass secret --proxy-key here -x https://proxy \
	    See also --proxy and --proxy-key.
    --proxy-pinnedpubkey <hashes>	    proxy. This can be a path to a file which contains a  single public
	    Before curl  8.10.0 this  option  did not  work due  to a  bug.  If	    --proxy-pinnedpubkey is provided several times, the last set  value	     curl --proxy-pinnedpubkey keyfile https://example.com	     curl --proxy-pinnedpubkey 'sha256//ce118b51897f4452dc' \
	    See also --pinnedpubkey and --proxy.
    --proxy-service-name <name>	    Set the service  name for SPNEGO  when doing proxy  authentication.	    If --proxy-service-name  is provided  several times,  the last  set	     curl --proxy-service-name "shrubbery" -x proxy \
	    See also --service-name, --proxy and --proxy-negotiate.	    Do not work around a security flaw in the TLS1.0 protocol  known as	    BEAST when communicating to an  HTTPS proxy. If this option is  not	    used,  the  TLS   layer  may   use  workarounds   known  to   cause	    interoperability problems with some older server implementations.
	    This option only changes how curl does TLS 1.0 with an  HTTPS proxy	    and has no effect on later TLS versions.
	    WARNING: this option loosens  the TLS security,  and by using  this	    flag you ask for exactly that.
	    Equivalent to --ssl-allow-beast  but used in  HTTPS proxy  context.	    Providing  --proxy-ssl-allow-beast  multiple  times  has  no  extra	    effect. Disable it again with --no-proxy-ssl-allow-beast.	     curl --proxy-ssl-allow-beast -x https://proxy https://example.com
	    See also --ssl-allow-beast and --proxy.
    --proxy-ssl-auto-client-cert	    Same as --ssl-auto-client-cert but used in HTTPS proxy context.
	    This    is     only     supported    by     Schannel.     Providing	    --proxy-ssl-auto-client-cert multiple  times has  no extra  effect.	    Disable it again with --no-proxy-ssl-auto-client-cert.	     curl --proxy-ssl-auto-client-cert -x https://proxy \
	    Added in 7.77.0. See also --ssl-auto-client-cert and --proxy.
    --proxy-tls13-ciphers <list>	    (TLS) Same as --tls13-ciphers but used in HTTPS proxy context.	    proxy when it negotiates TLS  1.3. The list of ciphers suites  must	    specify valid ciphers. Read up  on TLS 1.3 cipher suite details  on
	    https://curl.se/docs/ssl-ciphers.html
	    This option is  used when  curl is  built to use  OpenSSL 1.1.1  or	    later, Schannel, wolfSSL, or mbedTLS 3.6.0 or later.
	    Before curl 8.10.0 with mbedTLS  or wolfSSL, TLS 1.3 cipher  suites	    were   set    by    using   the    --proxy-ciphers    option.    If	    --proxy-tls13-ciphers is  provided  several  times,  the  last  set	     curl --proxy-tls13-ciphers TLS_AES_128_GCM_SHA256 -x proxy \
	    Added in  7.61.0.  See also  --proxy-ciphers,  --tls13-ciphers  and
    --proxy-tlsauthtype <type>	    Set TLS authentication  type with HTTPS  proxy. The only  supported	    option is "SRP", for TLS-SRP (RFC 5054). This option works  only if	    the underlying libcurl is built with TLS-SRP support.
	    Equivalent to --tlsauthtype  but used  in HTTPS  proxy context.  If	    --proxy-tlsauthtype is provided several  times, the last set  value	     curl --proxy-tlsauthtype SRP -x https://proxy https://example.com
	    See also --proxy, --proxy-tlsuser and --proxy-tlspassword.
    --proxy-tlspassword <string>	    Set password to  use with the  TLS authentication method  specified	    with --proxy-tlsauthtype  when  using HTTPS  proxy.  Requires  that
	    This option does not work with TLS 1.3.
	    Equivalent to --tlspassword  but used  in HTTPS  proxy context.  If	    --proxy-tlspassword is provided several  times, the last set  value	     curl --proxy-tlspassword passwd -x https://proxy \
	    See also --proxy and --proxy-tlsuser.	    Set username for use  for HTTPS proxy  with the TLS  authentication	    method   specified   with   --proxy-tlsauthtype.   Requires    that	    --proxy-tlspassword also is set.
	    This option  does not  work  with TLS  1.3. If  --proxy-tlsuser  is	     curl --proxy-tlsuser smith -x https://proxy https://example.com
	    See also --proxy and --proxy-tlspassword.	    Use at least TLS version 1.x when negotiating with an  HTTPS proxy.	    That means TLS version 1.0 or higher
	    Equivalent to --tlsv1  but for  an HTTPS  proxy context.  Providing	    --proxy-tlsv1 multiple times has no extra effect.	     curl --proxy-tlsv1 -x https://proxy https://example.com
    -U, --proxy-user <user:password>	    Specify the username and password to use for proxy authentication.
	    If you  use  a  Windows  SSPI-enabled curl  binary  and  do  either	    Negotiate or NTLM authentication then  you can tell curl to  select	    the username and  password from  your environment  by specifying  a	    single colon with this option: "-U :".
	    On systems where  it works,  curl hides the  given option  argument	    from process listings.  This is not  enough to protect  credentials	    from possibly getting  seen by other  users on  the same system  as	    they still  are visible  for a  moment before  being cleared.  Such	    sensitive data should be retrieved  from a file instead or  similar	    and never used in clear text in a command line. If  --proxy-user is	     curl --proxy-user smith:secret -x proxy https://example.com	    Use the  specified  HTTP  1.0 proxy.  If  the port  number  is  not	    specified, it is assumed at port 1080.
	    The  only  difference  between  this  and  the  HTTP  proxy  option	    --proxy,  is  that  attempts  to  use  CONNECT  through  the  proxy	    specifies an HTTP  1.0 protocol  instead of the  default HTTP  1.1.	    Providing --proxy1.0 multiple times has no extra effect.	     curl --proxy1.0 http://proxy https://example.com
	    See also --proxy, --socks5 and --preproxy.	    When an HTTP proxy is  used --proxy, this option makes curl  tunnel	    the traffic through  the proxy.  The tunnel approach  is made  with	    the HTTP proxy CONNECT request  and requires that the proxy  allows	    direct connection to the  remote port number  curl wants to  tunnel
	    To suppress  proxy CONNECT  response headers  when curl  is set  to	    output   headers    use    --suppress-connect-headers.    Providing	    --proxytunnel multiple times has no extra effect. Disable it  again	     curl --proxytunnel -x http://proxy https://example.com	    (SFTP SCP) Public key filename.  Allows you to provide your  public	    key in this separate file.
	    curl attempts  to automatically  extract the  public key  from  the	    private  key  file,  so  passing  this  option  is  generally   not	    required. Note that this public key extraction requires libcurl  to	    be linked against a copy of libssh2 1.2.8 or higher that  is itself	    linked against OpenSSL. If --pubkey is provided several times,  the	     curl --pubkey file.pub sftp://example.com/	    (FTP SFTP)  Send an arbitrary  command to  the remote  FTP or  SFTP	    server. Quote commands  are sent  BEFORE the  transfer takes  place	    (just after  the initial  PWD command  in an  FTP  transfer, to  be	    exact). To make  commands take place  after a successful  transfer,	    prefix them with a dash '-'.
	    (FTP only)  To make commands  be sent  after curl  has changed  the	    working  directory,  just  before  the  file  transfer  command(s),	    prefix the  command  with  a '+'.  This  is not  performed  when  a	    directory listing is performed.
	    You may specify any number of commands.
	    By default curl stops at first failure. To make curl  continue even	    if the  command fails,  prefix the  command with  an asterisk  (*).	    Otherwise, if the server returns  failure for one of the  commands,	    the entire operation is aborted.
	    You must  send  syntactically  correct  FTP  commands  as  RFC  959	    defines to  FTP servers, or  one of  the commands  listed below  to
	    SFTP is a  binary protocol.  Unlike for FTP,  curl interprets  SFTP	    quote commands itself before sending them to the server.  Filenames	    may be quoted  shell-style to embed  spaces or special  characters.	    Following is the list of all supported SFTP quote commands:
		The atime command sets the  last access time of the file  named		by the file operand.  The date expression  can be all sorts  of		date  strings,  see  the  curl_getdate(3)  man  page  for  date		expression details. (Added in 7.73.0)
		The chgrp command sets  the group ID of  the file named by  the		file operand to the  group ID specified  by the group  operand.		The group operand is a decimal integer group ID.
		The chmod command modifies the file mode bits of the  specified		file. The mode operand is an octal integer mode number.
		The chown command sets the owner of the file named by  the file		operand to the user ID specified by the user operand.  The user		operand is a decimal integer user ID.
	    ln source_file target_file
		The ln  and symlink  commands  create a  symbolic link  at  the		target_file location pointing to the source_file location.
		The  mkdir  command   creates  the  directory   named  by   the
		The mtime command sets the  last modification time of the  file		named by  the file  operand.  The date  expression can  be  all		sorts of date  strings, see  the curl_getdate(3)  man page  for		date expression details. (Added in 7.73.0)
		The pwd command returns the  absolute path name of the  current
		The rename command renames the  file or directory named by  the		source operand  to the  destination path  named by  the  target
		The rm command removes the file specified by the file operand.
		The rmdir command removes the directory entry specified by  the		directory operand, provided it is empty.
	    symlink source_file target_file
	    --quote can be used several times in a command line	     curl --quote "DELE file" ftp://example.com/foo	    Deprecated option. This option is ignored (added in 7.84.0).  Prior	    to that it only had an effect on curl if built to use  old versions
	    Specify the path name to file containing random data. The  data may	    be  used  to  seed  the  random  engine  for  SSL  connections.  If	    --random-file is  provided several  times, the  last set  value  is	     curl --random-file rubbish https://example.com	    (HTTP  FTP SFTP  FILE)  Retrieve  a  byte  range  (i.e.  a  partial	    document) from an  HTTP/1.1, FTP or  SFTP server  or a local  FILE.	    Ranges can be specified in a number of ways.
		specifies the first 500 bytes
		specifies the second 500 bytes
		specifies the last 500 bytes
		specifies the bytes from offset 9500 and forward
		specifies the first and last byte only(*)(HTTP)
		specifies two  separate 100-byte  ranges(*) (HTTP)  (*) =  NOTE		that if specifying multiple ranges  and the server supports  it		then it  replies  with  a  multiple  part  response  that  curl		returns as-is. It contains meta information in addition to  the		requested  bytes.  Parsing   or  otherwise  transforming   this		response is the responsibility of the caller.
		Only digit  characters  (0-9)  are valid  in  the  'start'  and		'stop' fields of the 'start-stop' range syntax. If a  non-digit		character is  given  in the  range,  the server's  response  is		unspecified, depending on the server's configuration.
		Many HTTP/1.1  servers do  not have  this feature  enabled,  so		that when you  attempt to get  a range,  curl instead gets  the
		FTP  and  SFTP   range  downloads  only   support  the   simple		'start-stop'  syntax  (optionally  with  one  of  the   numbers		omitted). FTP use depends on the extended FTP command SIZE.
		When using  this option  for HTTP  uploads using  POST or  PUT,		functionality is  not  guaranteed.  The HTTP  protocol  has  no		standard interoperable resume  upload and  curl uses  a set  of		headers for  this purpose  that once  proved working  for  some		servers and have been left for those who find that useful.
		This  command   line   option  is   mutually   exclusive   with		--continue-at: you  can  only use  one  of them  for  a  single
	    If --range is provided several times, the last set value is used.	     curl --range 22-44 https://example.com
	    See also --continue-at and --append.
    --rate <max request rate>	    Specify the maximum transfer frequency  you allow curl to use -  in	    number of transfer starts per  time unit (sometimes called  request	    rate). Without this option, curl  starts the next transfer as  fast
	    If given  several URLs  and a  transfer completes  faster than  the	    allowed rate,  curl waits  until the  next transfer  is started  to	    maintain the  requested  rate.  This  option  has  no  effect  when
	    The request rate is provided as "N/U" where N is an  integer number	    and U  is  a  time unit.  Supported  units are  's'  (second),  'm'	    (minute), 'h' (hour)  and 'd'  /(day, as  in a 24  hour unit).  The	    default time unit, if no  "/U" is provided, is number of  transfers
	    If curl is told to allow 10 requests per minute, it does  not start	    the next request until  6 seconds have  elapsed since the  previous
	    This  function  uses   millisecond  resolution.   If  the   allowed	    frequency is  set  more  than  1000 per  second,  it  instead  runs
	    When retrying transfers, enabled  with --retry, the separate  retry	    delay logic is used and not this setting.
	    Starting in  version 8.10.0,  you can  specify the  number of  time	    units  in the  rate  expression.  Make  curl  do  no  more  than  5	    transfers per 15 seconds  with "5/15s" or  limit it to 3  transfers	    per 4 hours with "3/4h". No spaces allowed.	    use of --next. If  --rate is provided  several times, the last  set	     curl --rate 2/s https://example.com ...	     curl --rate 3/h https://example.com ...	     curl --rate 14/m https://example.com ...
	    Added in 7.84.0. See also --limit-rate and --retry-delay.	    (HTTP) When  used,  it  disables  all  internal  HTTP  decoding  of	    content or  transfer encodings  and instead  makes them  passed  on	    unaltered,  raw.  Providing  --raw  multiple  times  has  no  extra	    effect. Disable it again with --no-raw.	     curl --raw https://example.com	    (HTTP) Set the referrer URL in  the HTTP request. This can also  be	    set with the  --header flag  of course. When  used with  --location	    you  can  append  ";auto""  to  the  --referer  URL  to  make  curl	    automatically set  the previous  URL when  it follows  a  Location:	    header. The ";auto" string  can be used alone,  even if you do  not	    set an initial --referer. If  --referer is provided several  times,	     curl --referer "https://fake.example" https://example.com	     curl --referer "https://fake.example;auto" -L https://example.com	     curl --referer ";auto" -L https://example.com
	    See also --user-agent and --header.	    (HTTP) Tell the  --remote-name option to  use the  server-specified	    Content-Disposition filename instead of extracting a filename  from	    the URL. If the server-provided  filename contains a path, that  is	    stripped off before the filename is used.
	    The file is  saved in the  current directory,  or in the  directory	    specified with --output-dir.
	    If the  server  specifies a  filename and  a  file with  that  name	    already exists in the destination directory, it is not  overwritten	    and an error occurs  - unless you allow  it by using the  --clobber	    option. If the server does not specify a filename then  this option
	    There is no  attempt to  decode %-sequences (yet)  in the  provided	    filename, so this  option may  provide you  with rather  unexpected
	    This feature uses the name  from the "filename" field, it does  not	    yet  support  the  "filename*"   field  (filenames  with   explicit
	    WARNING: Exercise  judicious  use  of this  option,  especially  on	    Windows. A rogue server could send  you the name of a DLL or  other	    file that could be  loaded automatically by  Windows or some  third	    party software. Providing  --remote-header-name multiple times  has	    no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-remote-header-name.	     curl -OJ https://example.com/file	    Write output to  a local file  named like the  remote file we  get.	    (Only the file  part of the remote  file is used,  the path is  cut
	    The file is  saved in the  current working  directory. If you  want	    the file saved in a  different directory, make sure you change  the	    current working directory before invoking curl with this option  or
	    The remote filename to use  for saving is extracted from the  given	    URL, nothing else, and if  it already exists it is overwritten.  If	    you want the  server to  be able  to choose the  filename refer  to	    --remote-header-name which can be used in addition to this  option.	    If the server chooses  a filename and  that name already exists  it
	    There is no  URL decoding done on  the filename. If  it has %20  or	    other  URL encoded  parts  of  the  name,  they  end  up  as-is  as
	    Before curl 8.10.0, curl returned an error if the URL ended  with a	    slash, which  means that  there is  no filename  part  in the  URL.	    Starting in 8.10.0, curl  sets the filename  to the last  directory	    part of  the URL  or if  that also  is  missing to  "curl_response"	    (without  extension)   for   this   situation.   --remote-name   is	    associated with a  single URL.  Use it  once per URL  when you  use	    several URLs in a command line.	     curl -O https://example.com/filename	     curl -O https://example.com/filename -O https://example.com/file2
	    See also --remote-name-all, --output-dir and --remote-header-name.	    Change the default action  for all given URLs  to be dealt with  as	    if --remote-name were  used for each  one. If  you want to  disable	    that for a specific URL after --remote-name-all has been used,  you	    must use "-o  -" or  --no-remote-name. Providing  --remote-name-all	     curl --remote-name-all ftp://example.com/file1 \	    Make curl attempt to  figure out the  timestamp of the remote  file	    that is  getting downloaded,  and  if that  is available  make  the	    local  file  get  that  same  timestamp.  Providing   --remote-time	     curl --remote-time -o foo https://example.com
	    See also --remote-name and --time-cond.	    Remove the  output file  if an  error occurs.  If  curl returns  an	    error when told to save output in a local file. This  prevents curl	    from leaving  a  partial  file  in  the case  of  an  error  during
	    If the output is not a regular file, this option has no effect.	    --remove-on-error. Providing --remove-on-error  multiple times  has	    no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-remove-on-error.	     curl --remove-on-error -o output https://example.com
	    Added in 7.83.0. See also --fail.	    Change the method to use when starting the transfer.
	    curl passes  on the  verbatim string  you give  it  in the  request	    without any filter or other safe guards. That includes white  space
		Specifies a  custom request  method to  use when  communicating		with the  HTTP server.  The specified  request method  is  used		instead of the method otherwise  used (which defaults to  GET).		Read the HTTP 1.1  specification for details and  explanations.		Common additional HTTP requests  include PUT and DELETE,  while		related technologies like  WebDAV offers  PROPFIND, COPY,  MOVE
		Normally you do not need  this option. All sorts of GET,  HEAD,		POST and PUT  requests are  rather invoked  by using  dedicated
		This option  only changes  the  actual word  used in  the  HTTP		request, it does not  alter the way  curl behaves. For  example		if you want to make a  proper HEAD request, using -X HEAD  does		not suffice. You need to use the --head option.
		The method  string  you set  with  --request is  used  for  all		requests, which if  you for  example use  --location may  cause		unintended side-effects  when  curl  does  not  change  request		method according to the HTTP 30x response codes - and similar.
		Specifies a  custom FTP  command to  use instead  of LIST  when
		Specifies a  custom POP3  command  to use  instead of  LIST  or
		Specifies a custom IMAP command to use instead of LIST.
		Specifies a  custom SMTP  command  to use  instead of  HELP  or
	    If --request  is provided  several  times, the  last set  value  is	     curl -X "DELETE" https://example.com	     curl -X NLST ftp://example.com/	    (HTTP) Use an alternative target  (path) instead of using the  path	    as provided in the URL.  Particularly useful when wanting to  issue	    HTTP requests without  leading slash  or other data  that does  not	    follow the regular URL pattern, like "OPTIONS *".	    and control  characters. If  --request-target is  provided  several	     curl --request-target "*" -X OPTIONS https://example.com
    --resolve <[+]host:port:addr[,addr]...>	    Provide a custom address for  a specific host and port pair.  Using	    this, you can  make the  curl requests(s) use  a specified  address	    and prevent the  otherwise normally  resolved address  to be  used.	    Consider it  a  sort  of /etc/hosts  alternative  provided  on  the	    command line. The  port number should  be the  number used for  the	    specific protocol the host is  used for. It means you need  several	    entries if  you want to  provide addresses  for the  same host  but
	    By specifying "*"  as host you  can tell curl  to resolve any  host	    and specific  port  pair  to the  specified  address.  Wildcard  is	    resolved last so  any --resolve with  a specific  host and port  is
	    The provided address set by this  option is used even if --ipv4  or	    --ipv6 is set to make curl use another IP version.
	    By prefixing the host  with a '+' you can  make the entry time  out	    after curl's default timeout (1 minute). Note that this only  makes	    sense for long running parallel  transfers with a lot of files.  In	    such cases, if this option is  used curl tries to resolve the  host	    as it normally would once the timeout has expired.
	    Provide IPv6 addresses within [brackets].
	    To redirect  connects from  a specific  hostname or  any  hostname,	    independently of port number, consider the --connect-to option.
	    Support for resolving with wildcard was added in 7.64.0.
	    Support for the '+' prefix was added in 7.75.0.
	    Support for specifying the  host component as  an IPv6 address  was	    added in 8.13.0. --resolve can  be used several times in a  command	     curl --resolve example.com:443:127.0.0.1 https://example.com	     curl --resolve example.com:443:[2001:db8::252f:efd6] \
	    See also --connect-to and --alt-svc.	    If a  transient error  is returned  when curl  tries  to perform  a	    transfer, it  retries  this  number  of  times  before  giving  up.	    Setting the number  to 0  makes curl  do no retries  (which is  the	    default). Transient  error  means either:  a  timeout, an  FTP  4xx	    response code or an  HTTP 408, 429, 500,  502, 503 or 504  response
	    When curl is about to retry  a transfer, it first waits one  second	    and then for all  forthcoming retries it  doubles the waiting  time	    until it  reaches 10  minutes,  which then  remains the  set  fixed	    delay time between the rest of the retries. By using  --retry-delay	    you  disable   this  exponential   backoff  algorithm.   See   also	    --retry-max-time to limit the total time allowed for retries.
	    curl complies  with the  Retry-After: response  header if  one  was	    present to know when to issue the next retry (added in  7.66.0). If	    --retry is provided several times, the last set value is used.	     curl --retry 7 https://example.com
	    See also --retry-max-time.	    Retry on any error. This option is used together with --retry.
	    This option  is the  "sledgehammer" of  retrying. Do  not use  this	    option by  default  (for example  in  your curlrc),  there  may  be	    unintended consequences  such  as sending  or  receiving  duplicate	    data. Do  not use with  redirected input  or output.  You might  be	    better off handling your unique problems in a shell script.  Please
	    WARNING: For  server compatibility  curl attempts  to retry  failed	    flaky transfers as close as possible to how they were  started, but	    this is not possible with redirected input or output. For  example,	    before retrying  it  removes  output data  from  a  failed  partial	    transfer that was written  to an output  file. However this is  not	    true of  data redirected  to a  | pipe  or >  file,  which are  not	    reset. We strongly suggest  you do not  parse or record output  via	    redirect in combination  with this  option, since  you may  receive
	    By default  curl does not  return an  error for  transfers with  an	    HTTP response code that  indicates an HTTP  error, if the  transfer	    was successful. For example, if a server replies 404 Not  Found and	    the reply  is  fully  received then  that  is not  an  error.  When	    --retry is used then curl retries on some HTTP response  codes that	    indicate transient HTTP errors, but that does not include most  4xx	    response codes such as  404. If you want  to retry on all  response	    codes that indicate  HTTP errors  (4xx and 5xx)  then combine  with	    --fail. Providing --retry-all-errors  multiple times  has no  extra	    effect. Disable it again with --no-retry-all-errors.	     curl --retry 5 --retry-all-errors https://example.com
	    Added in 7.71.0. See also --retry.	    In addition to  the other  conditions, consider  ECONNREFUSED as  a	    transient error too for --retry. This option is used together  with	    --retry. Providing --retry-connrefused multiple times has no  extra	    effect. Disable it again with --no-retry-connrefused.	     curl --retry-connrefused --retry 7 https://example.com
	    See also --retry and --retry-all-errors.	    Make curl  sleep  this amount  of time  before  each retry  when  a	    transfer has failed with a transient error (it changes the  default	    backoff time  algorithm  between  retries).  This  option  is  only	    interesting if --retry  is also  used. Setting this  delay to  zero	    makes curl  use  the  default backoff  time.  If  --retry-delay  is	     curl --retry-delay 5 --retry 7 https://example.com
    --retry-max-time <seconds>	    The retry  timer  is  reset  before  the  first  transfer  attempt.	    Retries are done as  usual (see --retry) as  long as the timer  has	    not reached  this given limit.  Notice that  if the  timer has  not	    reached the limit,  the request  is made and  while performing,  it	    may take  longer than this  given time  period. To  limit a  single	    request's maximum time, use --max-time. Set this option to zero  to	    not  timeout  retries.  If  --retry-max-time  is  provided  several	     curl --retry-max-time 30 --retry 10 https://example.com
    --sasl-authzid <identity>	    Use  this  authorization  identity  (authzid),  during  SASL  PLAIN	    authentication,  in   addition  to   the  authentication   identity	    (authcid) as specified by --user.
	    If the  option is  not specified,  the server  derives the  authzid	    from the authcid,  but if  specified, and depending  on the  server	    implementation, it  may be  used to  access another  user's  inbox,	    that the user has been granted  access to, or a shared mailbox  for	    example. If --sasl-authzid is provided several times, the last  set	     curl --sasl-authzid zid imap://example.com/
	    Added in 7.66.0. See also --login-options.	    Enable  initial   response   in  SASL   authentication.   Providing	    --sasl-ir multiple  times has  no extra  effect. Disable  it  again	     curl --sasl-ir imap://example.com/
	    See also --sasl-authzid.	    Set the  service name  for SPNEGO.  If --service-name  is  provided	     curl --service-name sockd/server https://example.com
	    See also --negotiate and --proxy-service-name.	    When used with --silent, it makes curl show an error message  if it	    use of --next. Providing --show-error  multiple times has no  extra	    effect. Disable it again with --no-show-error.	     curl --show-error --silent https://example.com
	    See also --no-progress-meter.	    (HTTP FTP)  Show  response headers  in  the output.  HTTP  response	    headers can include things like  server name, cookies, date of  the	    document, HTTP  version  and  more. With  non-HTTP  protocols,  the	    "headers" are other server communication.
	    This option  makes  the response  headers  get saved  in  the  same	    stream/output as the data. --dump-header exists to save headers  in
	    To view the request headers, consider the --verbose option.
	    Prior to 7.75.0 curl did not  print the headers if --fail was  used	    in combination with this option and there was an error  reported by
	    This option was called --include  before 8.10.0. The previous  name	    remains functional. Providing --show-headers multiple times has  no	    extra effect. Disable it again with --no-show-headers.	     curl -i https://example.com
	    See also --verbose and --dump-header.	    (TLS) Set specific signature algorithms  to use during SSL  session	    establishment according to RFC 5246, 7.4.1.4.1.
	    An algorithm  can  use either  a  signature algorithm  and  a  hash	    algorithm pair separated  by a  "+" (e.g.  "ECDSA+SHA224"), or  its	    TLS 1.3 signature scheme name (e.g. "ed25519").
	    Multiple algorithms can  be provided  by separating  them with  ":"	    (e.g. "DSA+SHA256:rsa_pss_pss_sha256"). The parameter is  available	    as "-sigalgs" in the OpenSSL "s_client" and "s_server" utilities.
	    "--sigalgs" allows a OpenSSL  powered curl to make  SSL-connections	    with exactly  the signature  algorithms  requested by  the  client,	    avoiding nontransparent client/server negotiations.
	    If this option is set,  the default signature algorithm list  built	    into OpenSSL are ignored. If  --sigalgs is provided several  times,	     curl --sigalgs ecdsa_secp256r1_sha256 https://example.com
	    Added in 8.14.0. See also --ciphers.	    Silent  or  quiet  mode.  Do  not  show  progress  meter  or  error	    messages. Makes curl mute. It  still outputs the data you ask  for,	    potentially even to the terminal/stdout unless you redirect it.
	    Use --show-error in  addition to  this option  to disable  progress	    meter but still  show error messages.  Providing --silent  multiple	    times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-silent.	     curl -s https://example.com
	    See also --verbose, --stderr and --no-progress-meter.	    If there is a local file present when a download is  requested, the	    operation is skipped. Note that curl cannot know if the  local file	    was previously  downloaded fine,  or if  it is  incomplete etc,  it	    just knows if  there is a  filename present in  the file system  or	    not and it skips the  transfer if it is. Providing  --skip-existing	     curl --skip-existing --output local/dir/file https://example.com
	    Added   in   8.10.0.   See   also   --output,   --remote-name   and	    Use  the  specified  SOCKS4  proxy.  If  the  port  number  is  not	    specified, it  is assumed  at  port 1080.  Using this  socket  type	    makes curl  resolve the hostname  and pass  the address  on to  the
	    To specify proxy on a  Unix domain socket, use localhost for  host,	    e.g. "socks4://localhost/path/to/socket.sock"
	    This option  overrides any  previous use  of --proxy,  as they  are
	    This option is  superfluous since  you can specify  a socks4  proxy	    with --proxy using a socks4:// protocol prefix.
	    --preproxy can be used  to specify a SOCKS  proxy at the same  time	    proxy is used with an HTTP/HTTPS proxy. In such a case,  curl first	    connects to the SOCKS  proxy and then  connects (through SOCKS)  to	    the HTTP or  HTTPS proxy.  If --socks4 is  provided several  times,	     curl --socks4 hostname:4096 https://example.com
	    See also --socks4a, --socks5 and --socks5-hostname.	    Use  the specified  SOCKS4a  proxy.  If  the  port  number  is  not	    specified, it  is assumed  at port  1080. This  asks  the proxy  to	    e.g. "socks4a://localhost/path/to/socket.sock"
	    This option is superfluous  since you can  specify a socks4a  proxy	    with --proxy using a socks4a:// protocol prefix.	    --proxy is  used with an  HTTP/HTTPS proxy.  In such  a case,  curl	    first connects  to  the  SOCKS proxy  and  then  connects  (through	    SOCKS) to  the  HTTP  or  HTTPS proxy.  If  --socks4a  is  provided	     curl --socks4a hostname:4096 https://example.com
	    See also --socks4, --socks5 and --socks5-hostname.	    Use the specified SOCKS5 proxy - but resolve the hostname  locally.	    If the port number is not specified, it is assumed at port 1080.	    e.g. "socks5://localhost/path/to/socket.sock"
	    This option is  superfluous since  you can specify  a socks5  proxy	    with --proxy using a socks5:// protocol prefix.	    SOCKS) to the HTTP or HTTPS proxy.
	    This option  does  not  work with  FTPS  or LDAP.  If  --socks5  is	     curl --socks5 proxy.example:7000 https://example.com
	    See also --socks5-hostname and --socks4a.	    Use username/password authentication  when connecting  to a  SOCKS5	    proxy. The username/password authentication is enabled by  default.	    Use --socks5-gssapi  to  force  GSS-API  authentication  to  SOCKS5	    proxies. Providing  --socks5-basic  multiple  times  has  no  extra	     curl --socks5-basic --socks5 hostname:4096 https://example.com	    Use GSS-API authentication when connecting  to a SOCKS5 proxy.  The	    GSS-API authentication is enabled by  default (if curl is  compiled	    with   GSS-API    support).    Use    --socks5-basic    to    force	    username/password  authentication  to  SOCKS5  proxies.   Providing	    --socks5-gssapi multiple  times has  no  extra effect.  Disable  it	    again with --no-socks5-gssapi.	     curl --socks5-gssapi --socks5 hostname:4096 https://example.com	    As  part  of   the  GSS-API  negotiation   a  protection  mode   is	    negotiated.  RFC  1961  says  in  section  4.3/4.4  it  should   be	    protected, but  the  NEC  reference implementation  does  not.  The	    option --socks5-gssapi-nec allows the  unprotected exchange of  the	    protection   mode   negotiation.   Providing    --socks5-gssapi-nec	     curl --socks5-gssapi-nec --socks5 hostname:4096 \
    --socks5-gssapi-service <name>	    Set  the   service   name   for  a   socks   server.   Default   is	    rcmd/server-fqdn. If  --socks5-gssapi-service is  provided  several	     curl --socks5-gssapi-service sockd --socks5 hostname:4096 \
    --socks5-hostname <host[:port]>	    Use the  specified SOCKS5  proxy  (and let  the proxy  resolve  the	    hostname). If the port  number is not  specified, it is assumed  at	    e.g. "socks5h://localhost/path/to/socket.sock"
	    This option is superfluous since you can specify a socks5  hostname	    proxy with --proxy using a socks5h:// protocol prefix.	    SOCKS)  to  the  HTTP  or  HTTPS  proxy.  If  --socks5-hostname  is	     curl --socks5-hostname proxy.example:7000 https://example.com
	    See also --socks5 and --socks4a.
    -Y, --speed-limit <speed>	    If a transfer is slower than  this set speed (in bytes per  second)	    for a given number of seconds, it gets aborted. The time  period is	    set  with  --speed-time   and  is   30  seconds   by  default.   If	    --speed-limit is  provided several  times, the  last set  value  is	     curl --speed-limit 300 --speed-time 10 https://example.com
	    See also --speed-time, --limit-rate and --max-time.
    -y, --speed-time <seconds>	    If a transfer runs slower than speed-limit bytes per second  during	    a speed-time  period, the  transfer is  aborted. If  speed-time  is	    used, the default speed-limit is 1 unless set with --speed-limit.
	    This option controls  transfers (in both  directions) but does  not	    affect slow connects  etc. If this  is a concern  for you, try  the	    --connect-timeout  option.  If  --speed-time  is  provided  several
	    See also --speed-limit and --limit-rate.	    (FTP IMAP POP3 SMTP LDAP)  Warning: this is considered an  insecure	    option. Consider using --ssl-reqd instead to be sure curl  upgrades
	    Try to  use  SSL/TLS for  the connection  -  often referred  to  as	    STARTTLS or STLS  because of  the involved commands.  Reverts to  a	    non-secure connection if the server  does not support SSL/TLS.  See	    also --ftp-ssl-control  and  --ssl-reqd  for  different  levels  of
	    This option  is handled  in LDAP  (added in  7.81.0).  It is  fully	    supported by the OpenLDAP backend  and ignored by the generic  ldap
	    Please  note  that  a  server  may  close  the  connection  if  the	    negotiation does not succeed.
	    This option was formerly known  as --ftp-ssl. That option name  can	    still be used but might  be removed in a future version.  Providing	    --ssl multiple times  has no  extra effect. Disable  it again  with	     curl --ssl pop3://example.com/
	    See also --ssl-reqd, --insecure and --ciphers.	    (TLS) Do not  work around a  security flaw  in the TLS1.0  protocol	    known as BEAST. If this option  is not used, the TLS layer may  use	    workarounds known  to  cause interoperability  problems  with  some	    older server implementations.
	    This option only changes  how curl does TLS  1.0 and has no  effect	    flag  you  ask  for   exactly  that.  Providing   --ssl-allow-beast	     curl --ssl-allow-beast https://example.com
	    See also --proxy-ssl-allow-beast and --insecure.	    (TLS) (Schannel) Automatically locate and use a client  certificate	    for authentication, when requested by the server. Since the  server	    can request any certificate that supports client authentication  in	    the OS  certificate  store it  could  be a  privacy  violation  and	    unexpected. Providing --ssl-auto-client-cert multiple times has  no	    extra effect. Disable it again with --no-ssl-auto-client-cert.	     curl --ssl-auto-client-cert https://example.com
	    Added in 7.77.0. See also --proxy-ssl-auto-client-cert.	    (TLS) (Schannel)  Disable certificate  revocation checks.  WARNING:	    this option loosens the  SSL security, and  by using this flag  you	    ask for exactly that. Providing --ssl-no-revoke multiple times  has	    no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-ssl-no-revoke.	     curl --ssl-no-revoke https://example.com	    (FTP IMAP  POP3 SMTP  LDAP) Require  SSL/TLS for  the connection  -	    often referred  to as  STARTTLS  or STLS  because of  the  involved	    commands. Terminates  the  connection  if the  transfer  cannot  be	    supported by the OpenLDAP backend and rejected by the generic  ldap	    backend if explicit TLS is required.
	    This option is unnecessary if you  use a URL scheme that in  itself	    implies immediate and implicit  use of TLS,  like for FTPS,  IMAPS,	    POP3S, SMTPS and  LDAPS. Such a  transfer always  fails if the  TLS
	    This  option  was  formerly  known  as  --ftp-ssl-reqd.   Providing	    --ssl-reqd multiple times  has no  extra effect.  Disable it  again	     curl --ssl-reqd ftp://example.com
	    See also --ssl and --insecure.	    (TLS) (Schannel)  Ignore certificate  revocation checks  when  they	    failed  due  to   missing/offline  distribution   points  for   the	    revocation   check   lists.   Providing    --ssl-revoke-best-effort	    --no-ssl-revoke-best-effort.	     curl --ssl-revoke-best-effort https://example.com
	    Added in 7.70.0. See also --crlfile and --insecure.
    --ssl-sessions <filename>	    (TLS) Use the given  file to load  SSL session tickets into  curl's	    cache before starting  any transfers.  At the end  of a  successful	    curl run, the cached  SSL sessions tickets  are saved to the  file,	    replacing any previous content.
	    The file does not  have to exist, but curl  reports an error if  it	    is unable  to create  it. Unused  loaded tickets  are saved  again,	    unless they  get  replaced  or  purged from  the  cache  for  space
	    Using a session  file allows  "--tls-earlydata" to  send the  first	    request in "0-RTT" mode, should an SSL session with the  feature be	    found. Note that  a server may  not support  early data. Also  note	    that early data does  not provide forward  secrecy, e.g. is not  as
	    The SSL session  tickets are  stored as base64  encoded text,  each	    ticket on its own line. The hostnames are cryptographically  salted	    and hashed.  While this  prevents someone  from easily  seeing  the	    hosts you contacted, they could still check if a specific  hostname	    matches one of  the values. If  --ssl-sessions is provided  several	     curl --ssl-sessions sessions.txt https://example.com
	    Added in 8.12.0. See also --tls-earlydata.	    (SSL) This option previously  asked curl to  use SSLv2, but is  now	    ignored (added  in 7.77.0).  SSLv2  is widely  considered  insecure	    (see RFC  6176).  Providing --sslv2  multiple  times has  no  extra	     curl --sslv2 https://example.com
	    --sslv2 requires that libcurl is built to support TLS. This  option	    is  mutually  exclusive  with   --sslv3,  --tlsv1,  --tlsv1.1   and	    --tlsv1.2. See also --http1.1 and --http2.	    (SSL) This option previously  asked curl to  use SSLv3, but is  now	    ignored (added  in 7.77.0).  SSLv3  is widely  considered  insecure	    (see RFC  7568).  Providing --sslv3  multiple  times has  no  extra	     curl --sslv3 https://example.com
	    --sslv3 requires that libcurl is built to support TLS. This  option	    is  mutually  exclusive  with   --sslv2,  --tlsv1,  --tlsv1.1   and	    Redirect all writes  to stderr  to the specified  file instead.  If	    the filename is a plain '-', it is instead written to stdout.	    use of --next. If --stderr is provided several times, the  last set	     curl --stderr output.txt https://example.com
	    See also --verbose and --silent.	    Enable automatic use of bold font styles when writing HTTP  headers	    to the terminal. Use --no-styled-output to switch them off.
	    Styled output requires  a terminal that  supports bold fonts.  This	    feature is not  present on  curl for  Windows due to  lack of  this	    use of  --next. Providing  --styled-output  multiple times  has  no	    extra effect. Disable it again with --no-styled-output.	     curl --styled-output -I https://example.com
	    Added in 7.61.0. See also --head and --verbose.
    --suppress-connect-headers	    When --proxytunnel is used  and a CONNECT  request is made, do  not	    output proxy CONNECT response headers.  This option is meant to  be	    used with --dump-header  or --show-headers which  are used to  show	    protocol headers in the output.  It has no effect on debug  options	    such  as  --verbose  or  --trace,  or  any  statistics.   Providing	    --suppress-connect-headers multiple  times  has  no  extra  effect.	    Disable it again with --no-suppress-connect-headers.	     curl --suppress-connect-headers --show-headers -x proxy \
	    See also --dump-header, --show-headers and --proxytunnel.	    Enable use of  TCP Fast  Open (RFC 7413).  TCP Fast Open  is a  TCP	    extension that allows data to  be sent earlier over the  connection	    (before the  final handshake  ACK) if  the client  and server  have	    been connected previously. Providing --tcp-fastopen multiple  times	    has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-tcp-fastopen.	     curl --tcp-fastopen https://example.com	    Turn on  the TCP_NODELAY  option. See  the curl_easy_setopt(3)  man	    page for details about this option.
	    curl sets this option by default and you need to  explicitly switch	    it off if you do  not want it on. Providing --tcp-nodelay  multiple	    times has no extra effect. Disable it again with --no-tcp-nodelay.	     curl --tcp-nodelay https://example.com
    -t, --telnet-option <opt=val>	    Pass options to the telnet protocol. Supported options are:
		Sets the X display location.
		Sets an environment variable.
	    --telnet-option can be used several times in a command line	     curl -t TTYPE=vt100 telnet://example.com/	    (TFTP) Set the TFTP  BLKSIZE option (must  be 512 or larger).  This	    is the block size that curl tries to use when transferring  data to	    or  from  a  TFTP  server.  By  default  512  bytes  are  used.  If	    --tftp-blksize is provided  several times,  the last  set value  is	     curl --tftp-blksize 1024 tftp://example.com/file
	    See also --tftp-no-options.	    (TFTP) Do not  send TFTP  options requests.  This improves  interop	    with some  legacy  servers  that do  not  acknowledge  or  properly	    implement TFTP options. When this option is used --tftp-blksize  is	    ignored. Providing --tftp-no-options  multiple times  has no  extra	    effect. Disable it again with --no-tftp-no-options.	     curl --tftp-no-options tftp://192.168.0.1/
	    See also --tftp-blksize.	    (HTTP FTP) Request  a file that  has been  modified later than  the	    given time  and date, or  one that  has been  modified before  that	    time. The date expression  can be all sorts  of date strings or  if	    it does not match  any internal ones, it  is treated as a  filename	    and curl tries to get the modification date (mtime) from  that file	    instead. See  the curl_getdate(3)  man  pages for  date  expression
	    Start the date expression with a dash (-) to make it request  for a	    document that  is older  than  the given  date/time, default  is  a	    document that is newer than the specified date/time.
	    If provided a non-existing file, curl outputs a warning about  that	    fact and proceeds to do  the transfer without a time condition.  If	    --time-cond is provided several times, the last set value is used.	     curl -z "Wed 01 Sep 2021 12:18:00" https://example.com	     curl -z "-Wed 01 Sep 2021 12:18:00" https://example.com	     curl -z file https://example.com
	    See also --etag-compare and --remote-time.	    (TLS) Enable the use  of TLSv1.3 early  data, also known as  '0RTT'	    where possible.  This has  security implications  for the  requests
	    This option is used when curl is built to use GnuTLS.
	    If a server supports this  TLSv1.3 feature, and to what extent,  is	    announced as part  of the TLS  "session" sent  back to curl.  Until	    curl has  seen such a  session in  a previous  request, early  data
	    When a new connection  is initiated with  a known TLSv1.3  session,	    and that session  announced early data  support, the first  request	    on this connection is  sent before the  TLS handshake is  complete.	    While the  early  data  is  also encrypted,  it  is  not  protected	    against replays.  An  attacker can  send  your early  data  to  the	    server again and the server would accept it.
	    If your  request contacts  a  public server  and only  retrieves  a	    file, there may be no harm  in that. If the first request orders  a	    refrigerator for you, it is probably  not a good idea to use  early	    data for it. curl cannot  deduce what the security implications  of	    your requests actually are and make this decision for you.
	    The amount  of  early  data sent  can  be inspected  by  using  the	    "--write-out" variable "tls_earlydata".
	    WARNING: this option has security implications. See above for  more	    details. Providing  --tls-earlydata  multiple times  has  no  extra	    effect. Disable it again with --no-tls-earlydata.	     curl --tls-earlydata https://example.com
	    Added in 8.11.0. See also --tlsv1.3, --tls-max and --ssl-sessions.	    (TLS) Set the maximum allowed  TLS version. The minimum  acceptable	    version is set by tlsv1.0, tlsv1.1, tlsv1.2 or tlsv1.3.
	    If the connection is done  without TLS, this option has no  effect.	    This includes QUIC-using (HTTP/3) transfers.
		Use up to the recommended TLS version.
	    If --tls-max  is provided  several  times, the  last set  value  is	     curl --tls-max 1.2 https://example.com	     curl --tls-max 1.3 --tlsv1.2 https://example.com
	    --tls-max requires that libcurl is  built to support TLS. See  also	    --tlsv1.0, --tlsv1.1, --tlsv1.2 and --tlsv1.3.	    (TLS) Set  which  cipher suites  to use  in  the connection  if  it	    negotiates TLS 1.3. The list  of ciphers suites must specify  valid	    ciphers. Read up on TLS 1.3 cipher suite details on this URL:	    later, wolfSSL, or mbedTLS 3.6.0 or later.	    were set  by  using the  --ciphers  option. If  --tls13-ciphers  is	     curl --tls13-ciphers TLS_AES_128_GCM_SHA256 https://example.com
	    Added in  7.61.0.  See also  --ciphers,  --proxy-tls13-ciphers  and	    (TLS) Set TLS  authentication type. Currently,  the only  supported	    option  is  "SRP",  for  TLS-SRP  (RFC  5054).  If  --tlsuser   and	    --tlspassword are  specified but  --tlsauthtype is  not, then  this	    option defaults to "SRP". This option works only if the  underlying	    libcurl is built  with TLS-SRP support,  which requires OpenSSL  or	    GnuTLS with TLS-SRP support.  If --tlsauthtype is provided  several	     curl --tlsauthtype SRP https://example.com	    (TLS) Set  password  to  use with  the  TLS  authentication  method	    specified with --tlsauthtype. Requires that --tlsuser is set.
	    This option  does  not  work  with TLS  1.3.  If  --tlspassword  is	     curl --tlspassword pwd --tlsuser user https://example.com	    (TLS) Set  username  for use  with  the TLS  authentication  method	    specified with --tlsauthtype. Requires  that --tlspassword also  is
	    This option does not  work with TLS  1.3. If --tlsuser is  provided	    (TLS) Use at least TLS  version 1.x when negotiating with a  remote	    TLS server. That means TLS version 1.0 or higher Providing  --tlsv1	    multiple times has no extra effect.	     curl --tlsv1 https://example.com
	    --tlsv1 requires that libcurl is built to support TLS. This  option	    is mutually exclusive with --tlsv1.1, --tlsv1.2 and --tlsv1.3.  See	    (TLS) Force curl to  use TLS version  1.0 or later when  connecting
	    In old versions of curl this option was documented to  allow _only_	    TLS 1.0.  That  behavior  was inconsistent  depending  on  the  TLS	    library. Use --tls-max if  you want to  set a maximum TLS  version.	    Providing --tlsv1.0 multiple times has no extra effect.	     curl --tlsv1.0 https://example.com	    (TLS) Force curl to  use TLS version  1.1 or later when  connecting	    TLS 1.1.  That  behavior  was inconsistent  depending  on  the  TLS	    Providing --tlsv1.1 multiple times has no extra effect.	     curl --tlsv1.1 https://example.com
	    See also --tlsv1.3 and --tls-max.	    (TLS) Force curl to  use TLS version  1.2 or later when  connecting	    TLS 1.2.  That  behavior  was inconsistent  depending  on  the  TLS	    Providing --tlsv1.2 multiple times has no extra effect.	     curl --tlsv1.2 https://example.com	    (TLS) Force curl to  use TLS version  1.3 or later when  connecting
	    Note that TLS 1.3 is  not supported by all TLS backends.  Providing	    --tlsv1.3 multiple times has no extra effect.	     curl --tlsv1.3 https://example.com
	    See also --tlsv1.2 and --tls-max.	    (HTTP) Request a  compressed Transfer-Encoding  response using  one	    of the  algorithms curl  supports, and  uncompress the  data  while	    receiving it. Providing --tr-encoding  multiple times has no  extra	    effect. Disable it again with --no-tr-encoding.	     curl --tr-encoding https://example.com	    Save  a  full  trace  dump  of  all  incoming  and  outgoing  data,	    including descriptive information,  in the given  output file.  Use	    "-" as  filename to  have the  output sent  to stdout.  Use "%"  as	    filename to have the output sent to stderr.
	    Note that verbose  output of  curl activities  and network  traffic	    might contain sensitive data,  including usernames, credentials  or	    secret data content.  Be aware  and be careful  when sharing  trace	    use of --next. If --trace  is provided several times, the last  set	     curl --trace log.txt https://example.com
	    This   option   is   mutually   exclusive   with   --verbose    and	    --trace-ascii. See also --trace-ascii, --trace-config,  --trace-ids	    filename to send the output to stderr.
	    This is similar to  --trace, but leaves out  the hex part and  only	    shows the  ASCII part of  the dump.  It makes  smaller output  that	    might be easier to read for untrained humans.	    use of  --next. If  --trace-ascii is  provided several  times,  the	     curl --trace-ascii log.txt https://example.com
	    This option is mutually exclusive  with --trace and --verbose.  See	    also --verbose and --trace.	    Set configuration  for  trace  output. A  comma-separated  list  of	    components where detailed output can be made available from.  Names	    are  case-insensitive.   Specify   'all'  to   enable   all   trace
	    In addition to trace component  names, specify "ids" and "time"  to	    avoid extra --trace-ids or --trace-time parameters.
	    See the curl_global_trace(3) man page for more details.	    use of  --next.  --trace-config can  be  used several  times  in  a	     curl --trace-config ids,http/2 https://example.com
	    Added in 8.3.0. See also --verbose and --trace.	    Prepend the transfer  and connection identifiers  to each trace  or	    verbose line that curl displays.	    use of --next.  Providing --trace-ids multiple  times has no  extra	    effect. Disable it again with --no-trace-ids.	     curl --trace-ids --trace-ascii output https://example.com
	    Added in 8.2.0. See also --trace and --verbose.	    Prepend a  time  stamp to  each trace  or  verbose line  that  curl	    use of --next. Providing --trace-time  multiple times has no  extra	    effect. Disable it again with --no-trace-time.	     curl --trace-time --trace-ascii output https://example.com
	    See also --trace and --verbose.	    (HTTP) Connect through  this Unix domain  socket, instead of  using	    the network. If --unix-socket is  provided several times, the  last	     curl --unix-socket socket-path https://example.com
	    See also --abstract-unix-socket.	    Upload the specified local file to the remote URL.
	    If there is  no file part  in the specified  URL, curl appends  the	    local file name to the end of the URL before the  operation starts.	    You must use a  trailing slash (/) on  the last directory to  prove	    to curl that  there is no  filename or curl  thinks that your  last	    directory name is the remote filename to use.
	    When putting  the  local  filename at  the  end of  the  URL,  curl	    ignores what is  on the  left side  of any slash  (/) or  backslash	    (\\) used in  the filename and  only appends what  is on the  right	    side of the rightmost such character.
	    Use the filename  "-" (a  single dash)  to use stdin  instead of  a	    given file. Alternately, the filename "." (a single period) may  be	    specified instead  of "-"  to  use stdin  in non-blocking  mode  to	    allow reading server output while stdin is being uploaded.
	    If this  option is  used with  an HTTP(S)  URL, the  PUT method  is
	    You can  specify one  --upload-file  for each  URL on  the  command	    line. Each --upload-file +  URL pair specifies  what to upload  and	    to  where.  curl  also  supports  globbing  of  the   --upload-file	    argument, meaning that you  can upload multiple  files to a  single	    URL by using the same URL globbing style supported in the URL.
	    When uploading to an SMTP  server: the uploaded data is assumed  to	    be RFC  5322 formatted.  It has  to feature  the  necessary set  of	    headers and mail body formatted correctly by the user as  curl does	    not transcode nor encode  it further in  any way. --upload-file  is	     curl -T file https://example.com	     curl -T "img[1-1000].png" ftp://ftp.example.com/	     curl --upload-file "{file1,file2}" https://example.com	     curl -T file -T file2 https://example.com https://example.com
	    See also --get, --head, --request and --data.	    Specify additional behavior to apply  to uploaded files. Flags  are	    specified as either a single  flag value or a comma-separated  list	    of flag values. These values are case-sensitive and may be  negated	    by prepending them  with a '-'  character. Currently the  following	    flag values are  accepted: answered, deleted,  draft, flagged,  and	    seen. The currently-accepted flag values  are used to set flags  on	    IMAP uploads.  If --upload-flags  is  provided several  times,  the	     curl --upload-flags Flagged,!Seen --upload-file local/dir/file \
	    Added in 8.13.0. See also --upload-file.	    Specify a URL to fetch or send data to.
	    If the  given  URL  is  missing  a scheme  (such  as  "http://"  or	    "ftp://" etc)  curl  guesses  which  scheme to  use  based  on  the	    hostname. If the outermost subdomain name matches DICT, FTP,  IMAP,	    LDAP, POP3 or SMTP case insensitively, then that protocol is  used,	    otherwise it  assumes  HTTP.  Scheme guessing  can  be  avoided  by	    providing a full URL including  the scheme, or disabled by  setting	    a default protocol, see --proto-default for details.
	    To control  where  the  contents  of a  retrieved  URL  is  written	    instead  of  the   default  stdout,   use  the   --output  or   the	    --remote-name options. When  retrieving multiple URLs  in a  single	    invoke, each  provided  URL  needs its  own  dedicated  destination	    option unless --remote-name-all is used.
	    On  Windows,  "file://"  accesses  can  be  converted  to   network	    accesses by the operating system.
	    Starting  in curl  8.13.0,  curl  can  be  told  to  download  URLs	    provided in a text file, one  URL per line. It is done with  "--url	    @filename": so instead of  a URL, you  specify a filename  prefixed	    with the "@" symbol. It can be  told to load the list of URLs  from	    stdin by providing an argument like "@-".
	    When  downloading  URLs   given  in  a   file,  it  implies   using	    --remote-name for each provided  URL. The URLs  are full, there  is	    no  globbing  applied   or  done   on  these.   Features  such   as	    --skip-existing work fine in combination with this.
	    Lines in the URL file that  start with "#" are treated as  comments	    and are skipped. --url can be used several times in a command line	     curl --url https://example.com
	    See     also      --next,      --config,      --path-as-is      and	    --disallow-username-in-url.	    (all) Add a piece of data, usually a name + value pair, to  the end	    of the URL  query part. The  syntax is identical  to that used  for	    --data-urlencode with one extension:
	    If the argument starts  with a '+' (plus),  the rest of the  string	    is provided as-is unencoded.
	    The query part of a URL  is the one following the question mark  on	    the right end. --url-query can  be used several times in a  command	     curl --url-query name=val https://example.com	     curl --url-query =encodethis http://example.net/foo	     curl --url-query name@file https://example.com	     curl --url-query @fileonly https://example.com	     curl --url-query "+name=%20foo" https://example.com
	    Added in 7.87.0. See also --data-urlencode and --get.	    (FTP LDAP) Enable ASCII  transfer mode. For  FTP, this can also  be	    enforced by  using a  URL  that ends  with ";type=A".  This  option	    causes data sent to  stdout to be in  text mode for Win32  systems.	    Providing --use-ascii multiple times  has no extra effect.  Disable	    it again with --no-use-ascii.	     curl -B ftp://example.com/README
	    See also --crlf and --data-ascii.
    -u, --user <user:password>	    Specify   the   username   and   password   to   use   for   server	    authentication. Overrides --netrc and --netrc-optional.
	    If you simply specify the username, curl prompts for a password.
	    The username and passwords are  split up on the first colon,  which	    makes it  impossible  to use  a colon  in  the username  with  this	    option. The password can, still.	    and never used in clear text in a command line.
	    When using  Kerberos V5  with  a Windows  based server  you  should	    include the Windows domain name  in the username, in order for  the	    server to successfully  obtain a  Kerberos Ticket. If  you do  not,	    then the initial authentication handshake may fail.
	    When using  NTLM,  the username  can  be specified  simply  as  the	    username, without  the domain,  if  there is  a single  domain  and	    forest in your setup for example.
	    To specify the domain name use either Down-Level Logon Name  or UPN	    (User  Principal  Name)  formats.  For  example,  EXAMPLE\user  and	    user@example.com respectively.
	    If you use a Windows SSPI-enabled curl binary and perform  Kerberos	    V5, Negotiate,  NTLM or  Digest authentication  then you  can  tell	    curl to select the username  and password from your environment  by	    specifying a single colon  with this option:  "-u :". If --user  is	     curl -u user:secret https://example.com
	    See also --netrc and --config.	    (HTTP) Specify the User-Agent  string to send  to the HTTP  server.	    To encode blanks  in the  string, surround the  string with  single	    quote marks. This header can also  be set with the --header or  the
	    If you give an empty argument to --user-agent (""), it  removes the	    header completely from the request.  If you prefer a blank  header,	    you can set it to a single space (" ").
	    By  default,   curl   uses  curl/VERSION,   such   as   User-Agent:	    curl/8.14.1. If --user-agent  is provided several  times, the  last	     curl -A "Agent 007" https://example.com
	    See also --header and --proxy-header.
    --variable <[%]name=text/@file>	    Set a  variable with  "name=content" or  "name@file" (where  "file"	    can be stdin if  set to a  single dash ("-")). The  name is a  case	    sensitive identifier that  must consist  of no  other letters  than	    a-z,  A-Z,  0-9  or  underscore.  The  specified  content  is  then	    associated with this identifier.
	    Setting the same  variable name again  overwrites the old  contents
	    The contents of  a variable can  be referenced  in a later  command	    line option when  that option  name is  prefixed with  "--expand-",	    and the name is used as "{{name}}".
	    --variable can import  environment variables into  the name  space.	    Opt to  either  require  the  environment variable  to  be  set  or	    provide a default value for the variable in case it is  not already
	    --variable %name imports the variable called "name" but exits  with	    an error  if  that environment  variable  is not  already  set.  To	    provide a default  value if  the environment variable  is not  set,	    use --variable  %name=content  or  --variable  %name@content.  Note	    that on  some systems -  but not  all -  environment variables  are
	    Added in curl 8.12.0: you can  get a byte range from the source  by	    appending "[start-end]" to the variable  name, where start and  end	    are byte offsets to include from the contents. For example,  asking	    for offset  "2-10"  means  offset two  to  offset  ten,  inclusive,	    resulting in 9 bytes in total. "2-2" means a single byte  at offset	    2. Not providing a  second number implies to  the end of data.  The	    start offset cannot  be larger than  the end  offset. Asking for  a	    range that is outside of the file size makes the  variable contents	    empty. For  example, getting  the first  one hundred  bytes from  a
		curl --variable "fraction[0-99]@filename"
	    Given a byte  range that has  no data results  in an empty  string.	    Asking for a range that is  larger than the content makes curl  use	    the piece of the data that exists.
	    To assign  a variable  using contents  from another  variable,  use	    --expand-variable. Like for example assigning a new variable  using
		curl --expand-variable "user={{firstname}} {{lastname}}"
	    When expanding variables,  curl supports  a set  of functions  that	    can make the variable contents more convenient to use. You  apply a	    function to a variable  expansion by adding  a colon and then  list	    the desired functions in a  comma-separated list that is  evaluated	    in a left-to-right order. Variable content holding null bytes  that	    are not encoded when expanded causes an error.
		removes all leading and trailing white space.
		    curl --expand-url https://example.com/{{var:trim}}
		outputs the content using JSON string quoting rules.
		    curl --expand-data {{data:json}} https://example.com
		shows the content URL (percent) encoded.
		    curl --expand-url https://example.com/{{path:url}}
		expands the variable base64 encoded
		    curl --expand-url https://example.com/{{var:b64}}
		decodes a base64  encoded character sequence.  If the  sequence		is not possible to decode, it instead outputs "[64dec-fail]"
		    curl --expand-url https://example.com/{{var:64dec}}
	    --variable can be used several times in a command line	     curl --variable name=smith --expand-url "https:\
	    Added in 8.3.0. See also --config.	    Make curl output verbose  information during the operation.  Useful	    for debugging and  seeing what's going  on under  the hood. A  line	    starting with  > means header  data sent  by curl,  < means  header	    data received by curl  that is hidden in  normal cases, and a  line	    starting with * means additional info provided by curl.
	    If you  only want  HTTP headers  in the  output, --show-headers  or	    --dump-header might be more suitable options.
	    Since curl 8.10, mentioning this  option several times in the  same	    argument increases  the  level of  the  trace output.  However,  as	    before, a single  --verbose or --no-verbose  reverts any  additions	    by previous "-vv" again. This means that "-vv -v" is  equivalent to	    a single  -v. This  avoids unwanted  verbosity when  the option  is	    mentioned in the command line and curl config files.
	    Using  it  twice,  e.g.  "-vv",  outputs  time  (--trace-time)  and	    transfer ids (--trace-ids),  as well  as enabling  tracing for  all	    protocols (--trace-config protocol).
	    Adding a third verbose  outputs transfer content (--trace-ascii  %)	    and   enables   tracing   of   more   components    (--trace-config
	    A  fourth   time   adds   tracing  of   all   network   components.	    (--trace-config network).
	    Any addition of the verbose option after that has no effect.
	    If you  think this  option does  not give  you  the right  details,	    consider using --trace  or --trace-ascii  instead. Or  use it  only	    once and use  --trace-config to trace  the specific components  you
	    When the  output  contains  protocol  headers,  those  lines  might	    include  carriage  return  (ASCII  code  13)  characters,  even  on	    platforms that  otherwise normally  only  use linefeed  to  signify	    line separations - as curl  shows the exact contents arriving  from	    use of  --next. Providing  --verbose multiple  times has  no  extra	    effect. Disable it again with --no-verbose.	     curl --verbose https://example.com
	    This option is mutually  exclusive with --trace and  --trace-ascii.	    See also --show-headers, --silent, --trace and --trace-ascii.	    Display information about curl and the libcurl version it uses.
	    The first  line includes  the  full version  of curl,  libcurl  and	    other 3rd party libraries linked with the executable.
	    This line may contain one or more TLS libraries. curl can  be built	    to support more  than one TLS  library which then  makes curl -  at	    start-up  -  select  which  particular  backend  to  use  for  this
	    If curl  supports more than  one TLS  library like  this, the  ones	    that are not  selected by  default are  listed within  parentheses.	    Thus, if  you  do  not  specify  which backend  to  use  (with  the	    "CURL_SSL_BACKEND" environment  variable)  the one  listed  without	    parentheses is  used. Such  builds also  have "MultiSSL"  set as  a
	    The second  line (starts  with "Release-Date:")  shows the  release
	    The third line (starts with "Protocols:") shows all protocols  that	    libcurl reports to support.
	    The fourth line (starts  with "Features:") shows specific  features	    libcurl reports to offer. Available features include:
		Support for the Alt-Svc: header is provided.
		This curl uses  asynchronous name  resolves. Asynchronous  name		resolves can be done  using either the  c-ares or the  threaded
		Support for automatic brotli compression over HTTP(S).
		curl was  built  with  support for  character  set  conversions
		This curl uses a  libcurl built with  Debug. This enables  more		error-tracking and  memory debugging  etc. For  curl-developers
		The  built-in  SASL   authentication  includes  extensions   to		support SCRAM because libcurl was built with libgsasl.
		HTTP/2 support has been built-in.
		HTTP/3 support has been built-in.
		This curl is built to support HTTPS proxy.
		This curl supports IDN - international domain names.
		You can use IPv6 with this.
		Kerberos V5 authentication is supported.
		This curl supports transfers of large files, files larger  than
		Automatic  decompression  (via  gzip,  deflate)  of  compressed		files over HTTP is supported.
		This curl supports multiple TLS backends.
		NTLM authentication is supported.
		NTLM delegation to  winbind helper is  supported. This  feature		was removed from curl in 8.8.0.
		PSL is short for  Public Suffix List  and means that this  curl		has been built with knowledge about "public suffixes".
		SPNEGO authentication is supported.
		SSL versions  of  various  protocols  are  supported,  such  as		HTTPS, FTPS, POP3S and so on.
		This build supports  TLS session export/import,  like with  the
		SRP (Secure Remote  Password) authentication  is supported  for
		Debug memory tracking is supported.
		Unicode support on Windows.
		Unix sockets support is provided.
		Automatic decompression  (via zstd)  of compressed  files  over
	    See also --help and --manual.
    --vlan-priority <priority>	    (All) Set VLAN priority as defined in IEEE 802.1Q.
	    This field is set on Ethernet level, and only works within  a local
	    The valid range  for <priority> is  0 to  7. If --vlan-priority  is	     curl --vlan-priority 4 https://example.com
	    Added in 8.9.0. See also --ip-tos.	    Make  curl  display  information   on  stdout  after  a   completed	    transfer. The format is a string that may contain plain  text mixed	    with any  number of variables.  The format  can be  specified as  a	    literal "string", or you can have curl read the format from  a file	    with "@filename" and  to tell curl  to read  the format from  stdin
	    The variables present in the  output format are substituted by  the	    value or  text  that  curl  thinks fit,  as  described  below.  All	    variables are specified as %{variable_name} and to output a  normal	    % you just write them as %%. You can output a newline by  using \n,	    a carriage return with \r and a tab space with \t.
	    The output is  by default written  to standard  output, but can  be	    changed with %{stderr} and %output{}.
	    Output HTTP header  values from the  transfer's most recent  server	    response by using %header{name} where name is the case  insensitive	    name of  the  header  (without  the  trailing  colon).  The  header	    contents are  exactly  as  delivered  over  the  network  but  with	    leading and trailing  whitespace and newlines  stripped off  (added
	    Select a specific target destination  file to write the output  to,	    by using  %output{name} (added  in curl  8.3.0) where  name is  the	    full filename.  The  output  following  that  instruction  is  then	    written to that file.  More than one  %output{} instruction can  be	    specified in the  same write-out argument.  If the filename  cannot	    be created,  curl leaves  the output  destination to  the one  used	    prior to the %output{}  instruction. Use %output{>>name} to  append	    data to an existing file.
	    This output  is done  independently  of if  the file  transfer  was
	    If the specified action or output specified with this option  fails	    in any way, it does not make curl return a (different) error.
	    NOTE: On Windows, the %-symbol  is a special symbol used to  expand	    environment variables. In  batch files, all  occurrences of %  must	    be doubled  when using  this  option to  properly escape.  If  this	    option is used at the command  prompt then the % cannot be  escaped	    and unintended expansion is possible.
	    The variables available are:
		Output the certificate  chain with details.  Supported only  by		the OpenSSL,  GnuTLS, Schannel,  Rustls, and  Secure  Transport
		The connection  identifier  last  used  by  the  transfer.  The		connection id is unique number among all connections using  the		same connection cache. (Added in 8.2.0)
		The Content-Type of the requested document, if there was any.
		The error message. (Added in 7.75.0)
		The numerical exit code of the transfer. (Added in 7.75.0)
		The ultimate filename  that curl  writes out to.  This is  only		meaningful if  curl  is  told  to  write to  a  file  with  the		--remote-name  or  --output  option.  It  is  most  useful   in		combination with the --remote-header-name option.
		The initial  path  curl ended  up in  when  logging on  to  the
		The value  of header  "name" from  the transfer's  most  recent		server response.  Unlike  other variables,  the  variable  name		"header" is not in  braces. For example "%header{date}".  Refer		to --write-out remarks. (Added in 7.84.0)
		A JSON object with  all HTTP response  headers from the  recent		transfer. Values are provided as  arrays, since in the case  of		multiple headers  there  can  be  multiple  values.  (Added  in
		The header  names provided  in lowercase,  listed in  order  of		appearance over the wire.  Except for duplicated headers.  They		are grouped on the first occurrence of that header, each  value		is presented in the JSON array.
		The  numerical  response  code  that  was  found  in  the  last		retrieved HTTP(S) or FTP(s) transfer.
		The numerical code that was found in the last response  (from a		proxy) to a curl CONNECT request.
		The http version that was effectively used.
		A JSON object with all available keys. (Added in 7.70.0)
		The IP  address of  the local  end of  the  most recently  done		connection - can be either IPv4 or IPv6.
		The local port number of the most recently done connection.
		The http method used  in the most  recent HTTP request.  (Added
		Number of server  certificates received in  the TLS  handshake.		Supported only  by the  OpenSSL, GnuTLS,  Schannel, Rustls  and		Secure Transport backends. (Added in 7.88.0)
		Number of new connects made in the recent transfer.
		The number  of  response headers  in  the most  recent  request		(restarted at each redirect). Note that the status line IS  NOT
		Number of redirects that were followed in the request.
		Number of retries  actually performed when  "--retry" has  been
		The rest of the output  is only shown if the transfer  returned		a non-zero error. (Added in 7.75.0)
		From this point on,  the --write-out output  is written to  the		filename specified  in braces.  The  filename can  be  prefixed		with ">>" to append  to the file.  Unlike other variables,  the		variable  name  "output"   is  not  in   braces.  For   example		"%output{>>stats.txt}". Refer  to --write-out  remarks.  (Added
		The  result  of   the  HTTPS  proxy's   SSL  peer   certificate		verification that was requested.  0 means the verification  was
		Returns 1 if the previous  transfer used a proxy, otherwise  0.		Useful to for example determine if a "NOPROXY" pattern  matched		the hostname or not. (Added in 8.7.0)
		When an  HTTP request  was made  without --location  to  follow		redirects (or when  --max-redirs is met),  this variable  shows		the actual URL a redirect would have gone to.
		The Referer: header, if there was any. (Added in 7.76.0)
		The remote IP address  of the most  recently done connection  -
		The remote port number of the most recently done connection.		transfer (formerly known as "http_code").
		The  URL   scheme   (sometimes  called   protocol)   that   was
		The total amount  of bytes  that were downloaded.  This is  the		size of the body/data that was transferred, excluding headers.
		The total amount of bytes of the downloaded headers.
		The total amount of bytes that were sent in the HTTP request.
		The total amount of bytes that were uploaded. This is  the size		of the body/data that was transferred, excluding headers.
		The average download speed that curl measured for the  complete
		The average upload  speed that curl  measured for the  complete
		The result of  the SSL peer  certificate verification that  was		requested. 0 means the verification was successful.
		From this  point  on,  the --write-out  output  is  written  to		standard error. (Added in 7.63.0)		standard output.  This  is the  default,  but can  be  used  to		switch back after switching to stderr. (Added in 7.63.0)
		The  time, in  seconds,  it  took  from  the  start  until  the		SSL/SSH/etc  connect/handshake   to   the   remote   host   was
		The time,  in seconds, it  took from  the start  until the  TCP		connect to the remote host (or proxy) was completed.
		The time, in  seconds, it took  from the  start until the  name
		The time it took from the start until the last byte is  sent by		libcurl. In microseconds. (Added in 8.10.0)
		The time, in  seconds, it took  from the  start until the  file		transfer  was   just  about   to  begin.   This  includes   all		pre-transfer commands  and negotiations  that are  specific  to		the particular protocol(s) involved.
		The time, in seconds, the  transfer was queued during its  run.		This adds the queue time  for each redirect step that may  have		happened. Transfers may  be queued for  significant amounts  of		time when connection  or parallel limits  are in place.  (Added
		The time,  in  seconds,  it  took  for  all  redirection  steps		including  name  lookup,  connect,  pretransfer  and   transfer		before  the  final  transaction  was  started.  "time_redirect"		shows the complete execution time for multiple redirections.
		The time, in seconds,  it took from  the start until the  first		byte was received. This includes time_pretransfer and also  the		time the server needed to calculate the result.
		The total time, in seconds, that the full operation lasted.
		The amount of bytes that were sent as TLSv1.3 early  data. This		is 0 if this TLS feature was not used and negative if  the data		sent had been rejected by the server. The use of early  data is		enabled via the command  line option "--tls-earlydata".  (Added
		The URL that was fetched. (Added in 7.75.0)
		The scheme part of the URL that was fetched. (Added in 8.1.0)
		The user part of the URL that was fetched. (Added in 8.1.0)
		The password  part  of the  URL  that was  fetched.  (Added  in
		The options part of the URL that was fetched. (Added in 8.1.0)
		The host part of the URL that was fetched. (Added in 8.1.0)
		The port number of the URL that was fetched. If no  port number		was specified  and  the  URL scheme  is  known,  that  scheme's		default port number is shown. (Added in 8.1.0)
		The path part of the URL that was fetched. (Added in 8.1.0)
		The query part of the URL that was fetched. (Added in 8.1.0)
		The fragment  part  of the  URL  that was  fetched.  (Added  in
		The zone id part of the URL that was fetched. (Added in 8.1.0)
		The scheme part of the  effective (last) URL that was  fetched.
		The user part  of the  effective (last) URL  that was  fetched.
		The  password  part  of  the  effective  (last)  URL  that  was
		The options part of the effective (last) URL that was  fetched.
		The host part  of the  effective (last) URL  that was  fetched.
		The port number of the  effective (last) URL that was  fetched.		If no port number was  specified, but the URL scheme is  known,		that scheme's default port number is shown. (Added in 8.1.0)
		The path part  of the  effective (last) URL  that was  fetched.
		The query part of  the effective (last)  URL that was  fetched.
		The  fragment  part  of  the  effective  (last)  URL  that  was
		The zone id part of the effective (last) URL that  was fetched.
		The URL  index number  of this  transfer, 0-indexed.  Unglobbed		URLs share the  same index  number as the  origin globbed  URL.
		The URL that was fetched  last. This is most meaningful if  you		have told curl to follow location: headers.
		The numerical identifier of  the last transfer  done. -1 if  no		transfer has been started yet  for the handle. The transfer  id		is  unique  among  all  transfers  performed  using  the   same		connection cache. (Added in 8.2.0)
	    If --write-out is  provided several  times, the last  set value  is	     curl -w '%{response_code}\n' https://example.com
	    See also --verbose and --head.	    Store metadata in the extended file attributes.
	    When saving output to a file,  tell curl to store file metadata  in	    extended file  attributes.  Currently,  "curl"  is  stored  in  the	    "creator" attribute,  the URL  is  stored in  the  "xdg.origin.url"	    attribute  and, for  HTTP,  the  content  type  is  stored  in  the	    "mime_type"  attribute.  If  the  file  system  does  not   support	    extended  attributes,  a  warning  is  issued.  Providing   --xattr	     curl --xattr -o storage https://example.com
	    See also --remote-time, --write-out and --verbose.
    Default config file, see --config for details.
    The environment variables  can be specified  in lower  case or upper  case.    The lower case version has  precedence. "http_proxy" is an exception as  it    is only available in lower case.
    Using an  environment variable  to set  the proxy  has the  same effect  as
    http_proxy [protocol://]<host>[:port]
	Sets the proxy server to use for HTTP.
    HTTPS_PROXY [protocol://]<host>[:port]
	Sets the proxy server to use for HTTPS.
    [url-protocol]_PROXY [protocol://]<host>[:port]
	Sets the proxy server to use for [url-protocol], where the  protocol is	a protocol that  curl supports and  as specified in  a URL. FTP,  FTPS,
    ALL_PROXY [protocol://]<host>[:port]
	Sets the proxy server to use if no protocol-specific proxy is set.
    NO_PROXY <comma-separated list of hosts/domains>
	list of hostnames that  should not go through any  proxy. If set to  an	asterisk '*' only,  it matches  all hosts.  Each name in  this list  is	matched as either  a domain name  which contains  the hostname, or  the
	This  environment  variable  disables  use  of  the  proxy  even   when	specified with the --proxy option. That is
	    NO_PROXY=direct.example.com curl -x http://proxy.example.com	    http://direct.example.com
	accesses the target URL directly, and	    http://somewhere.example.com
	accesses the target URL through the proxy.
	The list  of hostnames  can also  include numerical  IP addresses,  and	IPv6 versions should then be given without enclosing brackets.
	IP addresses can be  specified using CIDR  notation: an appended  slash	and number specifies the  number of "network  bits" out of the  address	to  use   in   the   comparison  (added   in   7.86.0).   For   example	"192.168.0.0/16" would match all addresses starting with "192.168".
	On Windows,  this  variable  is  used  when trying  to  find  the  home	directory. If the primary home variables are all unset.
	If set,  the specified number  of characters  is used  as the  terminal	width when  the alternative  progress-bar is  shown. If  not set,  curl	tries to figure it out using other ways.
	If set, it is used as the --cacert value. This environment  variable is	ignored if Schannel is used as the TLS backend.
	If set, is the first variable curl checks when trying to find  its home	directory. If not set, it continues to check XDG_CONFIG_HOME
    CURL_SSL_BACKEND <TLS backend>
	If curl  was built with  support for  "MultiSSL", meaning  that it  has	built-in support  for  more  than one  TLS  backend,  this  environment	variable can  be set to  the case  insensitive name  of the  particular	backend to  use when curl  is invoked.  Setting a  name that  is not  a	built-in alternative makes curl stay with the default.
	SSL  backend  names   (case-insensitive):  bearssl,  gnutls,   mbedtls,	openssl, rustls, schannel, secure-transport, wolfssl
	If set, this is  used to find the home  directory when that is  needed.	Like  when   looking   for   the   default   .curlrc.   CURL_HOME   and	XDG_CONFIG_HOME have preference.
	If curl  was  built  with  HTTP/3  support,  setting  this  environment	variable  to a  local  directory  makes  curl  produce  qlogs  in  that	directory, using file names named  after the destination connection  id	(in hex). Do note that these files can become rather large.  Works with	the ngtcp2 and quiche QUIC backends.
	Used on VMS when trying to detect if using a DCL or a Unix shell.
	If set, it is used as the --capath value. This environment  variable is
	If you set  this environment variable  to a  filename, curl stores  TLS	secrets from its connections  in that file  when invoked to enable  you	to analyze the TLS traffic  in real time using network analyzing  tools	such  as  Wireshark.  This  works  with  the  following  TLS  backends:	OpenSSL,  LibreSSL  (TLS  1.2  max),  BoringSSL,  GnuTLS,  wolfSSL  and	directory. If  the other,  primary, variables  are all  unset. If  set,	curl uses the path "$USERPROFILE\Application Data".
	If CURL_HOME is not  set, this variable is  checked when looking for  a
    The proxy  string may be  specified with  a protocol://  prefix to  specify    alternative proxy protocols.
    If no protocol is specified in the  proxy string or if the string does  not    match a supported one, the proxy is treated as an HTTP proxy.
    The supported proxy protocol prefixes are as follows:
	Makes it use it as  an HTTP proxy. The  default if no scheme prefix  is
	Makes it treated as an HTTPS proxy.
	Makes it the equivalent of --socks4
	Makes it the equivalent of --socks4a
	Makes it the equivalent of --socks5
	Makes it the equivalent of --socks5-hostname
    There are a bunch  of different error  codes and their corresponding  error    messages that  may  appear under  error conditions.  At  the time  of  this    writing, the exit codes are:
	Success.  The  operation  completed   successfully  according  to   the
	Unsupported protocol.  This  build of  curl  has no  support  for  this
	URL malformed. The syntax was not correct.
	A feature or option that was needed to perform the desired  request was	not enabled  or was  explicitly disabled  at build-time.  To make  curl	able to do this, you probably need another build of libcurl.
	Could not resolve proxy. The given proxy host could not be resolved.
	Could not resolve host. The given remote host could not be resolved.
	Weird server reply. The server sent data curl could not parse.
	FTP access  denied. The server  denied login  or denied  access to  the	particular resource or directory  you wanted to  reach. Most often  you	tried to change to a directory that does not exist on the server.
	FTP accept failed. While  waiting for the  server to connect back  when	an active FTP session is used, an error code was sent over  the control
	FTP weird PASS reply. curl could  not parse the reply sent to the  PASS
	During an active FTP  session while waiting  for the server to  connect	back to curl, the timeout expired.
	FTP weird PASV reply, curl could  not parse the reply sent to the  PASV
	FTP weird  227 format. curl  could not  parse the  227-line the  server
	FTP cannot  use host.  Could not  resolve the  host IP  we  got in  the
	HTTP/2 error. A problem was  detected in the HTTP2 framing layer.  This	is somewhat generic  and can be  one out of  several problems, see  the
	FTP could not set binary. Could not change transfer method to binary.
	Partial file. Only a part of the file was transferred.
	FTP could not  download/access the  given file, the  RETR (or  similar)
	FTP quote error. A quote command returned error from the server.
	HTTP page not retrieved.  The requested URL  was not found or  returned	another error with the HTTP error code being 400 or above.  This return	code only appears if --fail is used.
	Write error.  curl  could  not write  data  to a  local  filesystem  or
	Failed starting the upload.  For FTP, the  server typically denied  the
	Read error. Various reading problems.
	Out of memory. A memory allocation request failed.
	Operation timeout. The specified time-out period was reached  according
	FTP PORT failed. The PORT  command failed. Not all FTP servers  support	the PORT command, try doing a transfer using PASV instead.
	FTP could not use REST. The  REST command failed. This command is  used
	HTTP range error. The range "command" did not work.
	HTTP post error. Internal post-request generation error.
	SSL connect error. The SSL handshaking failed.
	Bad download resume. Could not continue an earlier aborted download.
	FILE could not read file. Failed to open the file. Permissions?
	LDAP cannot bind. LDAP bind operation failed.
	Function not found. A required LDAP function was not found.
	Aborted by callback. An application told curl to abort the operation.
	Internal error. A function was called with a bad parameter.
	Interface error. A specified outgoing interface could not be used.
	Too many  redirects. When  following redirects,  curl hit  the  maximum
	Unknown option specified to libcurl.  This indicates that you passed  a	weird option to curl that was  passed on to libcurl and rejected.  Read
	The server did not reply anything, which here is considered an error.
	SSL crypto engine not found.
	Cannot set SSL crypto engine as default.
	Failed sending network data.
	Failure in receiving network data.
	Problem with the local certificate.
	Could not use specified SSL cipher.
	Peer certificate cannot be authenticated with known CA certificates.
	Unrecognized transfer encoding.
	Requested FTP SSL level failed.
	Sending the data requires a rewind that failed.
	Failed to initialize SSL Engine.
	The username, password, or similar was not accepted and curl  failed to
	File not found on TFTP server.
	Permission problem on TFTP server.
	Out of disk space on TFTP server.
	Problem reading the SSL CA cert (path? access rights?).
	The resource referenced in the URL does not exist.
	An unspecified error occurred during the SSH session.
	Failed to shut down the SSL connection.
	Could not load CRL file, missing or wrong format.
	The FTP PRET command failed.
	Mismatch of RTSP CSeq numbers.
	Mismatch of RTSP Session Identifiers.
	Unable to parse FTP file list.
	FTP chunk callback reported error.
	No connection available, the session is queued.
	SSL public key does not match pinned public key.
	Invalid SSL certificate status.
	Stream error in HTTP/2 framing layer.
	An API function was called from inside a callback.
	An authentication function returned an error.
	A problem was detected  in the HTTP/3  layer. This is somewhat  generic	and can  be one  out of  several problems,  see the  error message  for
	QUIC connection  error. This  error may  be caused  by  an SSL  library	error. QUIC is the protocol used for HTTP/3 transfers.
	A client-side certificate is required to complete the TLS handshake.
	Poll or select returned fatal error.
	A value or data field grew larger than allowed.
	More error codes  might appear  here in future  releases. The  existing	ones are meant to never change.
    If you experience any problems with curl, submit an issue in  the project's    bug tracker on GitHub: https://github.com/curl/curl/issues
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�H��t1��|(�/@��H��H�T$L��H)�H4$�e	��������h����c����AWAVAUATUSH��HH�H�t$dH�%(H�D$81�H�H��;��I��H����H�l$���I��H���H��H�5�`�Ͻ��H�D�#A��"��A��'��H�5t`H���%��I��H���YH�5Y`L��芽��L�I�E�;/u�{~u�{/�LfDL��H��H��H)��g��uH���	H�L$H�1�H�L$8dH3%(�CH��H[]A\A]A^A_�fDH��E1�E1�fDB�3A8�����tD��H�<\u<A�wI��H����"<:vH�����f�H�!H��sغH������Z���E�wH��M���ܼ��I9��{���H���	H��t�E��H�53_J�<#�c���I�H�I�M���������fDH��舼��L�$����A���L��H���7�������H�5DH����������H��������DAWI��AVI��AUI��ATM��U��SL��H��I�I�H��uH�����I��H���������I�WH��H��H�8V#H��H�<��H���RH��I����DA�H��I��I������A�T�Q�A�V�A�v���@����0@��	�Hc�A�T�Q�A�V�A�v���@����<@��	�Hc�A�T�Q�A�V���?A�T�Q�I���z���M��t^A�����A�T�A���I��tvA�v��0@��@��	�Hc�A�T�QA�V����<A�T�Q@��t/@�iH���H)�I�$1�H�H��[]A\A]A^A_�f�H����f.���0A�T�Q@��u#H���f�H���[]A\A]A^A_�@�iH��@�i��ff.���AWAVAUI��ATI��USH��H��(dH�%(H��$1�H�H����H�¸=H��t(I��A��uH�1�y�=uBH��H��H��u�=H��$dH3<%(��H��([]A\A]A^A_�fDH��1�H����H��L�<RH)�H��S#I)�H�L$I��H����fo
�[fo�[fv�fo�[H�L$)D$0fo%�[fo-�[)D$)�$�)D$ )�$�)�$�)�$�)�$�)�$�)�$�)�$�)�$L$;T$K\$[d$kl${H����L�II��I�H�s1�H���S��T�������	�H9�u���A�H��I��A�X�H��A�H�M9�u�H��t@H�~1��H����=tA�L���tK��	�H9�u�H��u��A�Y��A�I)�I��A�I�E1�M�<$�M���I����L9�s��H��H�NR#��=�#���f.������I��H���_������fD��I��I��H��H��H�=�Z�=�o���ff.�@��I��I��H��H��H�=iZ1��B���f�AWI��AVAUATUSH��H��L�wH�oH�?M�$I�t$H9���H�CI��H��tcH��H9�sH�H9�w�H9�HG�H9�tH�]Q#H��H��H����H�H�kM��u@L�c1�B�'H��[]A\A]A^A_�fDH��v�H��H��w�� �f.�L�L��L��袾��H�;�DH��P#�H��dH�CH�CH��[]A\A]A^A_�@H��P#H�;�H��H�CH�C�N�����H�H�GH�GH�w���H�]P#SH��H�?�H�H�CH�C[���H�tH��H�G�fD��ATA�+USH�GH9�r#A�tH��u$H��tH��H�GE1�D��[]A\�fDH��H�?H��H)�H��H�4���H�EH�]�D��[]A\�ff.�����������UH��H��SH��H������H��H��H��[H��]���@��H�����1҅�t����dDЉ�H���fD��H���H�T$0H�L$8L�D$@L�L$H��t7)D$P)L$`)T$p)�$�)�$�)�$�)�$�)�$�dH�%(H�D$1�H��$�H���$H�D$H�D$ �D$0H�D$�(���1҅�t����dD�H�L$dH3%(��uH����������H�����H�WH�H�H�H�GH�G�f.���H�����H�G�����+H9wr
H�H�w�01����U1҉�1�S���H��褶����xA�����������8�t1�H��[]��€�߾����D�H��1�[]�_�����������UA�9SH�Ӄ�
t��A�f�7DE�L�H��A���/~aD9�\��0H�-wVHc��T��tFHc�E1�H9�~f�!fDA�</~xD9�s��0H��T��teL�Ƀ�I��I�L9�}Ҹ[]�f�L��A�H��M�</~5D9�0��0H��T��t"I��H��I��A��L)�H�H��L9�}��DL�1�[L�]�ff.�f���H�H�G�ff.����H�7H�W�@��L�E1�H�H�F�D��tI��I��I9�w'A�8�u�M��tH�L�NH�1�L��D��f���H�E1�H�H�F�DI��H��L9�r#��u�M��tH�L�FH�1�H��@��f.���L�1�H�A�$H�F�
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w�I��s�H��tH�H�NH�1�L����f���H�H��H�F�9"u1H��E1�f�D�E��tA��"tI��H��I9�v��fD�A��"u�H�H��L�NH��H�1�H��D��H��@82u	H��1�H��D��H���: u	H��1�H��D���
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t�fDH��1�H��fD��U1�H��SH��H��H��tH���1���H��1�H9UtH��[]��H�}H���������H����[]�ff.�f���H��t'UH��H��SH��H���Ӯ��H��1�H9UtH��[]Ð1�H����DH�}H���T�������H����[]�D��H�W�H9�s�DH)�H71�H�W�ff.���ATI��UH��H��SH�H��质��H��u[H�E�H�E]A\�DH�]H�H�E1�I�$[]A\�f.���L�GM��t{H�7�< t<	unN�H��fDH��L��H)�H�H�H�OI9�tG��� t߀�	t�H�Q��L��� t��	u'�H�WH��tH����� t�	t��@�L��H���ff.�@��H���� t��	u H���H��H���� t�	t��f.����H��x_H��tZH��t=H��S㥛� H��H��H��H��?H��H)�H��H�Hi��H)�Hi��H�w�H�H��H�G�D1��D��H�OHi7�H��S㥛� H��H��?H��H��H)�H�Ð��S�H��0dH�%(H�D$(1�H�\$H�������uAH�L$H�t$H��S㥛� H��H��?H��H��)�H�|$(dH3<%(H��u/H��0[�@H�޿裵����t�1�H���5���H�4$�T$�趹��fD��H��������H)�H��S㥛� H9�:H�
�Zd;�H9�|!)�Hi����Mb����)�Hc�H��H���D��H��������H)�H��S㥛� H9�@H�
�Zd;�H9�|')�Hi����Mb�������)�Hc�H��H���ff.�@��H��������H)�H��Z�{cH9�-H��/�����H9�|Hi�@BHc�Hc�H�H)��H���f������f�����%����@��H���������f�����%����@�����f������f���H��H��?���H��������%����@�����f���Hc�����H�UUUUUUUUH��H��H!�H�33333333H)�H��H��H!�H!�H�H�H��H��H�H!�H�H��H��8���H��H���[clearmapersist# Your alt-svc cache. https://curl.se/docs/alt-svc.html
# This file was generated by libcurl! Edit at your own risk.
%s %s%s%s %u %s %s%s%s %u "%d%02d%02d %02d:%02d:%02d" %u %u
Bad alt-svc hostname, ignoring.Bad alt-svc IPv6 hostname, ignoring.Unknown alt-svc port number, ignoring.Added alt-svc: %.*s:%d over %sresolve, destroy async data, shared ref=%dthreaded: is_resolved(), already done, dns=%sfoundis_resolved() result=%d, dns=%sfoundresolve, wait for thread to finishinit threaded resolve of %s:%dstarting new resolve, with previous not cleaned upresolve thread started for of %s:%dresolve thread failed init: %dgetaddrinfo() thread failed to startnot new tunnel state 'connect'new tunnel state 'receive'new tunnel state 'response'CONNECT phase completednew tunnel state 'failed'destroycloseconnectallocate connect bufferCONNECT startCONNECT sendCONNECT receiveProxy CONNECT abortedchunk reading DONECONNECT response too largeIgnore chunked response-bodyWWW-Authenticate:Proxy-authenticate:CONNECT: fwd auth header '%s'Content-Length:Transfer-Encoding:CONNECT responded chunkedProxy-Connection:HTTP/1.CONNECT responseCONNECT need to close+openConnect me again pleaseH1-PROXYnew tunnel state 'established'%s cannot be done over CONNECTProxy CONNECT aborted due to timeoutEstablish HTTP proxy tunnel to %sFailed sending CONNECT to proxyProxy CONNECT connection closedIgnore %ld bytes of response-bodyCONNECT: no content-length or chunkedIgnoring Content-Length in CONNECT %03d responseUnsupported Content-Length valueIgnoring Transfer-Encoding in CONNECT %03d responseCONNECT tunnel failed, response %dCONNECT tunnel established, response %d�����@�@���[0] %zu bytes to nghttp2 -> %zdprocess_pending_input: nghttp2_session_mem_recv() returned %zd:%s[0] all data in connection buffer processed[0] process_pending_input: %zu bytes left in connection buffer[0] nghttp2_session_send error (%s)%d[0] flush nw send buffer(%zu) -> EAGAIN[0] process %zu bytes in connection buffer[0] read %zu bytes nw data -> %zd, %d[%d] proxy_h2_on_stream_close, %s (err %d)[%d] REFUSED_STREAM, try again on a new connectionHTTP/2 stream %u was not closed cleanly: %s (err %u)[%d] handle_tunnel_close -> %zd, %d[%d] tunnel_recv(len=%zu) -> %zd, %d[%d] cf_recv(len=%zu) -> %zd %dadjust_pollset, want_recv=%d want_send=%dnghttp2_submit_goaway() failed: %s(%d)[%d] header for non-tunnel stream: %.*s: %.*s[%d] tunnel_send_callback -> %zd[0] nw_in_reader(len=%zu) -> %zd, %d[0] conn alive -> %d, input_pending=%d[0] send: nothing to do in this session[%d] cf_send(len=%zu) -> %zd, %d, h2 windows %d-%d (stream-conn), buffers %zu-%zu (stream-conn)[%d] flush -> %d, h2 windows %d-%d (stream-conn), buffers %zu-%zu (stream-conn)[0] nw_out_writer(len=%zu) -> %zd, %dFRAME[DATA, len=%d, eos=%d, padlen=%d]FRAME[HEADERS, len=%d, hend=%d, eos=%d]FRAME[PRIORITY, len=%d, flags=%d]FRAME[RST_STREAM, len=%d, flags=%d, error=%u]FRAME[PUSH_PROMISE, len=%d, hend=%d]FRAME[GOAWAY, error=%d, reason='%s', last_stream=%d][%d] rcvd FRAME not for tunnelCouldn't initialize nghttp2 callbacksnghttp2_submit_settings() failed: %s(%d)nghttp2_session_set_local_window_size() failed: %s(%d)Establish HTTP/2 proxy tunnel to %snghttp2_session_upgrade2() failed: %s(%d)[%d] send, nghttp2_submit_request error: %s[%d] new tunnel state 'connect'[%d] new tunnel state 'failed'[%d] new tunnel state 'response'[%d] new tunnel state 'established'[0] CONNECT: fwd auth header '%s'[0] nw send buffer flushedFailed receiving HTTP2 data[%d] DRAIN select_bits=%xHTTP/2 stream %u was reset[%d] increase window by %zdshutdown:status[%d] status: HTTP/2 %03d[%d] header: %.*s: %.*sFailed sending HTTP2 dataneeds flushFRAME[SETTINGS, ack=1]FRAME[SETTINGS, len=%d]FRAME[PING, len=%d, ack=%d]FRAME[WINDOW_UPDATE, incr=%d]FRAME[%d, len=%d, flags=%d][%d] <- %s[%d] got http status: %d[%d] -> %sCouldn't initialize nghttp2[0] init proxy ctx -> %d[0] CONNECT start for %sWWW-AuthenticateProxy-Authenticate[%d] new tunnel state 'init'H2-PROXY���X��������������(�����8��w$���!��."���#��D)��TCP6TCP4PROXY UNKNOWN
PROXY %s %s %s %i %i
HAPROXYdeferred handshake %s: %dmsadjust_pollset -> %d socksconnect, initconnect, check %sconnect, all attempts failedconnect -> %d, done=%dadding wanted h3adding wanted h2adding wanted h1HTTPS-CONNECTconnect+handshake %s: %dms, 1st data: %dmsset next attempt to start in %umsall previous attempts failed, starting %shard timeout of %dms reached, starting %ssoft timeout of %dms reached, %s has not seen any data, starting %sis_alive: poll error, assume deadis_alive: poll timeout, assume aliveis_alive: err/hup/etc events, assume deadis_alive: valid events, looks aliveadjust_pollset, listening, POLLIN fd=%dadjust_pollset, !connected, POLLOUT fd=%dadjust_pollset, !active, POLLIN fd=%dsocket successfully bound to interface '%s'Couldn't bind to interface '%s' with errno %d: %sLocal Interface %s is ip %s using address family %iName '%s' family %i resolved to '%s' family %iCouldn't bind to '%s' with errno %d: %sBind to local port %d failed, trying nextgetsockname() failed with errno %d: %sssloc inet_ntop() failed with errno %d: %scurl_sa_addr inet_ntop() failed with errno %d: %sFailed to set SO_KEEPALIVE on fd %d: errno %dFailed to set TCP_KEEPIDLE on fd %d: errno %dFailed to set TCP_KEEPINTVL on fd %d: errno %dFailed to set TCP_KEEPCNT on fd %d: errno %dImmediate connect fail for %s: %scf_udp_connect(), open failed -> %d%s socket %d connected: [%s:%d] -> [%s:%d]cf_udp_connect(), opened socket=%d (%s:%d)cf_udp_connect(), opened socket=%d (unconnected)Failed to enable TCP Fast Open on fd %dconnect to %s port %u from %s port %d failed: %sAccept timeout occurred while waiting server connectChecking for incoming on fd=%d ip=%s:%dError while waiting for server connectReady to accept data connection from serverError accept()ing server connectnothing heard from the server yetConnection accepted from servergetpeername() failed with errno %d: %sssrem inet_ntop() failed with errno %d: %saccepted_set(sock=%d, remote=%s port=%d)set filter for listen socket fd=%d ip=%s:%dRecv failure: %srecv(len=%zu) -> %d, err=%dSend failure: %ssend(len=%zu) -> %d, err=%dcf_socket_shutdown, fd=%dCould not set TCP_NODELAY: %scf_socket_close, fd=%dLocal port: %hubind failed with errno %d: %s  Trying [%s]:%d...  Trying %s:%d...cf_socket_open() -> %d, fd=%dlocal address %s port %d...not connected yetsocket_check -> %xTCP-ACCEPTTCPifhost!host!if! secondaryshut down failed with %dshut down not done yetshut down successfullyrecv: no filter connectedsend: no filter connectedaddedconnect timeoutshutdown start on%s connectionCurl_conn_connect(block=%d) -> %d, done=%dCurl_conn_connect(), filter returned %dCurl_conn_connect(block=1), do pollCurl_conn_connect(block=1), Curl_poll() -> %d[CPOOL] not discarding #%ld still in use by %u transfers%s[CPOOL] destroy, %zu connections[CPOOL] added connection %ld. The cache now contains %zu membersDiscarding connection #%ld from %zu to reach destination limit of %zuDiscarding connection #%ld from %zu to reach total limit of %zuConnection pool is full, closing the oldest of %zu/%u[SHARE] closingshutting down%s connection #%ldclosing connection #%ldipv4ipv6query connect reply: %dmsunsupported transport type %dhttp/1.1Connection time-outcreated %s (timeout %ldms)%s done%s trying next%s starting (timeout=%ldms)all eyeballers failedConnected to %s (%s) port %uSETUPHAPPY-EYEBALLShaproxy protocol not support with SSL encryption in place (QUIC?)%s connect timeout after %ldms, move on!%s connect -> %d, connected=%dConnection timeout after %ld ms%s assess started=%d, result=%dFailed to connect to %s port %u after %ld ms: %sError while processing content unencoding: %sError while processing content unencoding: Unknown failure within decompression software.Unrecognized content encoding type. libcurl understands %s content encodings.decoder not requested, ignored: %.*sA Transfer-Encoding (%.*s) was listed after chunkedUnsolicited Transfer-Encoding (%.*s) foundReject response due to more than %u content encodingsignoring duplicate 'chunked' decoderReject response due to 'chunked' not being the last Transfer-Encoding1.2.11identitylooking for %s decoder: %.*sadded %s decoder %s -> %dce-errornonex-gzipdeflateTRUEFALSE#HttpOnly_%s%s%s	%s	%s	%s	%ld	%s	%sReplacedAdded;	
=;
cookie contains TAB, dropping__Secure-__Host-securehttponlydomainversionmax-ageexpires	
rbSet-Cookie:%s
libpsl problem, rejecting cookie for satetycookie '%s' dropped, domain '%s' must not set cookies for '%s'oversized cookie dropped, name/val %zu + %zu bytesinvalid octets in name/value, cookie droppedskipped cookie with bad tailmatch domain: %scookie '%s' for domain '%s' dropped, would overlay an existing cookie%s cookie %s="%s" for domain %s, path %s, expire %ldWARNING: failed to open cookie file "%s"ignoring failed cookie_init for %sIncluded max number of cookies (%zu) in request!# Netscape HTTP Cookie File
# https://curl.se/docs/http-cookies.html
# This file was generated by libcurl! Edit at your own risk.

WARNING: failed to save cookies in %s: %s���.���l����������������������h��[SHUTDOWN] shutdown, done=%dforce [SHUTDOWN] shutdown allbest effort done[SHUTDOWN] %sclosing connection #%ld[SHUTDOWN] trigger multi connchanged[SHUTDOWN] perform on %zu connections[SHUTDOWN] discarding oldest shutdown connection due to connection limit of %zu[SHUTDOWN] update events failed, discarding #%ld[SHUTDOWN] added #%ld to shutdowns, now %zu conns in shutdown[SHUTDOWN] shutdown finished cleanly[SHUTDOWN] shutdown finished, %s[SHUTDOWN] shutdown finished, aborted[SHUTDOWN] destroy, %zu connections, timeout=%dms%.*s. *�H��+KGS!@#$%PLAINSASL: %s not builtinSASL: %s is missing %sSASL: %s is missing usernameOAUTHBEARERXOAUTH2EXTERNALDIGEST-MD5CRAM-MD5CURLOPT_XOAUTH2_BEARERSCRAM-SHA-1SCRAM-SHA-256SASL: %s not supported by the platform/librariesUnsupported SASL authentication mechanismSASL: no auth mechanism was offered or recognizedSASL: no overlap between offered and configured auth mechanismsSASL: no auth mechanism offered could be selectedSASL: auth EXTERNAL not chosen with passwordP'���'���'���'��`'�� (���&���%���(���)���(��@&��`(���)��p)��X*��@)��[%ld-%ld] [%ld-x] [x-%ld] [x-x] [%s] [%s-%d] networkdohdnsSSLSSMTPINITPENDINGRESOLVINGTUNNELINGPROTOCONNECTPROTOCONNECTINGDODOINGDOING_MOREDIDPERFORMINGRATELIMITINGCOMPLETEDMSGSENTMULTILIB-IDS* < > { } { } * < > { } { } [OUT] paused, buffering %zu more bytes (%zu/%d)pause buffer not large enough -> CURLE_TOO_LARGE[OUT] wrote %zu %s bytes -> %zuWrite callback asked for PAUSE when not supported[OUT] PAUSE requested by clientclient returned ERROR on write of %zu bytesFailure writing output to destination, passed %zu returned %zd[OUT] unpause[OUT] donecw-out[PAUSE] flushed %zu/%zu bytes, type=%x -> %d[PAUSE] flushed 0/%zu bytes, type=%x -> %d[PAUSE] writing %zu/%zu bytes of type %x -> %d[PAUSE] buffer %zu more bytes of type %x, total=%zu -> %dcw-pausedefault!/MATCH:/M:/FIND:lookup word is missingFailed sending DICT request/DEFINE:/D:/LOOKUP:dictCLIENT libcurl 8.14.1
MATCH %s %s %s
QUIT
CLIENT libcurl 8.14.1
DEFINE %s %s
QUIT
CLIENT libcurl 8.14.1
%s
QUIT
ezm:doh-punknown sub request doneDoH request %shttpsAAAAbad error codeCould not DoH-resolve: %sDoH: %s type %s for %s[DoH] TTL: %u seconds[DoH] A: %u.%u.%u.%u%s%02x%02xCNAME: %sBad labelOut of rangeLabel loopToo smallOut of memoryRDATA lengthMalformatBad RCODEUnexpected TYPEUnexpected CLASSNo contentBad IDName too longa DoH request is completed, %u to goFailed to encode DoH packet [%d]Content-Type: application/dns-message%.*s: %.*s
Failed to get recent socketeasy handle already used in multi handleABSTRACT_UNIX_SOCKETACCEPTTIMEOUT_MSACCEPT_ENCODINGADDRESS_SCOPEALTSVCALTSVC_CTRLAUTOREFERERAWS_SIGV4CA_CACHE_TIMEOUTCERTINFOCHUNK_BGN_FUNCTIONCHUNK_DATACHUNK_END_FUNCTIONCLOSESOCKETDATACLOSESOCKETFUNCTIONCONNECTTIMEOUTCONNECTTIMEOUT_MSCONNECT_ONLYCONNECT_TOCONV_FROM_NETWORK_FUNCTIONCONV_FROM_UTF8_FUNCTIONCONV_TO_NETWORK_FUNCTIONCOOKIECOOKIEFILECOOKIEJARCOOKIELISTCOOKIESESSIONCOPYPOSTFIELDSCRLFCURLUCUSTOMREQUESTDEBUGDATADEBUGFUNCTIONDEFAULT_PROTOCOLDIRLISTONLYDISALLOW_USERNAME_IN_URLDNS_CACHE_TIMEOUTDNS_INTERFACEDNS_LOCAL_IP4DNS_LOCAL_IP6DNS_SERVERSDNS_SHUFFLE_ADDRESSESDNS_USE_GLOBAL_CACHEDOH_SSL_VERIFYHOSTDOH_SSL_VERIFYPEERDOH_SSL_VERIFYSTATUSDOH_URLECHEGDSOCKETERRORBUFFEREXPECT_100_TIMEOUT_MSFAILONERRORFILETIMEFNMATCH_DATAFNMATCH_FUNCTIONFOLLOWLOCATIONFORBID_REUSEFRESH_CONNECTFTPAPPENDFTPLISTONLYFTPPORTFTPSSLAUTHFTP_ACCOUNTFTP_ALTERNATIVE_TO_USERFTP_CREATE_MISSING_DIRSFTP_FILEMETHODFTP_RESPONSE_TIMEOUTFTP_SKIP_PASV_IPFTP_SSLFTP_SSL_CCCFTP_USE_EPRTFTP_USE_EPSVFTP_USE_PRETGSSAPI_DELEGATIONHAPPY_EYEBALLS_TIMEOUT_MSHAPROXYPROTOCOLHAPROXY_CLIENT_IPHEADERDATAHEADERFUNCTIONHEADEROPTHSTSHSTSREADDATAHSTSREADFUNCTIONHSTSWRITEDATAHSTSWRITEFUNCTIONHSTS_CTRLHTTP09_ALLOWEDHTTP200ALIASESHTTPAUTHHTTPGETHTTPHEADERHTTPPOSTHTTPPROXYTUNNELHTTP_CONTENT_DECODINGHTTP_TRANSFER_DECODINGHTTP_VERSIONIGNORE_CONTENT_LENGTHINFILEINFILESIZEINFILESIZE_LARGEINTERLEAVEDATAINTERLEAVEFUNCTIONIOCTLDATAIOCTLFUNCTIONIPRESOLVEKEEP_SENDING_ON_ERRORKRB4LEVELKRBLEVELLOCALPORTLOCALPORTRANGELOGIN_OPTIONSLOW_SPEED_LIMITLOW_SPEED_TIMEMAIL_AUTHMAIL_FROMMAIL_RCPTMAIL_RCPT_ALLLOWFAILSMAIL_RCPT_ALLOWFAILSMAXAGE_CONNMAXCONNECTSMAXFILESIZEMAXFILESIZE_LARGEMAXLIFETIME_CONNMAXREDIRSMAX_RECV_SPEED_LARGEMAX_SEND_SPEED_LARGEMIMEPOSTMIME_OPTIONSNETRCNETRC_FILENEW_DIRECTORY_PERMSNEW_FILE_PERMSNOBODYNOPROGRESSNOPROXYNOSIGNALOPENSOCKETDATAOPENSOCKETFUNCTIONPATH_AS_ISPIPEWAITPOST301POSTFIELDSIZEPOSTFIELDSIZE_LARGEPOSTQUOTEPOSTREDIRPREREQDATAPREREQFUNCTIONPRE_PROXYPRIVATEPROGRESSDATAPROGRESSFUNCTIONPROXYAUTHPROXYHEADERPROXYPASSWORDPROXYPORTPROXYTYPEPROXYUSERNAMEPROXYUSERPWDPROXY_CAINFOPROXY_CAINFO_BLOBPROXY_CAPATHPROXY_CRLFILEPROXY_ISSUERCERTPROXY_ISSUERCERT_BLOBPROXY_KEYPASSWDPROXY_PINNEDPUBLICKEYPROXY_SERVICE_NAMEPROXY_SSLCERTPROXY_SSLCERTTYPEPROXY_SSLCERT_BLOBPROXY_SSLKEYPROXY_SSLKEYTYPEPROXY_SSLKEY_BLOBPROXY_SSLVERSIONPROXY_SSL_CIPHER_LISTPROXY_SSL_OPTIONSPROXY_SSL_VERIFYHOSTPROXY_SSL_VERIFYPEERPROXY_TLS13_CIPHERSPROXY_TLSAUTH_PASSWORDPROXY_TLSAUTH_TYPEPROXY_TLSAUTH_USERNAMEPROXY_TRANSFER_MODEQUICK_EXITRANDOM_FILEREDIR_PROTOCOLSREDIR_PROTOCOLS_STRREQUEST_TARGETRESOLVER_START_DATARESOLVER_START_FUNCTIONRESUME_FROMRESUME_FROM_LARGERTSPHEADERRTSP_CLIENT_CSEQRTSP_REQUESTRTSP_SERVER_CSEQRTSP_SESSION_IDRTSP_STREAM_URIRTSP_TRANSPORTSASL_AUTHZIDSASL_IRSEEKDATASEEKFUNCTIONSERVER_RESPONSE_TIMEOUTSERVER_RESPONSE_TIMEOUT_MSSHARESOCKOPTDATASOCKOPTFUNCTIONSOCKS5_AUTHSOCKS5_GSSAPI_NECSOCKS5_GSSAPI_SERVICESSH_AUTH_TYPESSSH_COMPRESSIONSSH_HOSTKEYDATASSH_HOSTKEYFUNCTIONSSH_HOST_PUBLIC_KEY_MD5SSH_HOST_PUBLIC_KEY_SHA256SSH_KEYDATASSH_KEYFUNCTIONSSH_KNOWNHOSTSSSH_PRIVATE_KEYFILESSH_PUBLIC_KEYFILESSLCERTPASSWDSSLENGINESSLENGINE_DEFAULTSSLKEYPASSWDSSL_CTX_DATASSL_CTX_FUNCTIONSSL_EC_CURVESSSL_ENABLE_ALPNSSL_ENABLE_NPNSSL_FALSESTARTSSL_SESSIONID_CACHESSL_SIGNATURE_ALGORITHMSSTDERRSTREAM_DEPENDSSTREAM_DEPENDS_ESTREAM_WEIGHTSUPPRESS_CONNECT_HEADERSTCP_FASTOPENTCP_KEEPALIVETCP_KEEPCNTTCP_KEEPIDLETCP_KEEPINTVLTCP_NODELAYTELNETOPTIONSTFTP_BLKSIZETFTP_NO_OPTIONSTIMECONDITIONTIMEVALUE_LARGETRAILERDATATRAILERFUNCTIONTRANSFERTEXTTRANSFER_ENCODINGUNIX_SOCKET_PATHUNRESTRICTED_AUTHUPKEEP_INTERVAL_MSUPLOADUPLOAD_BUFFERSIZEUPLOAD_FLAGSUSERAGENTUSE_SSLVERBOSEWILDCARDMATCHWRITEHEADERWS_OPTIONSXFERINFODATAXFERINFOFUNCTIONmeta:proto:file:easyCouldn't open file %scannot open %s for writingcannot get the size of %sContent-Length: %ld
cannot get the size of file.Last-Modified: %s, %02d %s %4d %02d:%02d:%02d GMT
failed to resume file:// transferAccept-ranges: bytes
%s%s.tmpapplication/octet-streammultipart/form-data������������`���T���P�����������������������`��� ���p���0������������������[%s] -> [%s]meta:proto:ftp:connsending QUIT to close sessionQUIT[%s] ftp_domore_getsock()[%s] closing DATA connectionFailed EPSV attempt, exitingPASVAPPE %sSIZE %sCould not seek streamFailed to read datagetsockname() failed: %sbind(port=%hu) failed: %ssocket failure: %s%s |%d|%s|%hu|,%d,%dmeta:proto:ftp:easy;type=[%s] setup connection -> %dUSER %sPBSZ %dPASS %sACCT %sAccess denied: %03d[%s] ftp_state_retr()Maximum file size exceededREST %ldConnect data stream passivelyREST %dMDTM %sCWD %sNLSTPRET %sPRET STOR %sPRET RETR %sCouldn't set desired modeTYPE %cftp_initiate_transfer()We got a 421 - timeoutgetFTPResponse startFTP response timeoutGot 226 before data activityFTP code: %03d[%s] DO phase failed[%s] DO phase is complete2privatesecure login failedAuthentication successfulAUTH %sACCT rejected by server: %03dPROT %cSYSTEntry path is '%s'Failed to figure out pathOS/400SITE NAMEFMT 1QUOT command failed with %03dMKD %sFailed to MKD dir: %03dunsupported MDTM reply formatSkipping time comparisonThe file does not existCouldn't use RESTWeirdly formatted EPSV replyBad PASV/EPSV response: %03dConnecting to %s (%s) port %ddisabling EPRT usageFailed to do PORTConnect data stream activelyMaxdownload = %ldGetting file with size: %ldRETR response: %03dFailed FTP upload: %0dWildcard - Parsing startedWildcard - START of "%s"[%s] DO phase starts[%s] DO phase is complete1ABORcontrol connection looks deadExceeded storage allocationNo data was receivedQUOT string not accepted: %s[%s] done, result=%dftp-lineconvftpsSTOPWAIT220PASSACCTPBSZPROTNAMEFMTRETR_PREQUOTESTOR_PREQUOTECWDMKDMDTMLIST_TYPERETR_TYPESTOR_TYPERETR_SIZESTOR_SIZERETR_RESTRETRSTORFailure sending QUIT command: %sin shutdown, waiting for server responseFailed EPSV attempt. Disabling EPSVFile already completely uploaded[%s] ftp_state_use_port(), opened socketbind(port=%hu) on non-local address failed: %s[%s] ftp_state_use_port(), socket bound to port %d[%s] ftp_state_use_port(), listening on %dFailure sending EPRT command: %sFailure sending PORT command: %sbind() failed, we ran out of portsfailed to resolve the address provided to PORT: %sACCT requested but none availableftp server does not support SIZEOffset (%ld) was beyond file size (%ld)File already completely downloadedInstructs server to resume from offset %ldGot a %03d response code instead of the assumed 200path contains control charactersUploading to a URL without a filenameRequest has same path as previous transferFTP response aborted due to select/poll error: %dgetFTPResponse -> result=%d, nread=%zd, ftpcode=%dThere is negative response in cache while serv connectCtrl conn has data while waiting for data conn[%s] DO-MORE phase ends with %dGot a %03d ftp-server response when 220 was expectedunsupported parameter to CURLOPT_FTPSSLAUTH: %dFailed to clear the command channel (CCC)[%s] protocol connect phase DONEServer denied you to change to the given directory%04d%02d%02d %02d:%02d:%02d GMTMDTM failed: file does not exist or permission problem, continuingThe requested document is not new enoughThe requested document is not old enoughPRET command not accepted: %03dIllegal port number in EPSV replySkip %u.%u.%u.%u for data connection, reuse %s insteadcannot resolve proxy host %s:%hucannot resolve new host %s:%huData conn was not available immediatelyCouldn't interpret the 227-responseWildcard - "%s" skipped by user[FTP] [%s] perform, DATA connection established[%s] perform, awaiting DATA connectRemembering we are in dir "%s"Failure sending ABOR command: %spartial download completed, closing connectionserver did not report OK, got %dUploaded unaligned file size (%ld out of %ld bytes)Received only partial file: %ld bytes��O������������K�����(����������������������H��m�����������������^��^��^��1��1�����d�����������P����(���p�0����� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ���
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��������.A%s?%sFailed sending Gopher requestgophersgopherToo many response headers, %d is maxheader_collect pushed(type=%x, len=%zu) -> %dInvalid response headerhds-collect\6:%uShuffling %i addresses(none)Host %s:%d was resolved.too many IP, cannot showIPv6: %sIPv4: %s (non-permanent)RESOLVE *:%ld using wildcard.onion.onion.127.0.0.1.localhost.localhost.::1Could not resolve %s: %sHostname in DNS cache was stale, zappedHostname in DNS cache does not have needed family, zappedResolve address '%s' found illegalCouldn't parse CURLOPT_RESOLVE entry '%s'RESOLVE %.*s:%ld - old addresses discardedAdded %.*s:%ld:%s to DNS cache%sHostname '%s' was found in DNS cacheNot resolving .onion address (RFC 7686)Hostname %s was found in DNS cacheincludesubdomainsunlimited%s%s "%s"
%d%02d%02d %02d:%02d:%02d# Your HSTS cache. https://curl.se/docs/hsts.html
# This file was generated by libcurl! Edit at your own risk.
%s%s "%d%02d%02d %02d:%02d:%02d"
NEGOTIATE send, Stick to %s instead of GETEmpty reply from serverDone waiting for 100-continueHTTP/If-Modified-SinceIf-Unmodified-SinceLast-ModifiedInvalid TIMEVALUEProxy-BasicNegotiateDigestServerProxyBearerProxy-authorizationAuthorization%sAuthorization: Basic %s
Authorization: Bearer %s
;:Forcing HTTP/1.1 for NTLMHostContent-TypeContent-LengthCookie%.*s:
Transfer-Encoding: chunked
; Accept: */*
Host:%s
Host: %s%s%s
Host: %s%s%s:%d
User-AgentAccept-EncodingRefererReferer: %s
Accept-Encoding: %s
AcceptRange: bytes=%s
Content-RangeContent-Range: bytes %s/%ld
%s http;type=%cAlt-UsedAlt-Used: %s:%d
Proxy-ConnectionCookie: ExpectExpect:Expect: 100-continue
HTTP request too large%s%s=%sHost:unexpected 101 response codeIgnoring the response-bodySimulate an HTTP 304 responsesetting size while ignoringRTSP/1.0Nul byte in headerHeader without colonAlt-Svc:Invalid Content-Length: valueContent-Encoding:Content-Type:keep-aliveContent-Range:Last-Modified:Location:Persistent-Auth:falseRetry-After:Strict-Transport-Security:Illegal STS header skippedTrailer:RTSP/Invalid status line:schemeset pseudo header %s to %s:method:authority:path 	
;,trailerscr-exp100Keep-AliveNeed to rewind upload for next request%s%sclose instead of sending %ld more bytes%s%sclose instead of sending unknown amount of more bytesSwitch to GET because of %d responseThe redirect target URL could not be parsed: %sClear auth, redirects to port from %u to %uClear auth, redirects scheme from %s to %sMaximum (%ld) redirects followedIssue another request to this URL: '%s'Drop custom request method for next request%s: %s, %02d %s %4d %02d:%02d:%02d GMT
%s auth using %s with user '%s'The requested URL returned error: %dNTLM authentication problem, ignoring.Ignoring duplicate digest auth header.Digest authentication problem, ignoring.Basic authentication problem, ignoring.Bearer authentication problem, ignoring.Proxy-Connection: Keep-Alive
Unable to resume from offset %ldsuppressing chunked transfer encoding on connection using HTTP version 2 or higherChunky upload is not supported by HTTP 1.0Content-Range: bytes 0-%ld/%ld
Content-Range: bytes %s%ld/%ld
 HTTP/%s
%s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s%sRestricted outgoing cookies due to header size, '%s' not sentContent-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
Connection: %s%sTE
TE: gzip
Too large response headers: %zu > %uLying server, not serving HTTP/2Unsupported response code in HTTP responseReceived 101, Switching to HTTP/2no chunk, no close, no size. Assume close to signal endConnection closure while negotiating auth (HTTP 1.0?)Refused WebSockets upgrade: %dGot HTTP failure 417 while waiting for a 100Got HTTP failure 417 while sending dataHTTP error before end of send, keep sendingHTTP error before end of send, stop sendingKeep sending data to get tossed awayThe entire document is already downloadedHTTP server does not seem to support byte ranges. Cannot resume.Unsupported HTTP/1 subversion in responseUnsupported HTTP version in responseVersion mismatch (from HTTP/%u to HTTP/%u)Unsupported HTTP version (%u.%d) in responseHTTP 1.0, assume close after bodyOverflow Content-Length: valueHTTP/1.0 connection set to keep aliveHTTP/1.0 proxy connection set to keep aliveHTTP/1.1 proxy connection set closeNegotiate: noauthpersist -> %d, header part: %sReceived HTTP/0.9 when not allowed�X��|X���X���X���X���X���X���X���X���X���X���X���X���X���X���X���X���X���X���X���X���X���X���X���X���X���X���X���X���X���X��lX��<���t���ܒ��t���t���t���t���t���t���t���t�������t���t���t�������t������$�������t���t������t���t���t���t���t���t���t���t���t���<���t���ܒ��t���t���t���t���t���t���t���t�������t���t���t�������t������$�������t���t������%s %s%s%s%s HTTP/1.%d
nghttp2 recv error %zd: %s[%d] local window size now %d[%d] Queuing PRIORITY[0] egress: wrote %zd bytes[%d] stream now %spaused[%d] RESET: %s (err %d)[%d] CLOSEDstream %u closed[0] ingress: read %zd bytes[0] progress ingress: done[%d] xfer write failed[%d] returning CLOSE[%d] returning ERR[%d] DRAIN closed stream[HTTP/2] [%d] [%.*s: %.*s][%d] submit -> %zd, %d (via h1 upgrade)created session via Upgrade[0] created h2 session%scf_connect() -> %d, %d, Internal NULL streamToo many PUSH_PROMISE headers[%d] trailer: %.*s: %.*s:status:%u
HTTP/2  
[%d] Data for unknown[%d] stream output paused[%d] stream output unpausednghttp2/%s[0] ENABLE_PUSH: %s[%d] No Curl_easy associated[%d] No stream_ctx set[%d] DATA, window=%d/%d[%d] PUSH_PROMISE receivedfailed to duplicate handlefailed to add handle to multierror setting up stream: %dGot PUSH_PROMISE, ignore ith2cprocess_pending_input: %zu bytes left in connection buffer[%d] nghttp2 set_local_window_size(%d) failed: %s(%d)[%d] nghttp2_submit_window_update() failed: %s(%d)[%d] local window update by %d[%d] nghttp2_session_set_local_window_size() failed: %s(%d)nghttp2_session_send error (%s)%dflush nw send buffer(%zu) -> EAGAIN[%d] premature DATA_DONE, RST streamflush -> %d, connection-window=%d, nw_send_buffer(%zu)[%d] error after response headers, but we did not want a body anyway, ignore: %s (err %u)HTTP/2 stream %u was closed cleanly, but before getting  all response header fields, treated as errorhandle_stream_close -> %zd, %d[%d] on_stream_close, no easy set on stream[%d] on_stream_close, not a GOOD easy on stream[%d] on_stream_close, GOOD easy but no streamhttp/2: failed to clear user_data for stream %u[%d] req_body_read(len=%zu) eos=%d -> %zd, %d[%d] discarding dataon closed stream with responsenghttp2_submit_ping() failed: %s(%d)nghttp2_session_send() failed: %s(%d)%zd bytes stray data read before trying h2 connectionconn alive -> %d, input_pending=%dprogress ingress, session is closedProcess %zu bytes in connection bufferFailed receiving HTTP2 data: %d(%s)[0] ingress: connection closed[0] progress ingress: inbufg=%zuError receiving HTTP2 header: %d(%s)[%d] stream_recv(len=%zu) -> %zd, %dhttp/2 recv on a transfer never opened or already cleared, mid=%u[%d] cf_recv(len=%zu) -> %zd %d, window=%d/%d, connection %d/%dsend request NOT allowed (via nghttp2)send: nghttp2_submit_request error (%s)%u[HTTP/2] [%d] OPENED stream for %s[HTTP/2] Warning: The cumulative length of all headers exceeds %d bytes and that could cause the stream to be rejected.[%d] cf_body_send last CHUNK -> %zd, %d, eos=%d[%d] cf_body_send(len=%zu) -> %zd, %d, eos=%dsend: nothing to do in this session[%d] cf_send(len=%zu) -> %zd, %d, eos=%d, h2 windows %d-%d (stream-conn), buffers %zu-%zu (stream-conn)cf_send(len=%zu) -> %zd, %d, connection-window=%d, nw_send_buffer(%zu)nghttp2 unexpectedly failed on pack_settings_payloadhttp/2: failed to set user_data for stream %u[%d] error %d writing %zu bytes of headers[HTTP2] [%d] received invalid frame: %s, error %d: %snghttp2 shuts down connection with error %d: %s[%d] error %d writing %zu bytes of data, RST-ing stream[0] MAX_CONCURRENT_STREAMS: %d[0] notify MAX_CONCURRENT_STREAMS: %ureceived GOAWAY, error=%u, last_stream=%u[%d] PUSH_PROMISE, failed to set url -> %d[%d] PUSH_PROMISE, denied by application -> %dpromise easy handle added to multi, mid=%u[%d] fail in PUSH_PROMISE received[%d] EOS frame with unfinished upload and HTTP status %d, abort upload by RSTConnection: Upgrade, HTTP2-Settings
Upgrade: %s
HTTP2-Settings: %s
Ignoring HTTP/2 prior knowledge due to proxyswitching connection to HTTP/2upgrading connection to HTTP/2error on copying HTTP Upgrade response: %dconnection buffer size could not take all data from HTTP Upgrade response header: copied=%zd, datalen=%zuCopied HTTP/2 data in stream buffer to connection buffer after upgrade: len=%zu����������0���X�������@����������,��$�����$�����$��$�����%20%%%02X&%s=aws:amzx-%.*s-content-sha256awss3x-%.*s-content-sha256: %s%Y%m%dT%H%M%SZX-%.*s-Datex-%.*s-date:%s

host:%s%s: %s
;s3-expresss3-outposts%s
%s
%s
%s
%s
%.*s%.*s4_request%s/%.*s/%.*s/%s%.*s4-HMAC-SHA256
%s
%s
%s%.*s4%saws_sigv4: Signature - %sCannot use sigv4 authentication with path-as-is flagfirst aws-sigv4 provider cannot be emptyaws-sigv4: service missing in parameters and hostnameaws_sigv4: picked service %.*s from hostaws-sigv4: region missing in parameters and hostnameaws_sigv4: picked region %.*s from hostaws_sigv4: Canonical request (enclosed in []) - [%s]aws_sigv4: String to sign (enclosed in []) - [%s]Authorization: %.*s4-HMAC-SHA256 Credential=%s/%s, SignedHeaders=%s, Signature=%s
%s%sUNSIGNED-PAYLOAD%zx
0

0
invalid chunk size: '%s'http_chunk, response completeToo long hexadecimal numberMalformed encoding foundBad content-encoding found%s in chunked-encodinghttp_chunk, made chunk of %zu bytes -> %dhttp_chunk, added last, empty chunkoperation aborted by trailing headers callbackMalformatted trailing header, skipping trailerhttp_chunk, added last chunk with trailers from client -> %dchunk hex-length longer than %dchunk hex-length char not a hex digit: 0x%xhttp_chunked, chunk start of %ld byteshttp_chunked, write %zu body bytes, %ld bytes in chunk remainhttp_chunk error, expected 0x0a, seeing 0x%uxIllegal or missing hexadecimal sequenceFailed reading the chunked-encoded streamLeftovers after chunking: %zu bytestransfer closed with outstanding read data remainingh4���6��6���5��h5��(5��5���4��4��X4���;���;���;���;���;���;��%sAuthorization: Digest %s
HTTPNegotiate auth restartedCurl_output_negotiate, no persistent authentication: cleanup existing context%sAuthorization: Negotiate %s
NTLM auth restartedNTLM handshake rejected%sAuthorization: NTLM %s
NTLM handshake failure (internal error)Authorization:HTTP-PROXYinstalling subfilter for HTTP/1.1CONNECT tunnel: HTTP/1.%d negotiatedinstalling subfilter for HTTP/2CONNECT tunnel: HTTP/2 negotiatedCONNECT tunnel: unsupported ALPN(%d) negotiated2.2.0%%%u%c%03dmeta:proto:imap:connLOGOUTmeta:proto:imap:easyUID FETCH %s BODY[%s]<%s>UID FETCH %s BODY[%s]Cannot FETCH without a UID.AUTHENTICATE %s %sAUTHENTICATE %sPREAUTHCAPABILITYSTORESELECTFETCHEXAMINESEARCHEXPUNGELSUBGETQUOTAROOTNOOPAUTH=+LOGINSEARCH %s() {%*]\"LIST "%s" *UIDVALIDITYMAILINDEXSECTIONPARTIALMime-VersionMime-Version: 1.0AnsweredDeletedDraftFlaggedSeen (APPEND %s%s {%ld}SELECT %sLOGIN %s %sLOGINDISABLEDSASL-IRSTARTTLSSTARTTLS not available.STARTTLS deniedAuthentication cancelledAccess denied. %cOK [UIDVALIDITY Select failedFound %ld bytes to downloadimapimapsUnexpected continuation responseCannot SEARCH without a query string.Cannot APPEND without a mailbox.Cannot APPEND with unknown input file sizeCannot SELECT without a mailbox.PREAUTH connection, already authenticatedGot unexpected imap-server responseMailbox UIDVALIDITY has changedWritten %zu bytes, %lu bytes are left for transferFailed to parse FETCH response.J`��J`��xb��J`��J`��J`��J`��`a���`��Pa��J`��J`��J`��0a���v���w��w���x���v��`x��8x��x���y���x�� z���v���v��x��ENC MIC PASS ACCT Send: %s%sgetsockname()AUTH GSSAPITrying against %sbase64-encoding: %sADAT %sADAT=base64-decoding: %sFailed realloc of size %zuTrying mechanism %s...PBSZ %uPBSZ=confidentialError importing service name %s@%sError creating security contextServer did not accept auth dataMechanism %s is not supported by the server (server returned ftp code: 504).Mechanism %s was rejected by the server (server returned ftp code: 534).server does not support the security extensionsTrying to change the protection level after the completion of the data exchange.Failed to set the protection's buffer size.Failed to set the protection level.CSEPCannot rewind mime/post data
----
operation aborted by callbackread error getting mime data.gifmultipart/mixed; filename="; name="; boundary=8bitattachmenttext/plainContent-Dispositionmultipart/Content-Type: %s%s%sContent-Transfer-EncodingContent-Transfer-Encoding: %s\\\"\""%22
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%0Aimage/gif.jpgimage/jpeg.jpeg.pngimage/png.svgimage/svg+xml.txt.htmtext/html.html.pdfapplication/pdf.xmlapplication/xmlcr-mime7bitbase64quoted-printable0����������P����@���@���@���ܫ��Բ��Ʊ��Ʊ��Ʊ��Բ��l���\�������(���������������p��0123456789ABCDEFCould only read %ld bytes from the mime postMime post already completely uploadedcr_mime_read(len=%zu) is errored -> %d, eos=0cr_mime_read(len=%zu) seen eos -> 0, eos=1cr_mime_read(len=%zu), small read, using tmpcr_mime_read(len=%zu), mime_read() -> %zdclient mime read EOF fail, only %ld/%ld of needed bytes readcr_mime_read(len=%zu), paused by callbackread function returned funny valuecr_mime_read(len=%zu, total=%ld, read=%ld) -> %d, %zu, %dContent-Disposition: %s%s%s%s%s%s%s----------------������������������ ��������H�����������������������������������������<��,����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������t��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������t����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������p��������������������0��������X��@����H������������������(nil)0123456789ABCDEF0123456789abcdef$@meta:proto:mqtt:easymeta:proto:mqtt:connGot DISCONNECTRemaining length: %zu bytesEEEE AAAAGAINserver disconnectedToo long MQTT topicmqtt_ping: sent ping request.mqtt_doing: state [%d]Connection disconnectedReceived ping response.State not handled yetUsing client id '%s'Username too long: [%zu]Password too long: [%zu]mqttNo MQTT topic found. Forgot to URL encode it?Expected %02x%02x but got %02x%02xClient ID length mismatched: [%zu]Error %d sending MQTT CONNECT request�����|�4���|�|�multi_done_locked, in use=%uCurl_multi_will_close fd=%dExpire clearedtransfer has no multi handletransfer buffer size is 0curl_multi_fdsetcurl_multi_waitfdsmulti_waitCurl_resolv_check() -> %d, %sDowngrades to HTTP/1.1sub xfer done for master %umaster easy %u already gone.multi_perform(running=%u)PENDING handle timeoutConnection still in use %u, no more multi_done now!multi_done, not reusing connection=%ld, forbid=%d, close=%d, premature=%d, conn_multiplex=%dConnection #%ld to host %s left intactmulti_getsock: unexpected multi state %d%s pollset[], timeouts=%zu, paused %d/%d (r/w)%s pollset[fd=%d %s%s], timeouts=%zu%s pollset[fd=%d %s%s, fd=%d %s%s], timeouts=%zu%s pollset[fds=%u], timeouts=%zuWARNING: no socket in pollset or timer, transfer may stall!Internal error removing splay node = %dInternal error clearing splay node = %dattempt to borrow xfer_buf when already borrowedcould not allocate xfer_buf of %zu bytestransfer upload buffer size is 0attempt to borrow xfer_ulbuf when already borrowedcould not allocate xfer_ulbuf of %zu bytesattempt to borrow xfer_sockbuf when already borrowedcould not allocate xfer_sockbuf of %zu bytesinvalid easy handle in xfer table for mid=%umulti_done: status: %d prem: %d done: %dResolving timed out after %ld millisecondsConnection timed out after %ld millisecondsOperation timed out after %ld milliseconds with %ld out of %ld bytes receivedOperation timed out after %ld milliseconds with %ld bytes receivedmulti_cleanup, closing admin handle, doneincreased xfer table size to %uadded to multi, mid=%u, running=%u, total=%uremoved from multi, mid=%u, running=%u, total=%umulti changed, check CONNECT_PEND queueoperation aborted by pre-request callbackmaster easy %u without sub_xfer_done callback.P��P��P��P�����������(��(��8��8��H��X��X��P��P��P��P���1���3���1���6���5���9��9��H9��X3���7���7��`7���6���3��p5���8���3���3��ev %s, call(fd=%d, ev=REMOVE)ev assessmeta:mev:psev new entry fd=%dlast user gonesocket doneev update fd=%d, action '%s%s' -> '%s%s' (%d/%d r/w)ev update call(fd=%d, ev=%s%s)ev entry fd=%d, added %s #%ld, total=%u/%d (xfer/conn)ev entry fd=%d, conn lost interest but is not registeredev entry fd=%d, transfer lost interest but is not registeredev entry fd=%d, removed transfer, total=%u/%d (xfer/conn)macdefmachineloginno such fileno matching entryout of memorysyntax errorHOME%s%s.netrcmeta:proto:ldap:connmeta:proto:ldap:easyDN: 	;binarybad URLurl parsing problemLDAP local: %s(objectclass=*)%s://%s%s%s:%dsuccessbad parameterunrecognized schemeunbalanced delimiterbad host or portbad or missing attributesbad or missing scopebad or missing filterbad or missing extensionssupportedSASLMechanismsldapldapsLDAP local: search ldap_result %sLDAP local: search ldap_parse_result %sThere are more than %d entriesLDAP remote: search failed %s %sLDAP local: ldap_search_ext %sLDAP local: connecting ldap_result %sToo many authentication mechanisms
LDAP local: sasl ldap_parse_result %sLDAP local: bind ldap_parse_sasl_bind_result %sLDAP local: Cannot connect to %s, %s@���h}���}��0|��p~���}��o��o��MonMondayJanTuesdayWednesdayThursdayFridaySaturdaySundayFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecTueWedThuFriSatSun;Zx����0NGMTUTUTCWETBST���WAT<AST�ADT�EST,EDT�CSThCDT,MST�MDThPST�PDT�YSTYDT�HSTXHDTCATXAHSTXNT�IDLW�CET���MET���MEWT���MEST����CEST����MESZ����FWT���FST����EET����WAST\���WADT ���CCT ���JST��EAST����EADTl���GST����NZT0���NZST0���NZDT�IDLE0���A<BxC�D�E,FhG�H�IKXL�M�N���O����PL���Q���R���S����T\���U ���V��W����Xl���Y0���Zserver response timeoutselect/poll errorresponse reading failed (errno: %d)meta:proto:pop3:connCAPAAUTH %s %sAPOP %s %smeta:proto:pop3:easy+OKSASL STLSSTLS not supported.Authentication failed: %d+APOPDELEMSGRSETSTATUIDLXTNDpoppop3spop3Got unexpected pop3-server responseT���t�����d���T���������\�������ܤ��T���%2ld:%02ld:%02ld%3ldd %02ldh%7ldd%5ld%4ldk%2ld.%0ldM%4ldM%2ld.%0ldG%4ldG%4ldT%4ldPCallback aborted����� ���@���x���h���x���������������м������** Resuming transfer from byte position %ld
  %% Total    %% Received %% Xferd  Average Speed   Time    Time     Time  Current
                                 Dload  Upload   Total   Spent    Left  Speed

%3ld %s  %3ld %s  %3ld %s  %s  %s %s %s %s %s@�@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789We are completely uploaded and fineabort upload after having sent %ld bytesupload completely sent off: %ld bytesShutdown send direction error: %d. Broken server? Proceeding as if everything is ok.Request completely sent offabort uploadmeta:proto:rtsp:connmeta:proto:rtsp:easyANNOUNCEAccept: application/sdp
DESCRIBEPLAYPAUSETEARDOWNGET_PARAMETERSET_PARAMETERGot invalid RTSP requestTransportTransport: %s
Range: %s
CSeqSession%s %s RTSP/1.0
CSeq: %ld
Session: %s
%s%s%s%s%s%s%s%sFailed sending RTSP requestCannot pause RTPFailed writing RTP dataCSeq:Session:Got a blank Session IDTransport:interleaved=rtspThe CSeq of this request %ld did not match the response %ldGot an RTP Receive with a CSeq of %ldServer prematurely closed the RTSP connection.Got invalid RTSP request: RTSPREQ_LASTRefusing to issue an RTSP request [%s] without a session ID.Refusing to issue an RTSP SETUP without a Transport: header.CSeq cannot be set as a custom header.Session ID cannot be set as a custom header.Content-Type: text/parameters
Content-Type: application/sdp
Cannot write a 0 size RTP packet.Unable to read the CSeq header: [%s]Got RTSP Session ID Line [%s], but wanted ID [%s]Unable to read the interleaved parameter from Transport header: [%s]������0��0��P�������`��p�� �����������download_write header(type=%x, blen=%zu) -> %ddownload_write body(type=%x, blen=%zu), did not want a BODYend of response with %ld bytes missingdownload_write body(type=%x, blen=%zu) -> %dExcess found writing body: excess = %zu, size = %ld, maxdownload = %ld, bytecount = %ldExceeded the maximum allowed file size (%ld) with %ld bytesclient read function EOF fail, only %ld/%ld of needed bytes readRead callback asked for PAUSE when not supportedcr_in_read, callback returned CURL_READFUNC_PAUSEcr_in_read(len=%zu, total=%ld, read=%ld) -> %d, nread=%zu, eos=%dCould only read %ld bytes from the inputcr_lc_read(len=%zu) -> %d, nread=%zu, eos=%dcr_buf_read(len=%zu) -> 0, nread=%zu, eos=%dcr_in, rewind via set.seek_func -> %dseek callback returned error %dcr_in, rewind via set.ioctl_func -> %dioctl callback returned error %dnecessary data rewind was not possiblecr_in, rewind via fseek -> %d(%d)client_reset, will rewind readerrewind of client reader '%s' failed: %dclient_write(type=%x, len=%zu) -> %dadd fread reader, len=%ld -> %dclient_read(len=%zu) -> %d, nread=%zu, eos=%dclient reader needs rewind before next requestclient_reset, clear readersclient start, rewind readersadd buf reader, len=%zu -> %dcr-bufcr-nullcr-lineconvcr-inrawFLUSHRELOADsetopt 0x%x got bad argument���s�����]��������y�����k��]��������������-����������������������������i��S��������E�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������M����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������Z��v�����������������V��������������������������@��������������������������������������2�����������
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smtp_setup_connection() -> %dstate change from %s to %sEHLO %ssmtp_disconnect(), finishedRCPT TO:<%s@%s>RCPT TO:<%s> SMTPUTF8HELPVRFY %s%s%s%sEXPN%s %s%sHELO %sRemote access denied: %dAUTH STARTTLS not supported.STARTTLS denied, code %dCommand failed: %dMAIL failed: %dRCPT failed: %d (last error)DATA failed: %dRCPT failed: %d SIZE= AUTH=smtp_perform(), start<>MAIL FROM:%s%s%s%s%s%ssmtp_do() -> %d, done=%dSERVERGREETEHLOHELOUPGRADETLSCOMMANDMAILPOSTDATAcr-smtp-eobsmtpsmtpssmtp_done(status=%d, premature=%d) -> %dGot unexpected smtp-server response: %dUnexpectedly short EHLO responsesmtp_perform() -> %d, connected=%d, done=%dsmtp_regular_transfer() -> %d, done=%d�d��f���e��He��e���d���d��d���c���c��`c��c���d���f��Pe��e���d���d��Pd���c���c��`c��=c���b��connection to proxy closedFailed to send %s: %sinitial SOCKS5 requestinitial SOCKS5 responseSOCKS5 connect requestSOCKS5 connect request ackSOCKS5 request granted.SOCKS4 communication to %s:%dToo long SOCKS proxy usernameSOCKS4: too long hostnameSOCKS4 connect requestSOCKS4%s request granted.SOCKS-PROXYYSOCKS: Failed receiving %s: %sSOCKS5: connecting to HTTP proxy %s port %dSOCKS5: the destination hostname is too long to be resolved remotely by the proxy.warning: unsupported value passed to CURLOPT_SOCKS5_AUTH: %uReceived invalid version in initial SOCKS5 response.Unable to negotiate SOCKS5 GSS-API context.SOCKS5 GSSAPI per-message authentication is not supported.No authentication method was acceptable.Undocumented SOCKS5 mode attempted to be used by server.Excessive username length for proxy authExcessive password length for proxy authSOCKS5 sub-negotiation requestSOCKS5 sub-negotiation responseUser was rejected by the SOCKS5 server (%d %d).Failed to resolve "%s" for SOCKS5 connect.SOCKS5 connect to %s:%d (locally resolved)SOCKS5 connect to [%s]:%d (locally resolved)SOCKS5 connection to %s not supportedSOCKS5 connect to %s:%d (remotely resolved)SOCKS5 GSS-API protection not yet implemented.SOCKS5 reply has wrong version, version should be 5.cannot complete SOCKS5 connection to %s. (%d)SOCKS5 reply has wrong address type.SOCKS5 connect request addressSOCKS4%s: connecting to HTTP proxy %s port %dSOCKS4 non-blocking resolve of %sSOCKS4 connect to IPv4 %s (locally resolved)Failed to resolve "%s" for SOCKS4 connect.SOCKS4 reply has wrong version, version should be 0.cannot complete SOCKS4 connection to %d.%d.%d.%d:%d. (%d), request rejected or failed.cannot complete SOCKS4 connection to %d.%d.%d.%d:%d. (%d), request rejected because SOCKS server cannot connect to identd on the client.cannot complete SOCKS4 connection to %d.%d.%d.%d:%d. (%d), request rejected because the client program and identd report different user-ids.cannot complete SOCKS4 connection to %d.%d.%d.%d:%d. (%d), Unknown.unknown proxytype option givenSOCKS4 connection to %s not supported�t��@u���t���t��(u���t���t���t���t��5s��8r���v���t���t���s���w��W}���|��g|���{���w��
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GSS-API error: %s failed: %srcmdno GSS-API confidentialityout GSS-API data GSS-API integritygss_import_name()gss_init_sec_contextgss_inquire_contextFailed to determine username.gss_display_namegss_wrapgss_unwrapFailed to create service name.Failed to initial GSS-API token.Failed to send GSS-API authentication request.Failed to send GSS-API authentication token.Failed to receive GSS-API authentication response.Invalid GSS-API authentication response type (%d %d).Could not allocate memory for GSS-API authentication response token.Failed to receive GSS-API authentication token.SOCKS5 server authenticated user %s with GSS-API.SOCKS5 server supports GSS-API %s data protection.Failed to wrap GSS-API encryption value into token.Failed to send GSS-API encryption request.Failed to send GSS-API encryption type.Failed to receive GSS-API encryption response.Invalid GSS-API encryption response type (%d %d).Failed to receive GSS-API encryption type.Failed to unwrap GSS-API encryption value into token.Invalid GSS-API encryption response length (%zu).SOCKS5 access with%s protection granted.Operation too slow. Less than %ld bytes/sec transferred the last %ld seconds������������	

 !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������	

 !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ{|}~�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������No errorUnsupported protocolFailed initializationCould not resolve proxy nameCould not resolve hostnameCould not connect to serverWeird server replyFTP: unknown PASS replyFTP: unknown PASV replyFTP: could not set file typeTransferred a partial fileQuote command returned errorHTTP response code said errorTimeout was reachedFTP: command PORT failedFTP: command REST failedSSL connect errorCould not resume downloadCould not read a file:// fileLDAP: cannot bindLDAP: search failedSSL crypto engine not foundRequested SSL level failedLogin deniedTFTP: File Not FoundTFTP: Access ViolationTFTP: Illegal operationTFTP: Unknown transfer IDRemote file already existsTFTP: No such userRemote file not foundError in the SSH layerRTSP session errorUnable to parse FTP file listChunk callback failedHTTP/3 errorQUIC connection errorproxy handshake errorECH attempted but failedUnknown errorInvalid multi handleInvalid easy handleInternal errorInvalid socket argumentUnknown optionUnknown share optionShare currently in useInvalid share handleCURLSHcode unknownUnsupported URL schemeA memory function failedNo scheme part in the URLNo user part in the URLNo password part in the URLNo options part in the URLNo host part in the URLNo port part in the URLNo query part in the URLNo fragment part in the URLNo zoneid part in the URLBad login partBad IPv6 addressBad hostnameBad file:// URLBad schemeBad pathBad fragmentBad queryBad passwordBad userlibcurl lacks IDN supportCURLUcode unknownUnknown error %dURL using bad/illegal format or missing URLA requested feature, protocol or option was not found built-in in this libcurl due to a build-time decision.Access denied to remote resourceFTP: The server failed to connect to data portFTP: Accepting server connect has timed outFTP: The server did not accept the PRET command.FTP: unknown 227 response formatFTP: cannot figure out the host in the PASV responseError in the HTTP2 framing layerFTP: could not retrieve (RETR failed) the specified fileFailed writing received data to disk/applicationUpload failed (at start/before it took off)Failed to open/read local data from file/applicationRequested range was not delivered by the serverOperation was aborted by an application callbackA libcurl function was given a bad argumentFailed binding local connection endNumber of redirects hit maximum amountAn unknown option was passed in to libcurlMalformed option provided in a setoptServer returned nothing (no headers, no data)Can not set SSL crypto engine as defaultFailed to initialise SSL crypto engineFailed sending data to the peerFailure when receiving data from the peerProblem with the local SSL certificateCould not use specified SSL cipherSSL peer certificate or SSH remote key was not OKProblem with the SSL CA cert (path? access rights?)Unrecognized or bad HTTP Content or Transfer-EncodingFailed to shut down the SSL connectionFailed to load CRL file (path? access rights?, format?)Issuer check against peer certificate failedSend failed since rewinding of the data stream failedDisk full or allocation exceededSocket not ready for send/recvRTSP CSeq mismatch or invalid CSeqThe max connection limit is reachedSSL public key does not match pinned public keySSL server certificate status verification FAILEDStream error in the HTTP/2 framing layerAPI function called from within callbackAn authentication function returned an errorSSL Client Certificate requiredUnrecoverable error in select/pollA value or data field grew larger than allowedPlease call curl_multi_perform() soonThe easy handle is already added to a multi handleWakeup is unavailable or failedFeature not enabled in this libraryAn invalid CURLU pointer was passed as argumentAn invalid 'part' argument was passed as argumentMalformed input to a URL functionPort number was not a decimal number between 0 and 65535URL decode error, most likely because of rubbish in the inputCredentials was passed in the URL when prohibitedAn unknown part ID was passed to a URL API functionUnsupported number of slashes following schemeA value or data field is larger than allowed������Џ����������������������p���`���P���@���0��� ������������Ў������������������������p���`���P������@���0������ ���������������Ѝ����������������������������������p���������`���P���@���0��� ������������������Ќ����������������������p���`���P���@���0��� ������������������Ћ����������������������p���`���P���@���0��� ������������Њ����������������������x�������Ȏ��؎��������������(���8���H���X���h�������Џ��������������������ؑ��ȑ������������������x���h���X���H���8���(���������������ؐ��Ȑ������������������x���h���X���H���8���(�������������meta:proto:telnet:easy�%s IAC SB (terminated by %u , not IAC SE) (Empty suboption?)%s (unsupported)%d (unknown)Width: %d ; Height: %d IS SEND INFO/REPLY NAME =  %.2x%c%c%c%c%s%c%cSending data failed (%d)%c%c%c%c%c%.*s%c%sWILLWONTDONTEXOPL%s IAC %s%s IAC %d%s %s %s%s %s %dXDISPLOCNEW_ENVBINARYUnknown telnet option %scannot read inputIn SUBOPTION processing, RCVDTime-outUSER,%stelnetEOFSUSPABORTEORNOPDMARKBRKAOAYTGASBIACECHORCPSUPPRESS GO AHEADTIMING MARKRCTENAOLNAOPNAOCRDNAOHTSNAOHTDNAOFFDNAOVTSNAOVTDNAOLFDEXTEND ASCIIBYTE MACRODE TERMINALSUPDUPSUPDUP OUTPUTSEND LOCATIONTERM TYPEEND OF RECORDTACACS UIDOUTPUT MARKINGTTYLOC3270 REGIMEX3 PADNAWSTERM SPEEDLFLOWLINEMODEOLD-ENVIRONAUTHENTICATIONENCRYPTNEW-ENVIRONSyntax error in telnet option: %st���t����t���t���ԥ��|���Ĥ������P����������p���8���Ъ��`���p����������,������Ь�����tftp_rx: internal errorConnected for receiveConnected for transmitmeta:proto:tftp:connbind() failed; %s;mode=octetnetasciiTFTP filename too long%s%c%s%ctsizeblksizeTFTP finishedInternal state machine errorReceived too short packetTFTP error: %sgot option=(%s) value=(%s)%s (%d)tsize parsed from OACK (%ld)tftpset timeouts for state %d; Total % ld, retry %d maxtry %dReceived last DATA packet block %d again.Received unexpected DATA packet block %d, expecting block %dTimeout waiting for block %d ACK. Retries = %dReceived ACK for block %d, expecting %dtftp_tx: giving up waiting for block %d ackTimeout waiting for block %d ACK.  Retries = %dtftp_tx: internal error, event: %iTFTP buffer too small for optionstftp_send_first: internal errorMalformed ACK packet, rejectingblksize is larger than max supportedinvalid blocksize value in OACK packetblksize is smaller than min supportedserver requested blksize larger than allocated (%ld)blksize parsed from OACK (%d) requested (%d)invalid tsize -:%s:- value in OACK packetInternal error: Unexpected packetL���\���\���,������D�������L���cannot mix POSTFIELDS with RESUME_FROMREFUSED_STREAM, retrying a fresh connectConnection died, tried %d times before giving upConnection died, retrying a fresh connect (retry count: %d)xfer_write_resp(len=%zu, eos=%d) -> %dwe are done reading and this is set to close, stop sendtransfer closed with %ld bytes remaining to readNo URL setUser-Agent: %s
%ld-Invalid zoneid: %s; %ssocks5hsocks5socks4asocks4localhost%susing HTTP/3using HTTP/2using HTTP/1.xdisablednot supported (in redirect)NO_PROXYno_proxyALL_PROXYall_proxyftp@example.comanonymous (upgraded to SSL)%s://%sURL rejected: %sProtocol "%s" %s%smemory shortage%s_proxyhttp_proxyws_proxywss_proxyhttps_proxyHTTPS_PROXY.netrc error: %s%25Invalid IPv6 address formatConnecting to hostname: %sConnecting to port: %d%u/%d/%slocalhost/Server upgrade cannot be usedmeta:proto:ssh:connMultiplexed connection foundFound pending candidate for reuse and CURLOPT_PIPEWAIT is setUnsupported proxy scheme for '%s'Unsupported proxy syntax in '%s': %sUnsupported proxy '%s', libcurl is built without the HTTPS-proxy support.Too old connection (%ld seconds idle), disconnect itToo old connection (%ld seconds since creation), disconnect itConnection %ld seems to be deadConnected 2nd connection to %s port %uToo long hostname (maximum is %d)Switched from HTTP to HTTPS due to HSTS => %sUses proxy env variable %s == '%s'Couldn't find host %s in the %s file; using defaultscontrol code detected in .netrc credentialsPlease URL encode %% as %%25, see RFC 6874.No valid port number in connect to host string (%s)Alt-svc connecting from [%s]%s:%d to [%s]%s:%dRe-using existing %s: connection%s with %s %sWaiting on connection to negotiate possible multiplexing.No more connections allowed to hostAllowing sub-requests (like DoH) to override max connection limitNo connections available, total of %ld reached.NTLM picked AND auth done set, clear pickedNTLM-proxy picked AND auth done set, clear pickedUnix socket path too long: '%s'Failed to resolve %s '%s' with timeout after %ld msConnection #%ld is not open enough, cannot reuseServer upgrade does not support multiplex yet, waitclient side MAX_CONCURRENT_STREAMS reached, skip (%u)MAX_CONCURRENT_STREAMS reached, skip (%u)C+0123456789abcdefABCDEF:.127.0.0.1//?#ftp.dict.ldap.imap.smtp.pop3.file://%s%s%s%s%s%.*s%%25%s]%s:// 
	/:#?!@{}[]\$'"^`*<>=;,+&()%%s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s(W�� X���Z��HZ��hZ��XX���X���X��(Y��xV���V��la��<g���g��f��,f��Df��tf���b���e��g���f��
h��Bh��Kh��Qh��Wh���g���g��zh��`h��mh��h��libcurl/8.14.1zlib/%slibidn2/%slibpsl/%d.%d.%d%s/%u.%u.%uOpenLDAPalt-svcAsynchDNSGSS-APIHTTP2HTTPS-proxyIDNIPv6KerberosLargefilelibzPSLSPNEGOthreadsafeTLS-SRPUnixSocketsscpsftpwss NON-FINALCONTBINPINGPONGdecoded %s [%s%s]decoded %s [%s%s](%d/%d)[WS] invalid opcode: %02x[WS] masked input framedecoded[WS] decode error %dpassingmeta:proto:ws:conn[WS] not a websocket transfer NON-FIN[WS] flush, write error %dflushed %zu byteswebsocketSec-WebSocket-Version13Sec-WebSocket-KeyWS, using chunk size %zu%zu bytes payload[WS] CONNECT_ONLY is required[WS] connection not foundneed more input[WS] No associated connection[WS] Not a websocket transfer[WS] no flags given[WS] unknown flags: %xsendingbufferedWSSws-decodedecoded %s [%s%s payload=%ld/%ld][WS] no ongoing fragmented message to resume[WS] fragmented message interrupted by new TEXT msg[WS] fragmented message interrupted by new BINARY msg[WS] invalid fragmented CLOSE frame[WS] invalid fragmented PING frame[WS] invalid fragmented PONG frame[WS] invalid reserved bits: %02x[WS] received PING frame is too big[WS] received PONG frame is too big[WS] received CLOSE frame is too big[WS] frame length longer than 64 signed not supported[WS] unexpected frame header lengthpassed %zd bytes payload, %ld remain[WS] error adding data to buffer %dbuffered incomplete frame head[WS] decode ending with %zd frame bytes remainingWS-ENC: %s [%s%s payload=%ld/%ld]ws_send_raw_blocking() partial, %zu left to send[WS] Timeout waiting for socket becoming writable[WS] Error while waiting for socket becoming writableflush EAGAIN, %zu bytes remain in buffer[WS] Received 101, switch to WebSocket; mask %02x%02x%02x%02x[WS] connection is not setup for websocket[WS] connection expectedly closed?curl_ws_recv, added %zu bytes from networkcurl_ws_recv(len=%zu) -> %zu bytes (frame at %ld, %ld left)curl_ws_send(len=%zu, fragsize=%ld, flags=%x), raw=%d[WS] fragsize and flags must be zero in raw modews_send_raw(len=%zu) -> %d, %zu[WS] curl_ws_send() called with smaller 'buflen' than bytes already buffered in previous call, %zu vs %zu[WS] unaligned frame size (sending %zu instead of %ld)[WS] starting new frame with negative payload length %ld[WS] starting new frame with %zd bytes from last one remaining to be sent[WS] no flags given; interpreting as continuation fragment for compatibility[WS] setting CURLWS_CONT flag without message type is supported for compatibility but highly discouraged[WS] No ongoing fragmented message to continue[WS] CLOSE frame must not be fragmented[WS] PING frame must not be fragmented[WS] PONG frame must not be fragmented[WS] given PING frame is too big[WS] given PONG frame is too big[WS] given CLOSE frame is too bigEAGAIN flushing sendbuf, payload_encoded: %zu/%zucurl_ws_send(len=%zu, fragsize=%ld, flags=%x, raw=%d) -> %d, %zu[WS] auto-respond to PING with a PONG�d���d���d��e��e��e��e��e���d���d���d���d��"e��e��pe��pe��pe��pe��pe��e��e��Ce��?d��e���d��Pe��Pe��Pe��Pe��Pe��8e��,e�� e���p��q��q��$q��$q��$q��$q��$q���p���p���p�����t���`������������������������������������������ޅ�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������܄�������������%s %02x%02x%02x%02x%02x%02x%02x%02x%02x%02x%02x%02x%02x%02x%02x%02xauth-int%s:%s:%08x:%s:%s:%s%s, opaque="%s"%s, algorithm=%s%s, userhash=truenonce="realm="algorithm=qop="md5-sessauthauth-confnoncestalerealmopaqueqopalgorithmMD5-sessSHA-256-SESSSHA-512-256SHA-512-256-SESSuserhashusername="%s", realm="%s", nonce="%s", uri="%s", cnonce="%s", nc=%08x, qop=%s, response="%s"username="%s", realm="%s", nonce="%s", uri="%s", response="%s"username="%s",realm="%s",nonce="%s",cnonce="%s",nc="%s",digest-uri="%s",response=%s,qop=%sgss_import_name() failed: gss_unwrap() failed: gss_wrap() failed: GSSAPI handshake failure (empty challenge message)gss_init_sec_context() failed: GSSAPI handshake failure (empty security message)GSSAPI handshake failure (invalid security data)GSSAPI handshake failure (invalid security layer)NTLM handshake failure (bad type-2 message)NTLM handshake failure (bad type-2 message). Target Info Offset Len is set incorrect by the peerNTLMSSP%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%s%sNTLMSSP%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%cuser + domain + hostname too bigincoming NTLM message too bigWORKSTATIONn,a=%s,host=%sauth=Bearer %sn,a=%s,host=%sport=%ldauth=Bearer %suser=%sauth=Bearer %sSPNEGO handshake failure (empty challenge message)%s/%s@%s%s/%s\/@*.SSLKEYLOGFILESSL_ERROR_NONESSL_ERROR_SSLSSL_ERROR_WANT_READSSL_ERROR_WANT_WRITESSL_ERROR_WANT_X509_LOOKUPSSL_ERROR_SYSCALLSSL_ERROR_ZERO_RETURNSSL_ERROR_WANT_CONNECTSSL_ERROR_WANT_ACCEPTSSL_ERROR_WANT_ASYNCSSL_ERROR_WANT_ASYNC_JOBSSL_ERROR unknownSSLv3TLSv1.0TLSv1.1TLSv1.2TLSv1.3TLS UnknownSSLv2TLS alertChange cipher specHello requestNext protocolKey updateEnd of early dataSupplemental dataEncrypted ExtensionsCertificate StatusFinishedCERT verifyServer finishedRequest CERTClient key exchangeServer key exchangeCertificateNewsession TicketServer helloClient helloTLS change cipherTLS handshakeTLS app dataTLS header(%x)%s (%s), %s, %s (%d):
%s(%s)OpenSSL%s/%lx.%lx.%lx%sOpenSSL engine not found(null)Failed to find the SSL filterX509_digest() failedSSL_write() error: %speer closed connectionsend SSL close notifySSL shutdown finishedSSL shutdown read -> %dSSL shutdown send blockedInsufficient randomnessPEMPROVENGP12tls:ossl:x509:share CAfile: %s CApath: %serror loading CRL file: %ssuccessfully loaded CRL file:  CRLfile: %sSSL_connect() -> want recvSSL_connect() -> want sendSSL_connect() -> want asyncSSL certificate problem: %sTLS cert problem: %sTLS connect error: %s[blank]CURLOPT_SSLCERT_BLOB(memory blob)No SSLv2 supportNo SSLv3 supportCipher selection: %sTLS 1.3 cipher selection: %spkcs11:LOAD_CERT_CTRLcurl user interfaceunable to set private keyUsing TLS-SRP username: %sUnable to set SRP usernamefailed setting SRP passwordSetting cipher list SRPFailed set SNIError determining ALPNError setting ALPNpkcs11[NONE]ipv6 addressipv4 addressSubjectIssuer%lxSerial NumberSignature AlgorithmPublic Key AlgorithmStart dateExpire date   Unable to load public keypub_keyCertSignature%02x:%s certificate: subject: %s start date: %.*s expire date: %.*sunexpected ssl peer type: %dSSL: illegal cert name field common name: %s (matched)vtls/openssl.c issuer: %s SSL certificate verify ok.No OCSP response receivedInvalid OCSP responseError computing OCSP IDOCSP response has expiredRSA Public Keyossl_connect, step1OpenSSL CF BIOALPN: curl offers %sossl_connect, step2ossl_connect, step3ossl_connect, doneopensslP���`���p�����������������������в��������^���M�������������������������o���*���������������������ն����Ķ������<���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������+������������������������������������������Failed to initialise SSL Engine '%s': %sUnable to find digest NID for certificate signature algorithmCould not find digest algorithm %s (NID %d)OpenSSL SSL_write: %s, errno %dOpenSSL SSL_read: %s, errno %dSSL session does not allow earlydataSSL session has different ALPN, no early dataSSL session allows %zu bytes of early data, reusing ALPN '%s'ossl_bio_cf_out_write(len=%d) -> %d, err=%dSSL_write_early_data(len=%zu) -> %d, %zuOpenSSL SSL_write:early_data: %s, errno %dSSL_write_early_data() error: %sOpenSSL SSL_write_early_data: %s, errno %dSSL sending %zu bytes of early dataSSL shutdown not sent, read -> %dSSL shutdown received, not sendingSSL shutdown still wants to sendSSL shutdown not received, but closedSSL shutdown sent, want receiveSSL shutdown, ignore recv error: '%s', errno %dset default crypto engine '%s'set default crypto engine '%s' failedossl_populate_x509_store, path=%s, blob=%derror importing CA certificate blobsuccessfully imported CA certificate bloberror setting certificate verify locations:  CAfile: %s CApath: %serror setting certificate verify locations, continuing anywayossl_bio_cf_in_read(len=%d) -> %d, err=%dSSL_connect() -> err=%d, detail=%dSSL certificate verification failedOpenSSL SSL_connect: %s in connection to %s:%d SSL connection using %s / %s / %s / %sUnrecognized parameter passed via CURLOPT_SSLVERSIONQUIC needs at least TLS version 1.3unsupported transport %d in SSL initSSL: could not create a context: %sfailed setting cipher list: %sfailed setting TLS 1.3 cipher suite: %scould not load PEM client certificate from %s, OpenSSL error %s, (no key found, wrong pass phrase, or wrong file format?)could not load ASN1 client certificate from %s, OpenSSL error %s, (no key found, wrong pass phrase, or wrong file format?)ssl engine does not support loading certificatesssl engine cannot load client cert with id '%s' [%s]ssl engine did not initialized the certificate properly.unable to set client certificate [%s]crypto engine not set, cannot load certificateBIO_new_mem_buf NULL, OpenSSL error %sBIO_new return NULL, OpenSSL error %scould not open PKCS12 file '%s'error reading PKCS12 file '%s'could not parse PKCS12 file, check password, OpenSSL error %scould not load PKCS12 client certificate, OpenSSL error %sunable to use private key from PKCS12 file '%s'private key from PKCS12 file '%s' does not match certificate in same filecannot add certificate to client CA listcannot add certificate to certificate chainnot supported file type '%s' for certificateunable to set private key file: '%s' type %sunable do create OpenSSL user-interface methodfailed to load private key from crypto enginecrypto engine not set, cannot load private keyfile type P12 for private key not supportednot supported file type for private keyunable to create an SSL structurePrivate key does not match the certificate public keyfailed setting curves list: '%s'failed setting signature algorithms: '%s'failed setting SRP cipher listerror signaled by ssl ctx callbackSSL: could not create a context (handle)SSL: SSL_set_session not accepted, continuing without: %sSSL reusing session with ALPN '%s'SSL session not accepted by OpenSSL, continuing withoutSSL: could not get peer certificate subjectAltName: host "%s" matched cert's "%s" subjectAltName: host "%s" matched cert's IP address! subjectAltName does not match %s %sSSL: no alternative certificate subject name matches target %s '%s'SSL: unable to obtain common name from peer certificateSSL: certificate subject name '%s' does not match target hostname '%s'SSL: could not get X509-issuer nameSSL: Unable to open issuer cert (%s)SSL: Unable to read issuer cert (%s)SSL: Certificate issuer check failed (%s) SSL certificate issuer check ok (%s)SSL certificate verify result: %s (%ld) SSL certificate verify result: %s (%ld), continuing anyway.  Certificate level %d: Public key type %s%s (%d/%d Bits/secBits), signed using %sInvalid OCSP response status: %s (%d)Could not get peer certificate chainOCSP response verification failedError getting peer certificateCould not find certificate ID in OCSP responseSSL certificate status: %s (%d)SSL certificate revocation reason: %s (%d)SSL: public key does not match pinned public keytls-server-end-pcf_shutdown -> %d, done=%dCURL_SSL_BACKENDadjust_pollset, POLLOUT fd=%dadjust_pollset, POLLIN fd=%d public key hash: sha256//%s;sha256//-----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----
-----END PUBLIC KEY-----cf_connect()cf_connect() -> %d, done=%dcf_recv(len=%zu) -> %zd, %dSSL shutdown timeoutALPN: server accepted %.*sSSL-PROXYUnrecognized parameter value passed via CURLOPT_SSLVERSIONCURL_SSLVERSION_MAX incompatible with CURL_SSLVERSIONssl_cf_set_earlydata(len=%zu) -> %zdServer accepted %zu bytes of TLS early data.Server rejected TLS early data.shutdown and remove SSL, startselect/poll on SSL socket, errno: %dshutdown and remove SSL, done -> %dALPN: asked for '%s' from previous session, but server did not confirm it. Refusing to continue.ALPN: asked for '%s' from previous session, but server selected '%.*s'. Refusing to continue.ALPN: server confirmed to use '%s'ALPN: server selected protocol contains NUL. Refusing to continue.unsupported ALPN protocol: '%.*s'ALPN: deferred handshake for early data using '%.*s'.ALPN: deferred handshake for early data without specific protocol.ALPN: server did not agree on a protocol. Uses default.h2http/1.1h2http/1.1transfer would use an invalid scache at %p, deniedfind peer slot for %s among %zu slotspeer entry %zu key recovered: %s[SCACHE] failed to add session for %s, error=%dadded session for %s [proto=0x%x, valid_secs=%ld, alpn=%s, earlydata=%zu, quic_tp=%s], peer has %zu sessions nowtook session for %s [proto=0x%x, alpn=%s, earlydata=%zu, quic_tp=%s], %zu sessions remain:%s-%s:%s-peer not found for %s:L:G:UDP:QUIC:UNIX:TRNSPRT-%d:NO-VRFY-PEER:NO-VRFY-HOST:VRFY-STATUS:CHOST-%s:CPORT-%d:TLSVER-%d-%d:TLSOPT-%x:CIPHER-%s:CIPHER13-%s:CURVES-%sCACApathCRLCertBlobCAInfoBlobIssuerBlob:Pinned-%s:CCERT:SRP-AUTH:IMPL-%syesadd, session already expiredunable to add scache peer: %dno cached session for %sNo%s cached session for '%s'No such file or directoryPermission deniedOperation failedBad message from SFTP serverNot connected to SFTP serverInvalid handleUnknown error in libssh2File already existsFile is write protectedNo mediaDisk fullUser quota exceededUnknown principleFile lock conflictDirectory not emptyNot a directoryInvalid filenameLink points to itself<none>SSH host check: %d, key: %sWARNING: writing %s failedpublickey%s/.ssh/id_rsa%s/.ssh/id_dsapwdPWD
chgrp chmod chown atime mtime ln symlink mkdir rename rmdir rm statvfs Unknown SFTP commandssh errorBad file size (%ld)Upload failed: %s (%lu/%d)ssh-ed25519ecdsa-sha2-nistp521ecdsa-sha2-nistp384ecdsa-sha2-nistp256ssh-rsassh-dss]:Invalid host pattern %s in %sFound host %s in %sUnknown host key type: %iSet "%s" as SSH hostkey typelibssh2: %sDid not find host %s in %sSSH MD5 public key: %sSSH SHA256 public key: %sSSH SHA256 fingerprint: %sSHA256 checksum matchSSH MD5 fingerprint: %sMD5 checksum matchhostbasedCould not create agent objectFailure connecting to agentNo identity would matchkeyboard-interactiveAuthentication failureAuthentication completeSSH CONNECT phase doneSending quote commandschmodchgrpchownatimemtimesymlink command failed: %smkdir command failed: %srename command failed: %srmdir command failed: %srm command failed: %sstatvfs command failed: %sCreating directory '%s'ShutdownOperation timed outDisconnect timed outmeta:proto:ssh:easylibgcryptmbedTLSopenssl compatibleOS400QC3WinCNGUser: '%s'User: NULLUses HTTPS proxylibssh2/%sSFTPSCPConnection to SFTP server lostOperation not supported by SFTP serverunsupported key type, cannot check knownhostsWARNING: adding the known host %s failedUsing SSH public key file '%s'Using SSH private key file '%s'257 "%s" is current directory.
Syntax error command '%s', missing parameterSyntax error: Bad first parameter to '%s'Syntax error in %s: Bad second parameterSyntax error in ln/symlink: Bad second parameterSyntax error in rename: Bad second parameterCreating the dir/file failed: %sFailed to disconnect from libssh2 agent: %d %sFailed to close libssh2 file: %d %sFailed to free libssh2 scp subsystem: %d %sFailed to stop libssh2 sftp subsystemFailed to free libssh2 session: %d %srsa-sha2-256,rsa-sha2-512,ssh-rsaFound host key type RSA1 which is not supportedFailure establishing ssh session: %d, %sDenied establishing ssh session: sha256 fingerprint not availablesha256 fingerprint could not be encodedDenied establishing ssh session: mismatch sha256 fingerprint. Remote %s is not equal to %sSSH user accepted with no authenticationSSH authentication methods available: %sInitialized SSH public key authenticationSSH public key authentication failed: %sInitialized password authenticationFailure requesting identities to agentAgent based authentication successfulInitialized keyboard interactive authenticationFailure initializing sftp session: %sAttempt to get SFTP stats failed: %sSyntax error: chgrp gid not a numberSyntax error: chmod permissions not a numberSyntax error: chown uid not a numberincorrect date format for %.*sAttempt to set SFTP stats failed: %sstatvfs:
f_bsize: %llu
f_frsize: %llu
f_blocks: %llu
f_bfree: %llu
f_bavail: %llu
f_files: %llu
f_ffree: %llu
f_favail: %llu
f_fsid: %llu
f_flag: %llu
f_namemax: %llu
Could not open directory for reading: %sCould not open remote file for reading: %s :: %dCould not open remote file for reading: %sSCP requires a known file size for uploadFailed to send libssh2 channel EOF: %d %sFailed to get channel EOF: %d %sChannel failed to close: %d %sFailed to disconnect libssh2 session: %d %sDenied establishing ssh session: mismatch md5 fingerprint. Remote %s is not equal to %sDenied establishing ssh session: md5 fingerprint not availablelibssh2 cryptography backend: %sFailure initialising ssh sessionFailed to enable compression for ssh sessionFailed to read known hosts from %s�J���J���I���J���I���I���I���I���I���I���I��J��J�� J��0J��@J��PJ��`J��pJ���J���J���I��Pk���e���t��3f���m��0n���h���i��j��yj���w���w��qj��qj���j��y{��Pk���j��tx���x��hq��q���l���l���k��‰���q���p���o��ht���s���s��9y��Jy���y�� }��xr���r���r���y��z��Xn������z���{��|��w���u���t��5u���z��Pk��o��!o��������������0v���v�������ܖ�����ܙ������QOOOOOOONOOOOOOOO<<OOCOOO<<O7OOOOON	OOOOOONI	OFFO	Reason unknown (/~//~ 	
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<GD5(usr/share/man/man1/wcurl.1000064400000007432150404430250011307 0ustar00.\" generated by cd2nroff 0.1 from wcurl.md
.TH wcurl 1 "2025-06-13" wcurl
.SH NAME
\fBwcurl\fP \- a simple wrapper around curl to easily download files.
.SH SYNOPSIS
\fBwcurl <URL>...\fP

\fBwcurl [\--curl\-options <CURL_OPTIONS>]... [\--dry\-run] [\--no\-decode\-filename] [\-o|\-O|\--output <PATH>] [\--] <URL>...\fP

\fBwcurl [\--curl\-options=<CURL_OPTIONS>]... [\--dry\-run] [\--no\-decode\-filename] [\--output=<PATH>] [\--] <URL>...\fP

\fBwcurl \-V|\--version\fP

\fBwcurl \-h|\--help\fP
.SH DESCRIPTION
\fBwcurl\fP is a simple curl wrapper which lets you use curl to download files
without having to remember any parameters.

Simply call \fBwcurl\fP with a list of URLs you want to download and \fBwcurl\fP
picks sane defaults.

If you need anything more complex, you can provide any of curl\(aqs supported
parameters via the \fB\--curl\-options\fP option. Just beware that you likely
should be using curl directly if your use case is not covered.

By default, \fBwcurl\fP does:
.IP "* Percent-encode whitespaces in URLs;"
.IP "* Download multiple URLs in parallel"
.nf
if the installed curl's version is \>= 7.66.0 (--parallel);
.fi
.IP "* Follow redirects;"
.IP "* Automatically choose a filename as output;"
.IP "* Avoid overwriting files"
.nf
 if the installed curl's version is \>= 7.83.0 (--no-clobber);
.fi
.IP "* Perform retries;"
.IP "* Set the downloaded file timestamp"
.nf
to the value provided by the server, if available;
.fi
.IP "* Default to https"
.nf
if the URL does not contain any scheme;
.fi
.IP "* Disable curl's URL globbing parser"
.nf
so {} and [] characters in URLs are not treated specially;
.fi
.IP "* Percent-decode the resulting filename;"
.IP "* Use 'index.html' as the default filename"
.nf
if there is none in the URL.
.fi
.SH OPTIONS
.IP "--curl-options, --curl-options=\<CURL_OPTIONS\>..."
Specify extra options to be passed when invoking curl. May be specified more
than once.
.IP "-o, -O, --output, --output=\<PATH\>"
Use the provided output path instead of getting it from the URL. If multiple
URLs are provided, resulting files share the same name with a number appended to
the end (curl >= 7.83.0). If this option is provided multiple times, only the
last value is considered.
.IP --no-decode-filename
Don\(aqt percent\-decode the output filename, even if the percent\-encoding in the
URL was done by \fBwcurl\fP, e.g.: The URL contained whitespaces.
.IP --dry-run
Do not actually execute curl, just print what would be invoked.
.IP "-V, \--version"
Print version information.
.IP "-h, \--help"
Print help message.
.SH CURL_OPTIONS
Any option supported by curl can be set here. This is not used by \fBwcurl\fP; it
is instead forwarded to the curl invocation.
.SH URL
URL to be downloaded. Anything that is not a parameter is considered
an URL. Whitespaces are percent\-encoded and the URL is passed to curl, which
then performs the parsing. May be specified more than once.
.SH EXAMPLES
Download a single file:

\fBwcurl example.com/filename.txt\fP

Download two files in parallel:

\fBwcurl example.com/filename1.txt example.com/filename2.txt\fP

Download a file passing the \fB\--progress\-bar\fP and \fB\--http2\fP flags to curl:

\fBwcurl \--curl\-options="\--progress\-bar \--http2" example.com/filename.txt\fP

Resume from an interrupted download (if more options are used, this needs to
be the last one in the list):

\fBwcurl \--curl\-options="\--continue\-at \-" example.com/filename.txt\fP
.SH AUTHORS
.nf
Samuel Henrique \<samueloph@debian.org\>
Sergio Durigan Junior \<sergiodj@debian.org\>
and many contributors, see the AUTHORS file.
.fi
.SH REPORTING BUGS
If you experience any problems with \fBwcurl\fP that you do not experience with
curl, submit an issue on Github: https://github.com/curl/wcurl
.SH COPYRIGHT
\fBwcurl\fP is licensed under the curl license
.SH SEE ALSO
.BR curl (1),
.BR trurl (1)
usr/share/man/man1/curl.1000064400000763637150404430250011140 0ustar00.\" **************************************************************************
.\" *                                  _   _ ____  _
.\" *  Project                     ___| | | |  _ \| |
.\" *                             / __| | | | |_) | |
.\" *                            | (__| |_| |  _ <| |___
.\" *                             \___|\___/|_| \_\_____|
.\" *
.\" * Copyright (C) Daniel Stenberg, <daniel@haxx.se>, et al.
.\" *
.\" * This software is licensed as described in the file COPYING, which
.\" * you should have received as part of this distribution. The terms
.\" * are also available at https://curl.se/docs/copyright.html.
.\" *
.\" * You may opt to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute and/or sell
.\" * copies of the Software, and permit persons to whom the Software is
.\" * furnished to do so, under the terms of the COPYING file.
.\" *
.\" * This software is distributed on an "AS IS" basis, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY
.\" * KIND, either express or implied.
.\" *
.\" * SPDX-License-Identifier: curl
.\" *
.\" **************************************************************************
.\"
.\" DO NOT EDIT. Generated by the curl project managen manpage generator.
.\"
.TH curl 1 "2025-06-13" "curl 8.14.1" "curl Manual"
.SH NAME
curl \- transfer a URL
.SH SYNOPSIS
\fBcurl [options / URLs]\fP
.SH DESCRIPTION
\fBcurl\fP is a tool for transferring data from or to a server using URLs. It
supports these protocols: DICT, FILE, FTP, FTPS, GOPHER, GOPHERS, HTTP, HTTPS,
IMAP, IMAPS, LDAP, LDAPS, MQTT, POP3, POP3S, RTMP, RTMPS, RTSP, SCP, SFTP,
SMB, SMBS, SMTP, SMTPS, TELNET, TFTP, WS and WSS.

curl is powered by libcurl for all transfer\-related features. See
\fIlibcurl(3)\fP for details.
.SH URL
The URL syntax is protocol\-dependent. You find a detailed description in
RFC 3986.

If you provide a URL without a leading \fBprotocol://\fP scheme, curl guesses
what protocol you want. It then defaults to HTTP but assumes others based on
often\-used hostname prefixes. For example, for hostnames starting with "ftp."
curl assumes you want FTP.

You can specify any amount of URLs on the command line. They are fetched in a
sequential manner in the specified order unless you use \fI\-Z, \-\-parallel\fP. You can
specify command line options and URLs mixed and in any order on the command
line.

curl attempts to reuse connections when doing multiple transfers, so that
getting many files from the same server do not use multiple connects and setup
handshakes. This improves speed. Connection reuse can only be done for URLs
specified for a single command line invocation and cannot be performed between
separate curl runs.

Provide an IPv6 zone id in the URL with an escaped percentage sign. Like in

.nf
\&"http://[fe80::3%25eth0]/"
.fi

Everything provided on the command line that is not a command line option or
its argument, curl assumes is a URL and treats it as such.
.SH GLOBBING
You can specify multiple URLs or parts of URLs by writing lists within braces
or ranges within brackets. We call this "globbing".

Provide a list with three different names like this:

.nf
\&"http://site.{one,two,three}.com"
.fi

Do sequences of alphanumeric series by using [] as in:

.nf
\&"ftp://ftp.example.com/file[1\-100].txt"
.fi

With leading zeroes:

.nf
\&"ftp://ftp.example.com/file[001\-100].txt"
.fi

With letters through the alphabet:

.nf
\&"ftp://ftp.example.com/file[a\-z].txt"
.fi

Nested sequences are not supported, but you can use several ones next to each
other:

.nf
\&"http://example.com/archive[1996\-1999]/vol[1\-4]/part{a,b,c}.html"
.fi

You can specify a step counter for the ranges to get every Nth number or
letter:

.nf
\&"http://example.com/file[1\-100:10].txt"

\&"http://example.com/file[a\-z:2].txt"
.fi

When using [] or {} sequences when invoked from a command line prompt, you
probably have to put the full URL within double quotes to avoid the shell from
interfering with it. This also goes for other characters treated special, like
for example \(aq&\(aq, \(aq?\(aq and \(aq*\(aq.

Switch off globbing with \fI\-g, \-\-globoff\fP.
.SH VARIABLES
curl supports command line variables (added in 8.3.0). Set variables with
\fI\-\-variable\fP name=content or \fI\-\-variable\fP name@file (where "file" can be stdin if
set to a single dash (\-)).

Variable contents can be expanded in option parameters using "{{name}}" if the
option name is prefixed with "\fI\-\-expand\-\fP". This gets the contents of the
variable "name" inserted, or a blank if the name does not exist as a
variable. Insert "{{" verbatim in the string by prefixing it with a backslash,
like "\\{{".

You access and expand environment variables by first importing them. You
select to either require the environment variable to be set or you can provide
a default value in case it is not already set. Plain "\fI\-\-variable\fP %name"
imports the variable called "name" but exits with an error if that environment
variable is not already set. To provide a default value if it is not set, use
\&"\fI\-\-variable\fP %name=content" or "\fI\-\-variable\fP %name@content".

Example. Get the USER environment variable into the URL, fail if USER is not
set:

.nf
-\-variable \(aq%USER\(aq
-\-expand\-url = "https://example.com/api/{{USER}}/method"
.fi

When expanding variables, curl supports a set of functions that can make the
variable contents more convenient to use. It can trim leading and trailing
white space with "trim", it can output the contents as a JSON quoted string
with "json", URL encode the string with "url", base64 encode it with "b64" and
base64 decode it with "64dec". To apply functions to a variable expansion, add
them colon separated to the right side of the variable. Variable content
holding null bytes that are not encoded when expanded causes an error.

Example: get the contents of a file called $HOME/.secret into a variable
called "fix". Make sure that the content is trimmed and percent\-encoded when
sent as POST data:

.nf
-\-variable %HOME
-\-expand\-variable fix@{{HOME}}/.secret
-\-expand\-data "{{fix:trim:url}}"
https://example.com/
.fi

Command line variables and expansions were added in 8.3.0.
.SH OUTPUT
If not told otherwise, curl writes the received data to stdout. It can be
instructed to instead save that data into a local file, using the \fI\-o, \-\-output\fP or
\fI\-O, \-\-remote\-name\fP options. If curl is given multiple URLs to transfer on the
command line, it similarly needs multiple options for where to save them.

curl does not parse or otherwise "understand" the content it gets or writes as
output. It does no encoding or decoding, unless explicitly asked to with
dedicated command line options.
.SH PROTOCOLS
curl supports numerous protocols, or put in URL terms: schemes. Your
particular build may not support them all.
.IP DICT
Lets you lookup words using online dictionaries.
.IP FILE
Read or write local files. curl does not support accessing file:// URL
remotely, but when running on Microsoft Windows using the native UNC approach
works.
.IP FTP(S)
curl supports the File Transfer Protocol with a lot of tweaks and levers. With
or without using TLS.
.IP GOPHER(S)
Retrieve files.
.IP HTTP(S)
curl supports HTTP with numerous options and variations. It can speak HTTP
version 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 2 and 3 depending on build options and the correct
command line options.
.IP IMAP(S)
Using the mail reading protocol, curl can download emails for you. With or
without using TLS.
.IP LDAP(S)
curl can do directory lookups for you, with or without TLS.
.IP MQTT
curl supports MQTT version 3. Downloading over MQTT equals subscribing to a
topic while uploading/posting equals publishing on a topic. MQTT over TLS is not
supported (yet).
.IP POP3(S)
Downloading from a pop3 server means getting an email. With or without using
TLS.
.IP RTMP(S)
The \fBRealtime Messaging Protocol\fP is primarily used to serve streaming media
and curl can download it.
.IP RTSP
curl supports RTSP 1.0 downloads.
.IP SCP
curl supports SSH version 2 scp transfers.
.IP SFTP
curl supports SFTP (draft 5) done over SSH version 2.
.IP SMB(S)
curl supports SMB version 1 for upload and download.
.IP SMTP(S)
Uploading contents to an SMTP server means sending an email. With or without
TLS.
.IP TELNET
Fetching a telnet URL starts an interactive session where it sends what it
reads on stdin and outputs what the server sends it.
.IP TFTP
curl can do TFTP downloads and uploads.
.IP WS(S)
WebSocket done over HTTP/1. WSS implies that it works over HTTPS.
.SH PROGRESS METER
curl normally displays a progress meter during operations, indicating the
amount of transferred data, transfer speeds and estimated time left, etc. The
progress meter displays the transfer rate in bytes per second. The suffixes
(k, M, G, T, P) are 1024 based. For example 1k is 1024 bytes. 1M is 1048576
bytes.

curl displays this data to the terminal by default, so if you invoke curl to
do an operation and it is about to write data to the terminal, it \fIdisables\fP
the progress meter as otherwise it would mess up the output mixing progress
meter and response data.

If you want a progress meter for HTTP POST or PUT requests, you need to
redirect the response output to a file, using shell redirect (>), \fI\-o, \-\-output\fP
or similar.

This does not apply to FTP upload as that operation does not spit out any
response data to the terminal.

If you prefer a progress bar instead of the regular meter, \fI\-#, \-\-progress\-bar\fP is
your friend. You can also disable the progress meter completely with the
\fI\-s, \-\-silent\fP option.
.SH VERSION
This man page describes curl 8.14.1. If you use a later version, chances
are this man page does not fully document it. If you use an earlier version,
this document tries to include version information about which specific
version that introduced changes.

You can always learn which the latest curl version is by running

.nf
curl https://curl.se/info
.fi

The online version of this man page is always showing the latest incarnation:
https://curl.se/docs/manpage.html
.SH OPTIONS
Options start with one or two dashes. Many of the options require an
additional value next to them. If provided text does not start with a dash, it
is presumed to be and treated as a URL.

The short "single\-dash" form of the options, \-d for example, may be used with
or without a space between it and its value, although a space is a recommended
separator. The long double\-dash form, \fI\-d, \-\-data\fP for example, requires a space
between it and its value.

Short version options that do not need any additional values can be used
immediately next to each other, like for example you can specify all the
options \fI\-O\fP, \fI\-L\fP and \fI\-v\fP at once as \fI\-OLv\fP.

In general, all boolean options are enabled with \--\fBoption\fP and yet again
disabled with \--\fBno\-\fPoption. That is, you use the same option name but
prefix it with "no\-". However, in this list we mostly only list and show the
-\-\fBoption\fP version of them.

When \fI\-:, \-\-next\fP is used, it resets the parser state and you start again with a
clean option state, except for the options that are global. Global options
retain their values and meaning even after \fI\-:, \-\-next\fP.

The first argument that is exactly two dashes ("\--"), marks the end of
options; any argument after the end of options is interpreted as a URL
argument even if it starts with a dash.

The following options are global: \fI\-\-fail\-early\fP, \fI\-\-libcurl\fP, \fI\-\-parallel\-immediate\fP, \fI\-\-parallel\-max\fP, \fI\-Z, \-\-parallel\fP, \fI\-#, \-\-progress\-bar\fP, \fI\-\-rate\fP, \fI\-S, \-\-show\-error\fP, \fI\-\-stderr\fP, \fI\-\-styled\-output\fP, \fI\-\-trace\-ascii\fP, \fI\-\-trace\-config\fP, \fI\-\-trace\-ids\fP, \fI\-\-trace\-time\fP, \fI\-\-trace\fP and \fI\-v, \-\-verbose\fP.
.SH ALL OPTIONS
.IP "\-\-abstract\-unix\-socket <path>"
(HTTP) Connect through an abstract Unix domain socket, instead of using the network.
Note: netstat shows the path of an abstract socket prefixed with "@", however
the <path> argument should not have this leading character.

If --abstract-unix-socket is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Example:
.nf
curl --abstract-unix-socket socketpath https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI\-\-unix\-socket\fP.
.IP "\-\-alt\-svc <filename>"
(HTTPS) Enable the alt\-svc parser. If the filename points to an existing alt\-svc cache
file, that gets used. After a completed transfer, the cache is saved to the
filename again if it has been modified.

Specify a "" filename (zero length) to avoid loading/saving and make curl just
handle the cache in memory.

If this option is used several times, curl loads contents from all the
files but the last one is used for saving.

--alt-svc can be used several times in a command line

Example:
.nf
curl --alt-svc svc.txt https://example.com
.fi

Added in 7.64.1. See also \fI\-\-resolve\fP and \fI\-\-connect\-to\fP.
.IP "\-\-anyauth"
(HTTP) Figure out authentication method automatically, and use the most secure one
the remote site claims to support. This is done by first doing a request and
checking the response\-headers, thus possibly inducing an extra network
round\-trip. This option is used instead of setting a specific authentication
method, which you can do with \fI\-\-basic\fP, \fI\-\-digest\fP, \fI\-\-ntlm\fP, and \fI\-\-negotiate\fP.

Using \fI\-\-anyauth\fP is not recommended if you do uploads from stdin, since it may
require data to be sent twice and then the client must be able to rewind. If
the need should arise when uploading from stdin, the upload operation fails.

Used together with \fI\-u, \-\-user\fP.

Providing --anyauth multiple times has no extra effect.

Example:
.nf
curl --anyauth --user me:pwd https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI\-\-proxy\-anyauth\fP, \fI\-\-basic\fP and \fI\-\-digest\fP.
.IP "\-a, \-\-append"
(FTP SFTP) When used in an upload, this option makes curl append to the target file
instead of overwriting it. If the remote file does not exist, it is
created. Note that this flag is ignored by some SFTP servers (including
OpenSSH).

Providing --append multiple times has no extra effect.
Disable it again with \-\-no-append.

Example:
.nf
curl --upload-file local --append ftp://example.com/
.fi

See also \fI-r, \-\-range\fP and \fI-C, \-\-continue\-at\fP.
.IP "\-\-aws\-sigv4 <provider1[:prvdr2[:reg[:srv]]]>"
(HTTP) Use AWS V4 signature authentication in the transfer.

The provider argument is a string that is used by the algorithm when creating
outgoing authentication headers.

The region argument is a string that points to a geographic area of
a resources collection (region\-code) when the region name is omitted from
the endpoint.

The service argument is a string that points to a function provided by a cloud
(service\-code) when the service name is omitted from the endpoint.

If --aws-sigv4 is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Example:
.nf
curl --aws-sigv4 "aws:amz:us-east-2:es" --user "key:secret" https://example.com
.fi

Added in 7.75.0. See also \fI\-\-basic\fP and \fI-u, \-\-user\fP.
.IP "\-\-basic"
(HTTP) Use HTTP Basic authentication with the remote host. This method is the default
and this option is usually pointless, unless you use it to override a
previously set option that sets a different authentication method (such as
\fI\-\-ntlm\fP, \fI\-\-digest\fP, or \fI\-\-negotiate\fP).

Used together with \fI\-u, \-\-user\fP.

Providing --basic multiple times has no extra effect.

Example:
.nf
curl -u name:password --basic https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI\-\-proxy\-basic\fP.
.IP "\-\-ca\-native"
(TLS) Use the operating system\(aqs native CA store for certificate verification.

This option is independent of other CA certificate locations set at run time or
build time. Those locations are searched in addition to the native CA store.

This option works with OpenSSL and its forks (LibreSSL, BoringSSL, etc) on
Windows. (Added in 7.71.0)

This option works with wolfSSL on Windows, Linux (Debian, Ubuntu, Gentoo,
Fedora, RHEL), macOS, Android and iOS. (Added in 8.3.0)

This option works with GnuTLS. (Added in 8.5.0)

This option works with rustls on Windows, macOS, Android and iOS. On Linux it
is equivalent to using the Mozilla CA certificate bundle. When used with rustls
_only_ the native CA store is consulted, not other locations set at run time or
build time. (Added in 8.13.0)

This option currently has no effect for Schannel or Secure Transport. Those are
native TLS libraries from Microsoft and Apple, respectively, that by default
use the native CA store for verification unless overridden by a CA certificate
location setting.

Providing --ca-native multiple times has no extra effect.
Disable it again with \-\-no-ca-native.

Example:
.nf
curl --ca-native https://example.com
.fi

Added in 8.2.0. See also \fI\-\-cacert\fP, \fI\-\-capath\fP, \fI\-\-dump\-ca\-embed\fP, \fI-k, \-\-insecure\fP and \fI\-\-proxy\-ca\-native\fP.
.IP "\-\-cacert <file>"
(TLS) Use the specified certificate file to verify the peer. The file may contain
multiple CA certificates. The certificate(s) must be in PEM format. Normally
curl is built to use a default file for this, so this option is typically used
to alter that default file.

curl recognizes the environment variable named \(aqCURL_CA_BUNDLE\(aq if it is set
and the TLS backend is not Schannel, and uses the given path as a path to a CA
cert bundle. This option overrides that variable.

(Windows) curl automatically looks for a CA certs file named
\(aqcurl\-ca\-bundle.crt\(aq, either in the same directory as curl.exe, or in the
Current Working Directory, or in any folder along your PATH.

curl 8.11.0 added a build\-time option to disable this search behavior, and
another option to restrict search to the application\(aqs directory.

(iOS and macOS only) If curl is built against Secure Transport, then this
option is supported for backward compatibility with other SSL engines, but it
should not be set. If the option is not set, then curl uses the certificates
in the system and user Keychain to verify the peer, which is the preferred
method of verifying the peer\(aqs certificate chain.

(Schannel only) This option is supported for Schannel in Windows 7 or later
(added in 7.60.0). This option is supported for backward compatibility with
other SSL engines; instead it is recommended to use Windows\(aq store of root
certificates (the default for Schannel).

If --cacert is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Example:
.nf
curl --cacert CA-file.txt https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI\-\-capath\fP, \fI\-\-dump\-ca\-embed\fP and \fI-k, \-\-insecure\fP.
.IP "\-\-capath <dir>"
(TLS) Use the specified certificate directory to verify the peer. Multiple paths can
be provided by separating them with colon (":") (e.g. "path1:path2:path3"). The
certificates must be in PEM format, and if curl is built against OpenSSL, the
directory must have been processed using the c_rehash utility supplied with
OpenSSL. Using \fI\-\-capath\fP can allow OpenSSL\-powered curl to make SSL\-connections
much more efficiently than using \fI\-\-cacert\fP if the \fI\-\-cacert\fP file contains many
CA certificates.

If this option is set, the default capath value is ignored.

If --capath is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Example:
.nf
curl --capath /local/directory https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI\-\-cacert\fP, \fI\-\-dump\-ca\-embed\fP and \fI-k, \-\-insecure\fP.
.IP "\-E, \-\-cert <certificate[:password]>"
(TLS) Use the specified client certificate file when getting a file with HTTPS, FTPS
or another SSL\-based protocol. The certificate must be in PKCS#12 format if
using Secure Transport, or PEM format if using any other engine. If the
optional password is not specified, it is queried for on the terminal. Note
that this option assumes a certificate file that is the private key and the
client certificate concatenated. See \fI\-E, \-\-cert\fP and \fI\-\-key\fP to specify them
independently.

In the <certificate> portion of the argument, you must escape the character
\&":" as "\\:" so that it is not recognized as the password delimiter. Similarly,
you must escape the double quote character as \\" so that it is not recognized
as an escape character.

If curl is built against OpenSSL, and the engine pkcs11 or pkcs11
provider is available, then a PKCS#11 URI (RFC 7512) can be used to specify a
certificate located in a PKCS#11 device. A string beginning with "pkcs11:" is
interpreted as a PKCS#11 URI. If a PKCS#11 URI is provided, then the \fI\-\-engine\fP
option is set as "pkcs11" if none was provided and the \fI\-\-cert\-type\fP option is
set as "ENG" or "PROV" if none was provided (depending on OpenSSL version).

If curl is built against GnuTLS, a PKCS#11 URI can be used to specify
a certificate located in a PKCS#11 device. A string beginning with "pkcs11:"
is interpreted as a PKCS#11 URI.

(iOS and macOS only) If curl is built against Secure Transport, then the
certificate string can either be the name of a certificate/private key in the
system or user keychain, or the path to a PKCS#12\-encoded certificate and
private key. If you want to use a file from the current directory, please
precede it with "./" prefix, in order to avoid confusion with a nickname.

(Schannel only) Client certificates must be specified by a path expression to
a certificate store. (Loading \fIPFX\fP is not supported; you can import it to a
store first). You can use "<store location>\\<store name>\\<thumbprint>"
to refer to a certificate in the system certificates store, for example,
\fI"CurrentUser\\MY\\934a7ac6f8a5d579285a74fa61e19f23ddfe8d7a"\fP. Thumbprint is
usually a SHA\-1 hex string which you can see in certificate details. Following
store locations are supported: \fICurrentUser\fP, \fILocalMachine\fP,
\fICurrentService\fP, \fIServices\fP, \fICurrentUserGroupPolicy\fP,
\fILocalMachineGroupPolicy\fP and \fILocalMachineEnterprise\fP.

If --cert is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Example:
.nf
curl --cert certfile --key keyfile https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI\-\-cert\-type\fP, \fI\-\-key\fP and \fI\-\-key\-type\fP.
.IP "\-\-cert\-status"
(TLS) Verify the status of the server certificate by using the Certificate Status
Request (aka. OCSP stapling) TLS extension.

If this option is enabled and the server sends an invalid (e.g. expired)
response, if the response suggests that the server certificate has been
revoked, or no response at all is received, the verification fails.

This support is currently only implemented in the OpenSSL and GnuTLS backends.

Providing --cert-status multiple times has no extra effect.
Disable it again with \-\-no-cert-status.

Example:
.nf
curl --cert-status https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI\-\-pinnedpubkey\fP.
.IP "\-\-cert\-type <type>"
(TLS) Set type of the provided client certificate. PEM, DER, ENG, PROV and P12 are
recognized types.

The default type depends on the TLS backend and is usually PEM, however for
Secure Transport and Schannel it is P12. If \fI\-E, \-\-cert\fP is a pkcs11: URI then ENG
or PROV is the default type (depending on OpenSSL version).

If --cert-type is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Example:
.nf
curl --cert-type PEM --cert file https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI-E, \-\-cert\fP, \fI\-\-key\fP and \fI\-\-key\-type\fP.
.IP "\-\-ciphers <list>"
(TLS) Specify which cipher suites to use in the connection if it negotiates TLS 1.2
(1.1, 1.0). The list of ciphers suites must specify valid ciphers. Read up on
cipher suite details on this URL:

https://curl.se/docs/ssl\-ciphers.html

If --ciphers is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Example:
.nf
curl --ciphers ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256 https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI\-\-tls13\-ciphers\fP, \fI\-\-proxy\-ciphers\fP and \fI\-\-curves\fP.
.IP "\-\-compressed"
(HTTP) Request a compressed response using one of the algorithms curl supports, and
automatically decompress the content.

Response headers are not modified when saved, so if they are "interpreted"
separately again at a later point they might appear to be saying that the
content is (still) compressed; while in fact it has already been decompressed.

If this option is used and the server sends an unsupported encoding, curl
reports an error. This is a request, not an order; the server may or may not
deliver data compressed.

Providing --compressed multiple times has no extra effect.
Disable it again with \-\-no-compressed.

Example:
.nf
curl --compressed https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI\-\-compressed\-ssh\fP.
.IP "\-\-compressed\-ssh"
(SCP SFTP) Enable SSH compression. This is a request, not an order; the server may or may
not do it.

Providing --compressed-ssh multiple times has no extra effect.
Disable it again with \-\-no-compressed-ssh.

Example:
.nf
curl --compressed-ssh sftp://example.com/
.fi

See also \fI\-\-compressed\fP.
.IP "\-K, \-\-config <file>"
Specify a text file to read curl arguments from. The command line arguments
found in the text file are used as if they were provided on the command
line.

Options and their parameters must be specified on the same line in the file,
separated by whitespace, colon, or the equals sign. Long option names can
optionally be given in the config file without the initial double dashes and
if so, the colon or equals characters can be used as separators. If the option
is specified with one or two dashes, there can be no colon or equals character
between the option and its parameter.

If the parameter contains whitespace or starts with a colon (:) or equals sign
(=), it must be specified enclosed within double quotes ("like this"). Within
double quotes the following escape sequences are available: \\\\, \\", \\t, \\n, \\r
and \\v. A backslash preceding any other letter is ignored.

If the first non\-blank column of a config line is a \(aq#\(aq character, that line
is treated as a comment.

Only write one option per physical line in the config file. A single line is
required to be no more than 10 megabytes (since 8.2.0).

Specify the filename to \fI\-K, \-\-config\fP as minus "\-" to make curl read the file from
stdin.

Note that to be able to specify a URL in the config file, you need to specify
it using the \fI\-\-url\fP option, and not by simply writing the URL on its own
line. So, it could look similar to this:

.nf
url = "https://curl.se/docs/"

# \--\- Example file \--\-
# this is a comment
url = "example.com"
output = "curlhere.html"
user\-agent = "superagent/1.0"

# and fetch another URL too
url = "example.com/docs/manpage.html"
-O
referer = "http://nowhereatall.example.com/"
# \--\- End of example file \--\-
.fi

When curl is invoked, it (unless \fI\-q, \-\-disable\fP is used) checks for a default
config file and uses it if found, even when \fI\-K, \-\-config\fP is used. The default
config file is checked for in the following places in this order:

1) \fB"$CURL_HOME/.curlrc"\fP

2) \fB"$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/curlrc"\fP (Added in 7.73.0)

3) \fB"$HOME/.curlrc"\fP

4) Windows: \fB"%USERPROFILE%\\.curlrc"\fP

5) Windows: \fB"%APPDATA%\\.curlrc"\fP

6) Windows: \fB"%USERPROFILE%\\Application Data\\.curlrc"\fP

7) Non\-Windows: use getpwuid to find the home directory

8) On Windows, if it finds no \fI.curlrc\fP file in the sequence described above, it
checks for one in the same directory the curl executable is placed.

On Windows two filenames are checked per location: \fI.curlrc\fP and \fI_curlrc\fP,
preferring the former. Older versions on Windows checked for \fI_curlrc\fP only.

--config can be used several times in a command line

Example:
.nf
curl --config file.txt https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI-q, \-\-disable\fP.
.IP "\-\-connect\-timeout <seconds>"
Maximum time in seconds that you allow curl\(aqs connection to take. This only
limits the connection phase, so if curl connects within the given period it
continues \- if not it exits.

This option accepts decimal values. The decimal value needs
to be provided using a dot (.) as decimal separator \- not the local version
even if it might be using another separator.

The connection phase is considered complete when the DNS lookup and requested
TCP, TLS or QUIC handshakes are done.

If --connect-timeout is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Examples:
.nf
curl --connect-timeout 20 https://example.com
curl --connect-timeout 3.14 https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI-m, \-\-max\-time\fP.
.IP "\-\-connect\-to <HOST1:PORT1:HOST2:PORT2>"
For a request intended for the "HOST1:PORT1" pair, connect to "HOST2:PORT2"
instead. This option is only used to establish the network connection. It does
NOT affect the hostname/port number that is used for TLS/SSL (e.g. SNI,
certificate verification) or for the application protocols.

\&"HOST1" and "PORT1" may be empty strings, meaning any host or any port number.
\&"HOST2" and "PORT2" may also be empty strings, meaning use the request\(aqs
original hostname and port number.

A hostname specified to this option is compared as a string, so it needs to
match the name used in the request URL. It can be either numerical such as
\&"127.0.0.1" or the full host name such as "example.org".

Example: redirect connects from the example.com hostname to 127.0.0.1
independently of port number:

.nf
curl \--connect\-to example.com::127.0.0.1: https://example.com/
.fi

Example: redirect connects from all hostnames to 127.0.0.1 independently of
port number:

.nf
curl \--connect\-to ::127.0.0.1: http://example.com/
.fi

--connect-to can be used several times in a command line

Example:
.nf
curl --connect-to example.com:443:example.net:8443 https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI\-\-resolve\fP and \fI-H, \-\-header\fP.
.IP "\-C, \-\-continue\-at <offset>"
Resume a previous transfer from the given byte offset. The given offset is the
exact number of bytes that are skipped, counting from the beginning of the
source file before it is transferred to the destination. If used with uploads,
the FTP server command SIZE is not used by curl.

Use "\-C \-" to instruct curl to automatically find out where/how to resume the
transfer. It then uses the given output/input files to figure that out.

When using this option for HTTP uploads using POST or PUT, functionality is
not guaranteed. The HTTP protocol has no standard interoperable resume upload
and curl uses a set of headers for this purpose that once proved working for
some servers and have been left for those who find that useful.

This command line option is mutually exclusive with \fI\-r, \-\-range\fP: you can only use
one of them for a single transfer.

The \fI\-\-no\-clobber\fP and \fI\-\-remove\-on\-error\fP options cannot be used together with
\fI\-C, \-\-continue\-at\fP.

If --continue-at is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Examples:
.nf
curl -C - https://example.com
curl -C 400 https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI-r, \-\-range\fP.
.IP "\-b, \-\-cookie <data|filename>"
(HTTP) This option has two slightly separate cookie sending functions.

Either: pass the exact data to send to the HTTP server in the Cookie header.
It is supposedly data previously received from the server in a "Set\-Cookie:"
line. The data should be in the format "NAME1=VALUE1; NAME2=VALUE2". When
given a set of specific cookies, curl populates its cookie header with this
content explicitly in all outgoing request(s). If multiple requests are done
due to authentication, followed redirects or similar, they all get this cookie
header passed on.

Or: If no "=" symbol is used in the argument, it is instead treated as a
filename to read previously stored cookie from. This option also activates the
cookie engine which makes curl record incoming cookies, which may be handy if
you are using this in combination with the \fI\-L, \-\-location\fP option or do multiple
URL transfers on the same invoke.

If the filename is a single minus ("\-"), curl reads the contents from stdin.
If the filename is an empty string ("") and is the only cookie input, curl
activates the cookie engine without any cookies.

The file format of the file to read cookies from should be plain HTTP headers
(Set\-Cookie style) or the Netscape/Mozilla cookie file format.

The file specified with \fI\-b, \-\-cookie\fP is only used as input. No cookies are written
to that file. To store cookies, use the \fI\-c, \-\-cookie\-jar\fP option.

If you use the Set\-Cookie file format and do not specify a domain then the
cookie is not sent since the domain never matches. To address this, set a
domain in Set\-Cookie line (doing that includes subdomains) or preferably: use
the Netscape format.

Users often want to both read cookies from a file and write updated cookies
back to a file, so using both \fI\-b, \-\-cookie\fP and \fI\-c, \-\-cookie\-jar\fP in the same command
line is common.

If curl is built with PSL (\fBPublic Suffix List\fP) support, it detects and
discards cookies that are specified for such suffix domains that should not be
allowed to have cookies. If curl is \fInot\fP built with PSL support, it has no
ability to stop super cookies.

--cookie can be used several times in a command line

Examples:
.nf
curl -b "" https://example.com
curl -b cookiefile https://example.com
curl -b cookiefile -c cookiefile https://example.com
curl -b name=Jane https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI-c, \-\-cookie\-jar\fP and \fI-j, \-\-junk\-session\-cookies\fP.
.IP "\-c, \-\-cookie\-jar <filename>"
(HTTP) Specify to which file you want curl to write all cookies after a completed
operation. curl writes all cookies from its in\-memory cookie storage to the
given file at the end of operations. Even if no cookies are known, a file is
created so that it removes any formerly existing cookies from the file. The
file uses the Netscape cookie file format. If you set the filename to a single
minus, "\-", the cookies are written to stdout.

The file specified with \fI\-c, \-\-cookie\-jar\fP is only used for output. No cookies are
read from the file. To read cookies, use the \fI\-b, \-\-cookie\fP option. Both options
can specify the same file.

This command line option activates the cookie engine that makes curl record
and use cookies. The \fI\-b, \-\-cookie\fP option also activates it.

If the cookie jar cannot be created or written to, the whole curl operation
does not fail or even report an error clearly. Using \fI\-v, \-\-verbose\fP gets a warning
displayed, but that is the only visible feedback you get about this possibly
lethal situation.

If --cookie-jar is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Examples:
.nf
curl -c store-here.txt https://example.com
curl -c store-here.txt -b read-these https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI-b, \-\-cookie\fP and \fI-j, \-\-junk\-session\-cookies\fP.
.IP "\-\-create\-dirs"
When used in conjunction with the \fI\-o, \-\-output\fP option, curl creates the necessary
local directory hierarchy as needed. This option creates the directories
mentioned with the \fI\-o, \-\-output\fP option combined with the path possibly set with
\fI\-\-output\-dir\fP. If the combined output filename uses no directory, or if the
directories it mentions already exist, no directories are created.

Created directories are made with mode 0750 on Unix\-style file systems.

To create remote directories when using FTP or SFTP, try \fI\-\-ftp\-create\-dirs\fP.

Providing --create-dirs multiple times has no extra effect.
Disable it again with \-\-no-create-dirs.

Example:
.nf
curl --create-dirs --output local/dir/file https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI\-\-ftp\-create\-dirs\fP and \fI\-\-output\-dir\fP.
.IP "\-\-create\-file\-mode <mode>"
(SFTP SCP FILE) When curl is used to create files remotely using one of the supported
protocols, this option allows the user to set which \(aqmode\(aq to set on the file
at creation time, instead of the default 0644.

This option takes an octal number as argument.

If --create-file-mode is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Example:
.nf
curl --create-file-mode 0777 -T localfile sftp://example.com/new
.fi

Added in 7.75.0. See also \fI\-\-ftp\-create\-dirs\fP.
.IP "\-\-crlf"
(FTP SMTP) Convert line feeds to carriage return plus line feeds in upload. Useful for
\fBMVS (OS/390)\fP.

Providing --crlf multiple times has no extra effect.
Disable it again with \-\-no-crlf.

Example:
.nf
curl --crlf -T file ftp://example.com/
.fi

See also \fI-B, \-\-use\-ascii\fP.
.IP "\-\-crlfile <file>"
(TLS) Provide a file using PEM format with a Certificate Revocation List that may
specify peer certificates that are to be considered revoked.

If --crlfile is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Example:
.nf
curl --crlfile rejects.txt https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI\-\-cacert\fP and \fI\-\-capath\fP.
.IP "\-\-curves <list>"
(TLS) Set specific curves to use during SSL session establishment according to RFC
8422, 5.1. Multiple algorithms can be provided by separating them with ":"
(e.g. "X25519:P\-521"). The parameter is available identically in the OpenSSL
\&"s_client" and "s_server" utilities.

\fI\-\-curves\fP allows a OpenSSL powered curl to make SSL\-connections with exactly
the (EC) curve requested by the client, avoiding nontransparent client/server
negotiations.

If this option is set, the default curves list built into OpenSSL are ignored.

If --curves is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Example:
.nf
curl --curves X25519 https://example.com
.fi

Added in 7.73.0. See also \fI\-\-ciphers\fP.
.IP "\-d, \-\-data <data>"
(HTTP MQTT) Send the specified data in a POST request to the HTTP server, in the same way
that a browser does when a user has filled in an HTML form and presses the
submit button. This option makes curl pass the data to the server using the
content\-type application/x\-www\-form\-urlencoded. Compared to \fI\-F, \-\-form\fP.

\fI\-\-data\-raw\fP is almost the same but does not have a special interpretation of
the @ character. To post data purely binary, you should instead use the
\fI\-\-data\-binary\fP option. To URL\-encode the value of a form field you may use
\fI\-\-data\-urlencode\fP.

If any of these options is used more than once on the same command line, the
data pieces specified are merged with a separating &\-symbol. Thus, using
\(aq\-d name=daniel \-d skill=lousy\(aq would generate a post chunk that looks like
\(aqname=daniel&skill=lousy\(aq.

If you start the data with the letter @, the rest should be a filename to read
the data from, or \- if you want curl to read the data from stdin. Posting data
from a file named \(aqfoobar\(aq would thus be done with \fI\-d, \-\-data\fP @foobar. When \fI\-d, \-\-data\fP
is told to read from a file like that, carriage returns, newlines and null
bytes are stripped out. If you do not want the @ character to have a special
interpretation use \fI\-\-data\-raw\fP instead.

The data for this option is passed on to the server exactly as provided on the
command line. curl does not convert, change or improve it. It is up to the
user to provide the data in the correct form.

--data can be used several times in a command line

Examples:
.nf
curl -d "name=curl" https://example.com
curl -d "name=curl" -d "tool=cmdline" https://example.com
curl -d @filename https://example.com
.fi

This option is mutually exclusive with \fI-F, \-\-form\fP, \fI-I, \-\-head\fP and \fI-T, \-\-upload\-file\fP.
See also \fI\-\-data\-binary\fP, \fI\-\-data\-urlencode\fP and \fI\-\-data\-raw\fP.
.IP "\-\-data\-ascii <data>"
(HTTP) This option is just an alias for \fI\-d, \-\-data\fP.

--data-ascii can be used several times in a command line

Example:
.nf
curl --data-ascii @file https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI\-\-data\-binary\fP, \fI\-\-data\-raw\fP and \fI\-\-data\-urlencode\fP.
.IP "\-\-data\-binary <data>"
(HTTP) Post data exactly as specified with no extra processing whatsoever.

If you start the data with the letter @, the rest should be a filename.
\&"@\-" makes curl read the data from stdin. Data is posted in a similar
manner as \fI\-d, \-\-data\fP does, except that newlines and carriage returns are
preserved and conversions are never done.

Like \fI\-d, \-\-data\fP the default content\-type sent to the server is
application/x\-www\-form\-urlencoded. If you want the data to be treated as
arbitrary binary data by the server then set the content\-type to octet\-stream:
-H "Content\-Type: application/octet\-stream".

If this option is used several times, the ones following the first append
data as described in \fI\-d, \-\-data\fP.

--data-binary can be used several times in a command line

Example:
.nf
curl --data-binary @filename https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI\-\-data\-ascii\fP.
.IP "\-\-data\-raw <data>"
(HTTP) Post data similarly to \fI\-d, \-\-data\fP but without the special interpretation of the @
character.

--data-raw can be used several times in a command line

Examples:
.nf
curl --data-raw "hello" https://example.com
curl --data-raw "@at@at@" https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI-d, \-\-data\fP.
.IP "\-\-data\-urlencode <data>"
(HTTP) Post data, similar to the other \fI\-d, \-\-data\fP options with the exception that this
performs URL\-encoding.

To be CGI\-compliant, the <data> part should begin with a \fIname\fP followed by
a separator and a content specification. The <data> part can be passed to
curl using one of the following syntaxes:
.RS
.IP content
URL\-encode the content and pass that on. Just be careful so that the content
does not contain any "=" or "@" symbols, as that makes the syntax match one of
the other cases below.
.IP =content
URL\-encode the content and pass that on. The preceding "=" symbol is not
included in the data.
.IP name=content
URL\-encode the content part and pass that on. Note that the name part is
expected to be URL\-encoded already.
.IP @filename
load data from the given file (including any newlines), URL\-encode that data
and pass it on in the POST. Using "@\-" makes curl read the data from stdin.
.IP name@filename
load data from the given file (including any newlines), URL\-encode that data
and pass it on in the POST. The name part gets an equal sign appended,
resulting in \fIname=urlencoded\-file\-content\fP. Note that the name is expected to
be URL\-encoded already.
.RE
.IP

--data-urlencode can be used several times in a command line

Examples:
.nf
curl --data-urlencode name=val https://example.com
curl --data-urlencode =encodethis https://example.com
curl --data-urlencode name@file https://example.com
curl --data-urlencode @fileonly https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI-d, \-\-data\fP and \fI\-\-data\-raw\fP.
.IP "\-\-delegation <LEVEL>"
(GSS/kerberos) Set LEVEL what curl is allowed to delegate when it comes to user credentials.
.RS
.IP none
Do not allow any delegation.
.IP policy
Delegates if and only if the OK\-AS\-DELEGATE flag is set in the Kerberos
service ticket, which is a matter of realm policy.
.IP always
Unconditionally allow the server to delegate.
.RE
.IP

If --delegation is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Example:
.nf
curl --delegation "none" https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI-k, \-\-insecure\fP and \fI\-\-ssl\fP.
.IP "\-\-digest"
(HTTP) Enable HTTP Digest authentication. This authentication scheme avoids sending
the password over the wire in clear text. Use this in combination with the
normal \fI\-u, \-\-user\fP option to set username and password.

Providing --digest multiple times has no extra effect.
Disable it again with \-\-no-digest.

Example:
.nf
curl -u name:password --digest https://example.com
.fi

This option is mutually exclusive with \fI\-\-basic\fP, \fI\-\-ntlm\fP and \fI\-\-negotiate\fP.
See also \fI-u, \-\-user\fP, \fI\-\-proxy\-digest\fP and \fI\-\-anyauth\fP.
.IP "\-q, \-\-disable"
If used as the \fBfirst\fP parameter on the command line, the \fIcurlrc\fP config
file is not read or used. See the \fI\-K, \-\-config\fP for details on the default config
file search path.

Providing --disable multiple times has no extra effect.
Disable it again with \-\-no-disable.

Example:
.nf
curl -q https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI-K, \-\-config\fP.
.IP "\-\-disable\-eprt"
(FTP) Disable the use of the EPRT and LPRT commands when doing active FTP transfers.
curl normally first attempts to use EPRT before using PORT, but with this
option, it uses PORT right away. EPRT is an extension to the original FTP
protocol, and does not work on all servers, but enables more functionality in
a better way than the traditional PORT command.

\fI\-\-eprt\fP can be used to explicitly enable EPRT again and \fI\-\-no\-eprt\fP is an alias
for \fI\-\-disable\-eprt\fP.

If the server is accessed using IPv6, this option has no effect as EPRT is
necessary then.

Disabling EPRT only changes the active behavior. If you want to switch to
passive mode you need to not use \fI\-P, \-\-ftp\-port\fP or force it with \fI\-\-ftp\-pasv\fP.

Providing --disable-eprt multiple times has no extra effect.
Disable it again with \-\-no-disable-eprt.

Example:
.nf
curl --disable-eprt ftp://example.com/
.fi

See also \fI\-\-disable\-epsv\fP and \fI-P, \-\-ftp\-port\fP.
.IP "\-\-disable\-epsv"
(FTP) Disable the use of the EPSV command when doing passive FTP transfers. curl
normally first attempts to use EPSV before PASV, but with this option, it does
not try EPSV.

\fI\-\-epsv\fP can be used to explicitly enable EPSV again and \fI\-\-no\-epsv\fP is an alias
for \fI\-\-disable\-epsv\fP.

If the server is an IPv6 host, this option has no effect as EPSV is necessary
then.

Disabling EPSV only changes the passive behavior. If you want to switch to
active mode you need to use \fI\-P, \-\-ftp\-port\fP.

Providing --disable-epsv multiple times has no extra effect.
Disable it again with \-\-no-disable-epsv.

Example:
.nf
curl --disable-epsv ftp://example.com/
.fi

See also \fI\-\-disable\-eprt\fP and \fI-P, \-\-ftp\-port\fP.
.IP "\-\-disallow\-username\-in\-url"
Exit with error if passed a URL containing a username. Probably most useful
when the URL is being provided at runtime or similar.

Providing --disallow-username-in-url multiple times has no extra effect.
Disable it again with \-\-no-disallow-username-in-url.

Example:
.nf
curl --disallow-username-in-url https://example.com
.fi

Added in 7.61.0. See also \fI\-\-proto\fP.
.IP "\-\-dns\-interface <interface>"
(DNS) Send outgoing DNS requests through the given interface. This option is a
counterpart to \fI\-\-interface\fP (which does not affect DNS). The supplied string
must be an interface name (not an address).

If --dns-interface is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Example:
.nf
curl --dns-interface eth0 https://example.com
.fi

\fI\-\-dns\-interface\fP requires that libcurl is built to support c-ares.
See also \fI\-\-dns\-ipv4\-addr\fP and \fI\-\-dns\-ipv6\-addr\fP.
.IP "\-\-dns\-ipv4\-addr <address>"
(DNS) Bind to a specific IP address when making IPv4 DNS requests, so that the DNS
requests originate from this address. The argument should be a single IPv4
address.

If --dns-ipv4-addr is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Example:
.nf
curl --dns-ipv4-addr 10.1.2.3 https://example.com
.fi

\fI\-\-dns\-ipv4\-addr\fP requires that libcurl is built to support c-ares.
See also \fI\-\-dns\-interface\fP and \fI\-\-dns\-ipv6\-addr\fP.
.IP "\-\-dns\-ipv6\-addr <address>"
(DNS) Bind to a specific IP address when making IPv6 DNS requests, so that the DNS
requests originate from this address. The argument should be a single IPv6
address.

If --dns-ipv6-addr is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Example:
.nf
curl --dns-ipv6-addr 2a04:4e42::561 https://example.com
.fi

\fI\-\-dns\-ipv6\-addr\fP requires that libcurl is built to support c-ares.
See also \fI\-\-dns\-interface\fP and \fI\-\-dns\-ipv4\-addr\fP.
.IP "\-\-dns\-servers <addresses>"
(DNS) Set the list of DNS servers to be used instead of the system default. The list
of IP addresses should be separated with commas. Port numbers may also
optionally be given, appended to the IP address separated with a colon.

If --dns-servers is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Examples:
.nf
curl --dns-servers 192.168.0.1,192.168.0.2 https://example.com
curl --dns-servers 10.0.0.1:53 https://example.com
.fi

\fI\-\-dns\-servers\fP requires that libcurl is built to support c-ares.
See also \fI\-\-dns\-interface\fP and \fI\-\-dns\-ipv4\-addr\fP.
.IP "\-\-doh\-cert\-status"
Same as \fI\-\-cert\-status\fP but used for DoH (DNS\-over\-HTTPS).

Verify the status of the DoH servers\(aq certificate by using the Certificate
Status Request (aka. OCSP stapling) TLS extension.

If this option is enabled and the DoH server sends an invalid (e.g. expired)
response, if the response suggests that the server certificate has been
revoked, or no response at all is received, the verification fails.

This support is currently only implemented in the OpenSSL and GnuTLS backends.

Providing --doh-cert-status multiple times has no extra effect.
Disable it again with \-\-no-doh-cert-status.

Example:
.nf
curl --doh-cert-status --doh-url https://doh.example https://example.com
.fi

Added in 7.76.0. See also \fI\-\-doh\-insecure\fP.
.IP "\-\-doh\-insecure"
By default, every connection curl makes to a DoH server is verified to be
secure before the transfer takes place. This option tells curl to skip the
verification step and proceed without checking.

\fBWARNING\fP: using this option makes the DoH transfer and name resolution
insecure.

This option is equivalent to \fI\-k, \-\-insecure\fP and \fI\-\-proxy\-insecure\fP but used for DoH
(DNS\-over\-HTTPS) only.

Providing --doh-insecure multiple times has no extra effect.
Disable it again with \-\-no-doh-insecure.

Example:
.nf
curl --doh-insecure --doh-url https://doh.example https://example.com
.fi

Added in 7.76.0. See also \fI\-\-doh\-url\fP, \fI-k, \-\-insecure\fP and \fI\-\-proxy\-insecure\fP.
.IP "\-\-doh\-url <URL>"
Specify which DNS\-over\-HTTPS (DoH) server to use to resolve hostnames, instead
of using the default name resolver mechanism. The URL must be HTTPS.

Some SSL options that you set for your transfer also apply to DoH since the
name lookups take place over SSL. However, the certificate verification
settings are not inherited but are controlled separately via \fI\-\-doh\-insecure\fP
and \fI\-\-doh\-cert\-status\fP.

By default, DoH is bypassed when initially looking up DNS records of the DoH server. You can specify the IP address(es) of the DoH server with \fI\-\-resolve\fP to avoid this.

This option is unset if an empty string "" is used as the URL.
(Added in 7.85.0)

If --doh-url is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Examples:
.nf
curl --doh-url https://doh.example https://example.com
curl --doh-url https://doh.example --resolve doh.example:443:192.0.2.1 https://example.com
.fi

Added in 7.62.0. See also \fI\-\-doh\-insecure\fP.
.IP "\-\-dump\-ca\-embed"
(TLS) Write the CA bundle embedded in curl to standard output, then quit.

If curl was not built with a default CA bundle embedded, the output is empty.

Providing --dump-ca-embed multiple times has no extra effect.
Disable it again with \-\-no-dump-ca-embed.

Example:
.nf
curl --dump-ca-embed
.fi

Added in 8.10.0. See also \fI\-\-ca\-native\fP, \fI\-\-cacert\fP, \fI\-\-capath\fP, \fI\-\-proxy\-ca\-native\fP, \fI\-\-proxy\-cacert\fP and \fI\-\-proxy\-capath\fP.
.IP "\-D, \-\-dump\-header <filename>"
(HTTP FTP) Write the received protocol headers to the specified file. If no headers are
received, the use of this option creates an empty file. Specify "\-" as
filename (a single minus) to have it written to stdout.

Starting in curl 8.10.0, specify "%" (a single percent sign) as filename
writes the output to stderr.

When used in FTP, the FTP server response lines are considered being "headers"
and thus are saved there.

Starting in curl 8.11.0, using the \fI\-\-create\-dirs\fP option can also create
missing directory components for the path provided in \fI\-D, \-\-dump\-header\fP.

Having multiple transfers in one set of operations (i.e. the URLs in one
\fI\-:, \-\-next\fP clause), appends them to the same file, separated by a blank line.

If --dump-header is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Examples:
.nf
curl --dump-header store.txt https://example.com
curl --dump-header - https://example.com -o save
.fi

See also \fI-o, \-\-output\fP.
.IP "\-\-ech <config>"
(HTTPS) Specify how to do ECH (Encrypted Client Hello).

The values allowed for <config> can be:
.RS
.IP false
Do not attempt ECH. The is the default.
.IP grease
Send a GREASE ECH extension
.IP true
Attempt ECH if possible, but do not fail if ECH is not attempted.
(The connection fails if ECH is attempted but fails.)
.IP hard
Attempt ECH and fail if that is not possible. ECH only works with TLS 1.3 and
also requires using DoH or providing an ECHConfigList on the command line.
.IP ecl:<b64val>
A base64 encoded ECHConfigList that is used for ECH.
.IP pn:<name>
A name to use to over\-ride the "public_name" field of an ECHConfigList (only
available with OpenSSL TLS support)
.RE
.IP
Most ECH related errors cause error \fICURLE_ECH_REQUIRED\fP (101).

If --ech is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Example:
.nf
curl --ech true https://example.com
.fi

Added in 8.8.0. See also \fI\-\-doh\-url\fP.
.IP "\-\-egd\-file <file>"
(TLS) Deprecated option (added in 7.84.0). Prior to that it only had an effect on
curl if built to use old versions of OpenSSL.

Specify the path name to the Entropy Gathering Daemon socket. The socket is
used to seed the random engine for SSL connections.

If --egd-file is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Example:
.nf
curl --egd-file /random/here https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI\-\-random\-file\fP.
.IP "\-\-engine <name>"
(TLS) Select the OpenSSL crypto engine to use for cipher operations. Use \fI\-\-engine\fP
list to print a list of build\-time supported engines. Note that not all (and
possibly none) of the engines may be available at runtime.

If --engine is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Example:
.nf
curl --engine flavor https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI\-\-ciphers\fP and \fI\-\-curves\fP.
.IP "\-\-etag\-compare <file>"
(HTTP) Make a conditional HTTP request for the specific ETag read from the given file
by sending a custom If\-None\-Match header using the stored ETag.

For correct results, make sure that the specified file contains only a single
line with the desired ETag. A non\-existing or empty file is treated as an
empty ETag.

Use the option \fI\-\-etag\-save\fP to first save the ETag from a response, and then
use this option to compare against the saved ETag in a subsequent request.

Use this option with a single URL only.

If --etag-compare is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Example:
.nf
curl --etag-compare etag.txt https://example.com
.fi

Added in 7.68.0. See also \fI\-\-etag\-save\fP and \fI-z, \-\-time\-cond\fP.
.IP "\-\-etag\-save <file>"
(HTTP) Save an HTTP ETag to the specified file. An ETag is a caching related header,
usually returned in a response. Use this option with a single URL only.

If no ETag is sent by the server, an empty file is created.

In many situations you want to use an existing etag in the request to avoid
downloading the same resource again but also save the new etag if it has
indeed changed, by using both etag options \fI\-\-etag\-save\fP and \fI\-\-etag\-compare\fP with
the same filename, in the same command line.

Starting in curl 8.12.0, using the \fI\-\-create\-dirs\fP option can also create
missing directory components for the path provided in \fI\-\-etag\-save\fP.

If --etag-save is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Example:
.nf
curl --etag-save storetag.txt https://example.com
.fi

Added in 7.68.0. See also \fI\-\-etag\-compare\fP.
.IP "\-\-expect100\-timeout <seconds>"
(HTTP) Maximum time in seconds that you allow curl to wait for a 100\-continue
response when curl emits an Expects: 100\-continue header in its request. By
default curl waits one second. This option accepts decimal values. When curl
stops waiting, it continues as if a response was received.

The decimal value needs to be provided using a dot (".") as decimal separator \-
not the local version even if it might be using another separator.

If --expect100-timeout is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Example:
.nf
curl --expect100-timeout 2.5 -T file https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI\-\-connect\-timeout\fP.
.IP "\-f, \-\-fail"
(HTTP) Fail with error code 22 and with no response body output at all for HTTP
transfers returning HTTP response codes at 400 or greater.

In normal cases when an HTTP server fails to deliver a document, it returns a
body of text stating so (which often also describes why and more) and a 4xx
HTTP response code. This command line option prevents curl from outputting
that data and instead returns error 22 early. By default, curl does not
consider HTTP response codes to indicate failure.

To get both the error code and also save the content, use \fI\-\-fail\-with\-body\fP
instead.

This method is not fail\-safe and there are occasions where non\-successful
response codes slip through, especially when authentication is involved
(response codes 401 and 407).

Providing --fail multiple times has no extra effect.
Disable it again with \-\-no-fail.

Example:
.nf
curl --fail https://example.com
.fi

This option is mutually exclusive with \fI\-\-fail\-with\-body\fP.
See also \fI\-\-fail\-with\-body\fP and \fI\-\-fail\-early\fP.
.IP "\-\-fail\-early"
Fail and exit on the first detected transfer error.

When curl is used to do multiple transfers on the command line, it attempts to
operate on each given URL, one by one. By default, it ignores errors if there
are more URLs given and the last URL\(aqs success determines the error code curl
returns. Early failures are "hidden" by subsequent successful transfers.

Using this option, curl instead returns an error on the first transfer that
fails, independent of the amount of URLs that are given on the command
line. This way, no transfer failures go undetected by scripts and similar.

This option does not imply \fI\-f, \-\-fail\fP, which causes transfers to fail due to the
server\(aqs HTTP status code. You can combine the two options, however note \fI\-f, \-\-fail\fP
is not global and is therefore contained by \fI\-:, \-\-next\fP.

This option is global and does not need to be specified for each use of --next.

Providing --fail-early multiple times has no extra effect.
Disable it again with \-\-no-fail-early.

Example:
.nf
curl --fail-early https://example.com https://two.example
.fi

See also \fI-f, \-\-fail\fP and \fI\-\-fail\-with\-body\fP.
.IP "\-\-fail\-with\-body"
(HTTP) Return an error on server errors where the HTTP response code is 400 or
greater). In normal cases when an HTTP server fails to deliver a document, it
returns an HTML document stating so (which often also describes why and more).
This option allows curl to output and save that content but also to return
error 22.

This is an alternative option to \fI\-f, \-\-fail\fP which makes curl fail for the same
circumstances but without saving the content.

Providing --fail-with-body multiple times has no extra effect.
Disable it again with \-\-no-fail-with-body.

Example:
.nf
curl --fail-with-body https://example.com
.fi

This option is mutually exclusive with \fI-f, \-\-fail\fP.
Added in 7.76.0. See also \fI-f, \-\-fail\fP and \fI\-\-fail\-early\fP.
.IP "\-\-false\-start"
(TLS) Use false start during the TLS handshake. False start is a mode where a TLS
client starts sending application data before verifying the server\(aqs Finished
message, thus saving a round trip when performing a full handshake.

This functionality is currently only implemented in the Secure Transport (on
iOS 7.0 or later, or macOS 10.9 or later) backend.

Providing --false-start multiple times has no extra effect.
Disable it again with \-\-no-false-start.

Example:
.nf
curl --false-start https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI\-\-tcp\-fastopen\fP.
.IP "\-F, \-\-form <name=content>"
(HTTP SMTP IMAP) For the HTTP protocol family, emulate a filled\-in form in which a user has
pressed the submit button. This makes curl POST data using the Content\-Type
multipart/form\-data according to RFC 2388.

For SMTP and IMAP protocols, this composes a multipart mail message to
transmit.

This enables uploading of binary files etc. To force the \(aqcontent\(aq part to be
a file, prefix the filename with an @ sign. To just get the content part from
a file, prefix the filename with the symbol <. The difference between @ and
< is then that @ makes a file get attached in the post as a file upload,
while the < makes a text field and just gets the contents for that text field
from a file.

Read content from stdin instead of a file by using a single "\-" as filename.
This goes for both @ and < constructs. When stdin is used, the contents is
buffered in memory first by curl to determine its size and allow a possible
resend. Defining a part\(aqs data from a named non\-regular file (such as a named
pipe or similar) is not subject to buffering and is instead read at
transmission time; since the full size is unknown before the transfer starts,
such data is sent as chunks by HTTP and rejected by IMAP.

Example: send an image to an HTTP server, where \(aqprofile\(aq is the name of the
form\-field to which the file \fBportrait.jpg\fP is the input:

.nf
curl \-F profile=@portrait.jpg https://example.com/upload.cgi
.fi

Example: send your name and shoe size in two text fields to the server:

.nf
curl \-F name=John \-F shoesize=11 https://example.com/
.fi

Example: send your essay in a text field to the server. Send it as a plain
text field, but get the contents for it from a local file:

.nf
curl \-F "story=<hugefile.txt" https://example.com/
.fi

You can also instruct curl what Content\-Type to use by using "type=", in a
manner similar to:

.nf
curl \-F "web=@index.html;type=text/html" example.com
.fi

or

.nf
curl \-F "name=daniel;type=text/foo" example.com
.fi

You can also explicitly change the name field of a file upload part by setting
filename=, like this:

.nf
curl \-F "file=@localfile;filename=nameinpost" example.com
.fi

If filename/path contains \(aq,\(aq or \(aq;\(aq, it must be quoted by double\-quotes like:

.nf
curl \-F "file=@\\"local,file\\";filename=\\"name;in;post\\"" \\
    https://example.com
.fi

or

.nf
curl \-F \(aqfile=@"local,file";filename="name;in;post"\(aq \\
    https://example.com
.fi

Note that if a filename/path is quoted by double\-quotes, any double\-quote
or backslash within the filename must be escaped by backslash.

Quoting must also be applied to non\-file data if it contains semicolons,
leading/trailing spaces or leading double quotes:

.nf
curl \-F \(aqcolors="red; green; blue";type=text/x\-myapp\(aq \\
   https://example.com
.fi

You can add custom headers to the field by setting headers=, like

.nf
curl \-F "submit=OK;headers=\\"X\-submit\-type: OK\\"" example.com
.fi

or

.nf
curl \-F "submit=OK;headers=@headerfile" example.com
.fi

The headers= keyword may appear more than once and above notes about quoting
apply. When headers are read from a file, empty lines and lines starting
with \(aq#\(aq are ignored; each header can be folded by splitting
between two words and starting the continuation line with a space; embedded
carriage\-returns and trailing spaces are stripped.
Here is an example of a header file contents:

.nf
# This file contains two headers.
X\-header\-1: this is a header

# The following header is folded.
X\-header\-2: this is
 another header
.fi

To support sending multipart mail messages, the syntax is extended as follows:

- name can be omitted: the equal sign is the first character of the argument,

- if data starts with \(aq(\(aq, this signals to start a new multipart: it can be
followed by a content type specification.

- a multipart can be terminated with a \(aq=)\(aq argument.

Example: the following command sends an SMTP mime email consisting in an
inline part in two alternative formats: plain text and HTML. It attaches a
text file:

.nf
curl \-F \(aq=(;type=multipart/alternative\(aq \\
     \-F \(aq=plain text message\(aq \\
     \-F \(aq= <body>HTML message</body>;type=text/html\(aq \\
     \-F \(aq=)\(aq \-F \(aq=@textfile.txt\(aq ...  smtp://example.com
.fi

Data can be encoded for transfer using encoder=. Available encodings are
\fIbinary\fP and \fI8bit\fP that do nothing else than adding the corresponding
Content\-Transfer\-Encoding header, \fI7bit\fP that only rejects 8\-bit characters
with a transfer error, \fIquoted\-printable\fP and \fIbase64\fP that encodes data
according to the corresponding schemes, limiting lines length to 76
characters.

Example: send multipart mail with a quoted\-printable text message and a
base64 attached file:

.nf
curl \-F \(aq=text message;encoder=quoted\-printable\(aq \\
     \-F \(aq=@localfile;encoder=base64\(aq ... smtp://example.com
.fi

See further examples and details in the MANUAL.

--form can be used several times in a command line

Example:
.nf
curl --form "name=curl" --form "file=@loadthis" https://example.com
.fi

This option is mutually exclusive with \fI-d, \-\-data\fP, \fI-I, \-\-head\fP and \fI-T, \-\-upload\-file\fP.
See also \fI-d, \-\-data\fP, \fI\-\-form\-string\fP and \fI\-\-form\-escape\fP.
.IP "\-\-form\-escape"
(HTTP imap smtp) Pass on names of multipart form fields and files using backslash\-escaping
instead of percent\-encoding.

If --form-escape is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Example:
.nf
curl --form-escape -F 'field\\name=curl' -F 'file=@load"this' https://example.com
.fi

Added in 7.81.0. See also \fI-F, \-\-form\fP.
.IP "\-\-form\-string <name=string>"
(HTTP SMTP IMAP) Similar to \fI\-F, \-\-form\fP except that the value string for the named parameter is used
literally. Leading @ and < characters, and the ";type=" string in the value
have no special meaning. Use this in preference to \fI\-F, \-\-form\fP if there is any
possibility that the string value may accidentally trigger the @ or <
features of \fI\-F, \-\-form\fP.

--form-string can be used several times in a command line

Example:
.nf
curl --form-string "name=data" https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI-F, \-\-form\fP.
.IP "\-\-ftp\-account <data>"
(FTP) When an FTP server asks for "account data" after username and password has
been provided, this data is sent off using the ACCT command.

If --ftp-account is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Example:
.nf
curl --ftp-account "mr.robot" ftp://example.com/
.fi

See also \fI-u, \-\-user\fP.
.IP "\-\-ftp\-alternative\-to\-user <command>"
(FTP) If authenticating with the USER and PASS commands fails, send this command.
When connecting to Tumbleweed\(aqs Secure Transport server over FTPS using a
client certificate, using "SITE AUTH" tells the server to retrieve the
username from the certificate.

If --ftp-alternative-to-user is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Example:
.nf
curl --ftp-alternative-to-user "U53r" ftp://example.com
.fi

See also \fI\-\-ftp\-account\fP and \fI-u, \-\-user\fP.
.IP "\-\-ftp\-create\-dirs"
(FTP SFTP) When an FTP or SFTP URL/operation uses a path that does not currently exist on
the server, the standard behavior of curl is to fail. Using this option, curl
instead attempts to create missing directories.

Providing --ftp-create-dirs multiple times has no extra effect.
Disable it again with \-\-no-ftp-create-dirs.

Example:
.nf
curl --ftp-create-dirs -T file ftp://example.com/remote/path/file
.fi

See also \fI\-\-create\-dirs\fP.
.IP "\-\-ftp\-method <method>"
(FTP) Control what method curl should use to reach a file on an FTP(S)
server. The method argument should be one of the following alternatives:
.RS
.IP multicwd
Do a single CWD operation for each path part in the given URL. For deep
hierarchies this means many commands. This is how RFC 1738 says it should be
done. This is the default but the slowest behavior.
.IP nocwd
Do no CWD at all. curl does SIZE, RETR, STOR etc and gives the full path to
the server for each of these commands. This is the fastest behavior.
.IP singlecwd
Do one CWD with the full target directory and then operate on the file
\&"normally" (like in the multicwd case). This is somewhat more standards
compliant than "nocwd" but without the full penalty of "multicwd".
.RE
.IP

If --ftp-method is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Examples:
.nf
curl --ftp-method multicwd ftp://example.com/dir1/dir2/file
curl --ftp-method nocwd ftp://example.com/dir1/dir2/file
curl --ftp-method singlecwd ftp://example.com/dir1/dir2/file
.fi

See also \fI-l, \-\-list\-only\fP.
.IP "\-\-ftp\-pasv"
(FTP) Use passive mode for the data connection. Passive is the internal default
behavior, but using this option can be used to override a previous \fI\-P, \-\-ftp\-port\fP
option.

Reversing an enforced passive really is not doable but you must then instead
enforce the correct \fI\-P, \-\-ftp\-port\fP again.

Passive mode means that curl tries the EPSV command first and then PASV,
unless \fI\-\-disable\-epsv\fP is used.

Providing --ftp-pasv multiple times has no extra effect.
Disable it again with \-\-no-ftp-pasv.

Example:
.nf
curl --ftp-pasv ftp://example.com/
.fi

See also \fI\-\-disable\-epsv\fP.
.IP "\-P, \-\-ftp\-port <address>"
(FTP) Reverse the default initiator/listener roles when connecting with FTP. This
option makes curl use active mode. curl then commands the server to connect
back to the client\(aqs specified address and port, while passive mode asks the
server to setup an IP address and port for it to connect to. <address>
should be one of:
.RS
.IP interface
e.g. \fBeth0\fP to specify which interface\(aqs IP address you want to use (Unix only)
.IP "IP address"
e.g. \fB192.168.10.1\fP to specify the exact IP address
.IP hostname
e.g. \fBmy.host.domain\fP to specify the machine
.IP -
make curl pick the same IP address that is already used for the control
connection. This is the recommended choice.
.RE
.IP
Disable the use of PORT with \fI\-\-ftp\-pasv\fP. Disable the attempt to use the EPRT
command instead of PORT by using \fI\-\-disable\-eprt\fP. EPRT is really PORT++.

You can also append ":[start]\-[end]" to the right of the address, to tell
curl what TCP port range to use. That means you specify a port range, from a
lower to a higher number. A single number works as well, but do note that it
increases the risk of failure since the port may not be available.


If --ftp-port is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Examples:
.nf
curl -P - ftp:/example.com
curl -P eth0 ftp:/example.com
curl -P 192.168.0.2 ftp:/example.com
.fi

See also \fI\-\-ftp\-pasv\fP and \fI\-\-disable\-eprt\fP.
.IP "\-\-ftp\-pret"
(FTP) Send a PRET command before PASV (and EPSV). Certain FTP servers, mainly
drftpd, require this non\-standard command for directory listings as well as up
and downloads in PASV mode.

Providing --ftp-pret multiple times has no extra effect.
Disable it again with \-\-no-ftp-pret.

Example:
.nf
curl --ftp-pret ftp://example.com/
.fi

See also \fI-P, \-\-ftp\-port\fP and \fI\-\-ftp\-pasv\fP.
.IP "\-\-ftp\-skip\-pasv\-ip"
(FTP) Do not use the IP address the server suggests in its response to curl\(aqs PASV
command when curl connects the data connection. Instead curl reuses the same
IP address it already uses for the control connection.

This option is enabled by default (added in 7.74.0).

This option has no effect if PORT, EPRT or EPSV is used instead of PASV.

Providing --ftp-skip-pasv-ip multiple times has no extra effect.
Disable it again with \-\-no-ftp-skip-pasv-ip.

Example:
.nf
curl --ftp-skip-pasv-ip ftp://example.com/
.fi

See also \fI\-\-ftp\-pasv\fP.
.IP "\-\-ftp\-ssl\-ccc"
(FTP) Use CCC (Clear Command Channel) Shuts down the SSL/TLS layer after
authenticating. The rest of the control channel communication is
unencrypted. This allows NAT routers to follow the FTP transaction. The
default mode is passive.

Providing --ftp-ssl-ccc multiple times has no extra effect.
Disable it again with \-\-no-ftp-ssl-ccc.

Example:
.nf
curl --ftp-ssl-ccc ftps://example.com/
.fi

See also \fI\-\-ssl\fP and \fI\-\-ftp\-ssl\-ccc\-mode\fP.
.IP "\-\-ftp\-ssl\-ccc\-mode <active/passive>"
(FTP) Set the CCC mode. The passive mode does not initiate the shutdown, but instead
waits for the server to do it, and does not reply to the shutdown from the
server. The active mode initiates the shutdown and waits for a reply from the
server.

Providing --ftp-ssl-ccc-mode multiple times has no extra effect.
Disable it again with \-\-no-ftp-ssl-ccc-mode.

Example:
.nf
curl --ftp-ssl-ccc-mode active --ftp-ssl-ccc ftps://example.com/
.fi

See also \fI\-\-ftp\-ssl\-ccc\fP.
.IP "\-\-ftp\-ssl\-control"
(FTP) Require SSL/TLS for the FTP login, clear for transfer. Allows secure
authentication, but non\-encrypted data transfers for efficiency. Fails the
transfer if the server does not support SSL/TLS.

Providing --ftp-ssl-control multiple times has no extra effect.
Disable it again with \-\-no-ftp-ssl-control.

Example:
.nf
curl --ftp-ssl-control ftp://example.com
.fi

See also \fI\-\-ssl\fP.
.IP "\-G, \-\-get"
(HTTP) When used, this option makes all data specified with \fI\-d, \-\-data\fP, \fI\-\-data\-binary\fP or
\fI\-\-data\-urlencode\fP to be used in an HTTP GET request instead of the POST request
that otherwise would be used. curl appends the provided data to the URL as a
query string.

If used in combination with \fI\-I, \-\-head\fP, the POST data is instead appended to the
URL with a HEAD request.

Providing --get multiple times has no extra effect.
Disable it again with \-\-no-get.

Examples:
.nf
curl --get https://example.com
curl --get -d "tool=curl" -d "age=old" https://example.com
curl --get -I -d "tool=curl" https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI-d, \-\-data\fP and \fI-X, \-\-request\fP.
.IP "\-g, \-\-globoff"
Switch off the URL globbing function. When you set this option, you can
specify URLs that contain the letters {}[] without having curl itself
interpret them. Note that these letters are not normal legal URL contents but
they should be encoded according to the URI standard.

Providing --globoff multiple times has no extra effect.
Disable it again with \-\-no-globoff.

Example:
.nf
curl -g "https://example.com/{[]}}}}"
.fi

See also \fI-K, \-\-config\fP and \fI-q, \-\-disable\fP.
.IP "\-\-happy\-eyeballs\-timeout\-ms <ms>"
Set the timeout for Happy Eyeballs.

Happy Eyeballs is an algorithm that attempts to connect to both IPv4 and IPv6
addresses for dual\-stack hosts, giving IPv6 a head\-start of the specified
number of milliseconds. If the IPv6 address cannot be connected to within that
time, then a connection attempt is made to the IPv4 address in parallel. The
first connection to be established is the one that is used.

The range of suggested useful values is limited. Happy Eyeballs RFC 6555 says
\&"It is RECOMMENDED that connection attempts be paced 150\-250 ms apart to
balance human factors against network load." libcurl currently defaults to
200 ms. Firefox and Chrome currently default to 300 ms.

If --happy-eyeballs-timeout-ms is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Example:
.nf
curl --happy-eyeballs-timeout-ms 500 https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI-m, \-\-max\-time\fP and \fI\-\-connect\-timeout\fP.
.IP "\-\-haproxy\-clientip <ip>"
(HTTP) Set a client IP in HAProxy PROXY protocol v1 header at the beginning of the
connection.

For valid requests, IPv4 addresses must be indicated as a series of exactly
4 integers in the range [0..255] inclusive written in decimal representation
separated by exactly one dot between each other. Heading zeroes are not
permitted in front of numbers in order to avoid any possible confusion
with octal numbers. IPv6 addresses must be indicated as series of 4 hexadecimal
digits (upper or lower case) delimited by colons between each other, with the
acceptance of one double colon sequence to replace the largest acceptable range
of consecutive zeroes. The total number of decoded bits must be exactly 128.

Otherwise, any string can be accepted for the client IP and get sent.

It replaces \fI\-\-haproxy\-protocol\fP if used, it is not necessary to specify both flags.

If --haproxy-clientip is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Example:
.nf
curl --haproxy-clientip $IP
.fi

Added in 8.2.0. See also \fI-x, \-\-proxy\fP.
.IP "\-\-haproxy\-protocol"
(HTTP) Send a HAProxy PROXY protocol v1 header at the beginning of the connection.
This is used by some load balancers and reverse proxies to indicate the
client\(aqs true IP address and port.

This option is primarily useful when sending test requests to a service that
expects this header.

Providing --haproxy-protocol multiple times has no extra effect.
Disable it again with \-\-no-haproxy-protocol.

Example:
.nf
curl --haproxy-protocol https://example.com
.fi

Added in 7.60.0. See also \fI-x, \-\-proxy\fP.
.IP "\-I, \-\-head"
(HTTP FTP FILE) Fetch the headers only. HTTP\-servers feature the command HEAD which this uses
to get nothing but the header of a document. When used on an FTP or FILE URL,
curl displays the file size and last modification time only.

Providing --head multiple times has no extra effect.
Disable it again with \-\-no-head.

Example:
.nf
curl -I https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI-G, \-\-get\fP, \fI-v, \-\-verbose\fP and \fI\-\-trace\-ascii\fP.
.IP "\-H, \-\-header <header/@file>"
(HTTP IMAP SMTP) Extra header to include in information sent. When used within an HTTP request,
it is added to the regular request headers.

For an IMAP or SMTP MIME uploaded mail built with \fI\-F, \-\-form\fP options, it is
prepended to the resulting MIME document, effectively including it at the mail
global level. It does not affect raw uploaded mails.

You may specify any number of extra headers. Note that if you should add a
custom header that has the same name as one of the internal ones curl would
use, your externally set header is used instead of the internal one. This
allows you to make even trickier stuff than curl would normally do. You should
not replace internally set headers without knowing perfectly well what you are
doing. Remove an internal header by giving a replacement without content on
the right side of the colon, as in: \-H "Host:". If you send the custom header
with no\-value then its header must be terminated with a semicolon, such as \-H
\&"X\-Custom\-Header;" to send "X\-Custom\-Header:".

curl makes sure that each header you add/replace is sent with the proper
end\-of\-line marker, you should thus \fBnot\fP add that as a part of the header
content: do not add newlines or carriage returns, they only mess things up for
you. curl passes on the verbatim string you give it without any filter or
other safe guards. That includes white space and control characters.

This option can take an argument in @filename style, which then adds a header
for each line in the input file. Using @\- makes curl read the header file from
stdin.

Please note that most anti\-spam utilities check the presence and value of
several MIME mail headers: these are "From:", "To:", "Date:" and "Subject:"
among others and should be added with this option.

You need \fI\-\-proxy\-header\fP to send custom headers intended for an HTTP proxy.


Passing on a "Transfer\-Encoding: chunked" header when doing an HTTP request
with a request body, makes curl send the data using chunked encoding.

\fBWARNING\fP: headers set with this option are set in all HTTP requests \- even
after redirects are followed, like when told with \fI\-L, \-\-location\fP. This can lead to
the header being sent to other hosts than the original host, so sensitive
headers should be used with caution combined with following redirects.

\&"Authorization:" and "Cookie:" headers are explicitly \fInot\fP passed on in HTTP
requests when following redirects to other origins, unless \fI\-\-location\-trusted\fP
is used.

--header can be used several times in a command line

Examples:
.nf
curl -H "X-First-Name: Joe" https://example.com
curl -H "User-Agent: yes-please/2000" https://example.com
curl -H "Host:" https://example.com
curl -H @headers.txt https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI-A, \-\-user\-agent\fP and \fI-e, \-\-referer\fP.
.IP "\-h, \-\-help <subject>"
Usage help. Provide help for the subject given as an optional argument.

If no argument is provided, curl displays the most important command line
arguments.

The argument can either be a \fBcategory\fP or a \fBcommand line option\fP. When a
category is provided, curl shows all command line options within the given
category. Specify category "all" to list all available options.

If "category" is specified, curl displays all available help categories.

If the provided subject is instead an existing command line option, specified
either in its short form with a single dash and a single letter, or in the
long form with two dashes and a longer name, curl displays a help text for
that option in the terminal.

The help output is extensive for some options.

If the provided command line option is not known, curl says so.

Examples:
.nf
curl --help all
curl --help --insecure
curl --help -f
.fi

See also \fI-v, \-\-verbose\fP.
.IP "\-\-hostpubmd5 <md5>"
(SFTP SCP) Pass a string containing 32 hexadecimal digits. The string should be the 128
bit \fBMD5\fP checksum of the remote host\(aqs public key, curl refuses the
connection with the host unless the checksums match.

If --hostpubmd5 is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Example:
.nf
curl --hostpubmd5 e5c1c49020640a5ab0f2034854c321a8 sftp://example.com/
.fi

See also \fI\-\-hostpubsha256\fP.
.IP "\-\-hostpubsha256 <sha256>"
(SFTP SCP) Pass a string containing a Base64\-encoded SHA256 hash of the remote host\(aqs
public key. curl refuses the connection with the host unless the hashes match.

This feature requires libcurl to be built with libssh2 and does not work with
other SSH backends.

If --hostpubsha256 is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Example:
.nf
curl --hostpubsha256 NDVkMTQxMGQ1ODdmMjQ3MjczYjAyOTY5MmRkMjVmNDQ= sftp://example.com/
.fi

Added in 7.80.0. See also \fI\-\-hostpubmd5\fP.
.IP "\-\-hsts <filename>"
(HTTPS) Enable HSTS for the transfer. If the filename points to an existing HSTS cache
file, that is used. After a completed transfer, the cache is saved to the
filename again if it has been modified.

If curl is told to use HTTP:// for a transfer involving a hostname that exists
in the HSTS cache, it upgrades the transfer to use HTTPS. Each HSTS cache
entry has an individual lifetime after which the upgrade is no longer
performed.

Specify a "" filename (zero length) to avoid loading/saving and make curl just
handle HSTS in memory.

If this option is used several times, curl loads contents from all the
files but the last one is used for saving.

--hsts can be used several times in a command line

Example:
.nf
curl --hsts cache.txt https://example.com
.fi

Added in 7.74.0. See also \fI\-\-proto\fP.
.IP "\-\-http0.9"
(HTTP) Accept an HTTP version 0.9 response.

HTTP/0.9 is a response without headers and therefore you can also connect with
this to non\-HTTP servers and still get a response since curl simply
transparently downgrades \- if allowed.

HTTP/0.9 is disabled by default (added in 7.66.0)

Providing --http0.9 multiple times has no extra effect.
Disable it again with \-\-no-http0.9.

Example:
.nf
curl --http0.9 https://example.com
.fi

Added in 7.64.0. See also \fI\-\-http1.1\fP, \fI\-\-http2\fP and \fI\-\-http3\fP.
.IP "\-0, \-\-http1.0"
(HTTP) Use HTTP version 1.0 instead of using its internally preferred HTTP version.

Providing --http1.0 multiple times has no extra effect.

Example:
.nf
curl --http1.0 https://example.com
.fi

This option is mutually exclusive with \fI\-\-http1.1\fP, \fI\-\-http2\fP, \fI\-\-http2\-prior\-knowledge\fP and \fI\-\-http3\fP.
See also \fI\-\-http0.9\fP and \fI\-\-http1.1\fP.
.IP "\-\-http1.1"
(HTTP) Use HTTP version 1.1. This is the default with HTTP:// URLs.

Providing --http1.1 multiple times has no extra effect.

Example:
.nf
curl --http1.1 https://example.com
.fi

This option is mutually exclusive with \fI\-\-http1.0\fP, \fI\-\-http2\fP, \fI\-\-http2\-prior\-knowledge\fP and \fI\-\-http3\fP.
See also \fI\-\-http1.0\fP and \fI\-\-http0.9\fP.
.IP "\-\-http2"
(HTTP) Use HTTP/2.

For HTTPS, this means curl negotiates HTTP/2 in the TLS handshake. curl does
this by default.

For HTTP, this means curl attempts to upgrade the request to HTTP/2 using the
Upgrade: request header.

When curl uses HTTP/2 over HTTPS, it does not itself insist on TLS 1.2 or
higher even though that is required by the specification. A user can add this
version requirement with \fI\-\-tlsv1.2\fP.

Providing --http2 multiple times has no extra effect.

Example:
.nf
curl --http2 https://example.com
.fi

\fI\-\-http2\fP requires that libcurl is built to support HTTP/2.
This option is mutually exclusive with \fI\-\-http1.1\fP, \fI\-\-http1.0\fP, \fI\-\-http2\-prior\-knowledge\fP and \fI\-\-http3\fP.
See also \fI\-\-http1.1\fP, \fI\-\-http3\fP and \fI\-\-no\-alpn\fP.
.IP "\-\-http2\-prior\-knowledge"
(HTTP) Issue a non\-TLS HTTP request using HTTP/2 directly without HTTP/1.1 Upgrade.
It requires prior knowledge that the server supports HTTP/2 straight away.
HTTPS requests still do HTTP/2 the standard way with negotiated protocol
versions in the TLS handshake.

Since 8.10.0 if this option is set for an HTTPS request then the application
layer protocol version (ALPN) offered to the server is only HTTP/2. Prior to
that both HTTP/1.1 and HTTP/2 were offered.

Providing --http2-prior-knowledge multiple times has no extra effect.
Disable it again with \-\-no-http2-prior-knowledge.

Example:
.nf
curl --http2-prior-knowledge https://example.com
.fi

\fI\-\-http2\-prior\-knowledge\fP requires that libcurl is built to support HTTP/2.
This option is mutually exclusive with \fI\-\-http1.1\fP, \fI\-\-http1.0\fP, \fI\-\-http2\fP and \fI\-\-http3\fP.
See also \fI\-\-http2\fP and \fI\-\-http3\fP.
.IP "\-\-http3"
(HTTP) Attempt HTTP/3 to the host in the URL, but fallback to earlier HTTP versions
if the HTTP/3 connection establishment fails or is slow. HTTP/3 is only
available for HTTPS and not for HTTP URLs.

This option allows a user to avoid using the Alt\-Svc method of upgrading to
HTTP/3 when you know or suspect that the target speaks HTTP/3 on the given
host and port.

When asked to use HTTP/3, curl issues a separate attempt to use older HTTP
versions with a slight delay, so if the HTTP/3 transfer fails or is slow, curl
still tries to proceed with an older HTTP version. The fallback performs the
regular negotiation between HTTP/1 and HTTP/2.

Use \fI\-\-http3\-only\fP for similar functionality \fIwithout\fP a fallback.

Providing --http3 multiple times has no extra effect.

Example:
.nf
curl --http3 https://example.com
.fi

\fI\-\-http3\fP requires that libcurl is built to support HTTP/3.
This option is mutually exclusive with \fI\-\-http1.1\fP, \fI\-\-http1.0\fP, \fI\-\-http2\fP, \fI\-\-http2\-prior\-knowledge\fP and \fI\-\-http3\-only\fP.
Added in 7.66.0. See also \fI\-\-http1.1\fP and \fI\-\-http2\fP.
.IP "\-\-http3\-only"
(HTTP) Instruct curl to use HTTP/3 to the host in the URL, with no fallback to
earlier HTTP versions. HTTP/3 can only be used for HTTPS and not for HTTP
URLs. For HTTP, this option triggers an error.

This option allows a user to avoid using the Alt\-Svc method of upgrading to
HTTP/3 when you know that the target speaks HTTP/3 on the given host and port.

This option makes curl fail if a QUIC connection cannot be established, it
does not attempt any other HTTP versions on its own. Use \fI\-\-http3\fP for similar
functionality \fIwith\fP a fallback.

Providing --http3-only multiple times has no extra effect.

Example:
.nf
curl --http3-only https://example.com
.fi

\fI\-\-http3\-only\fP requires that libcurl is built to support HTTP/3.
This option is mutually exclusive with \fI\-\-http1.1\fP, \fI\-\-http1.0\fP, \fI\-\-http2\fP, \fI\-\-http2\-prior\-knowledge\fP and \fI\-\-http3\fP.
Added in 7.88.0. See also \fI\-\-http1.1\fP, \fI\-\-http2\fP and \fI\-\-http3\fP.
.IP "\-\-ignore\-content\-length"
(FTP HTTP) For HTTP, ignore the Content\-Length header. This is particularly useful for
servers running Apache 1.x, which reports incorrect Content\-Length for files
larger than 2 gigabytes.

For FTP, this makes curl skip the SIZE command to figure out the size before
downloading a file.

Providing --ignore-content-length multiple times has no extra effect.
Disable it again with \-\-no-ignore-content-length.

Example:
.nf
curl --ignore-content-length https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI\-\-ftp\-skip\-pasv\-ip\fP.
.IP "\-k, \-\-insecure"
(TLS SFTP SCP) By default, every secure connection curl makes is verified to be secure before
the transfer takes place. This option makes curl skip the verification step
and proceed without checking.

When this option is not used for protocols using TLS, curl verifies the
server\(aqs TLS certificate before it continues: that the certificate contains
the right name which matches the hostname used in the URL and that the
certificate has been signed by a CA certificate present in the cert store. See
this online resource for further details:
\fBhttps://curl.se/docs/sslcerts.html\fP

For SFTP and SCP, this option makes curl skip the \fIknown_hosts\fP verification.
\fIknown_hosts\fP is a file normally stored in the user\(aqs home directory in the
\&".ssh" subdirectory, which contains hostnames and their public keys.

\fBWARNING\fP: using this option makes the transfer insecure.

When curl uses secure protocols it trusts responses and allows for example
HSTS and Alt\-Svc information to be stored and used subsequently. Using
\fI\-k, \-\-insecure\fP can make curl trust and use such information from malicious
servers.

Providing --insecure multiple times has no extra effect.
Disable it again with \-\-no-insecure.

Example:
.nf
curl --insecure https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI\-\-proxy\-insecure\fP, \fI\-\-cacert\fP and \fI\-\-capath\fP.
.IP "\-\-interface <name>"
Perform the operation using a specified interface. You can enter interface
name, IP address or hostname. If you prefer to be specific, you can use the
following special syntax:
.RS
.IP if!<name>
Interface name. If the provided name does not match an existing interface,
curl returns with error 45.
.IP host!<name>
IP address or hostname.
.IP ifhost!<interface>!<host>
Interface name and IP address or hostname. This syntax requires libcurl 8.9.0
or later.

If the provided name does not match an existing interface, curl returns with
error 45.
.RE
.IP
curl does not support using network interface names for this option on
Windows.

That name resolve operation if a hostname is provided does \fBnot\fP use
DNS\-over\-HTTPS even if \fI\-\-doh\-url\fP is set.

On Linux this option can be used to specify a \fBVRF\fP (Virtual Routing and
Forwarding) device, but the binary then needs to either have the
\fBCAP_NET_RAW\fP capability set or to be run as root.

If --interface is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Examples:
.nf
curl --interface eth0 https://example.com
curl --interface "host!10.0.0.1" https://example.com
curl --interface "if!enp3s0" https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI\-\-dns\-interface\fP.
.IP "\-\-ip\-tos <string>"
(All) Set Type of Service (TOS) for IPv4 or Traffic Class for IPv6.

The values allowed for <string> can be a numeric value between 1 and 255
or one of the following:

CS0, CS1, CS2, CS3, CS4, CS5, CS6, CS7, AF11, AF12, AF13, AF21, AF22, AF23,
AF31, AF32, AF33, AF41, AF42, AF43, EF, VOICE\-ADMIT, ECT1, ECT0, CE, LE,
LOWCOST, LOWDELAY, THROUGHPUT, RELIABILITY, MINCOST

If --ip-tos is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Example:
.nf
curl --ip-tos CS5 https://example.com
.fi

Added in 8.9.0. See also \fI\-\-tcp\-nodelay\fP and \fI\-\-vlan\-priority\fP.
.IP "\-\-ipfs\-gateway <URL>"
(IPFS) Specify which gateway to use for IPFS and IPNS URLs. Not specifying this
instead makes curl check if the IPFS_GATEWAY environment variable is set, or
if a "~/.ipfs/gateway" file holding the gateway URL exists.

If you run a local IPFS node, this gateway is by default available under
\&"http://localhost:8080". A full example URL would look like:

.nf
curl \--ipfs\-gateway http://localhost:8080 \\
   ipfs://bafybeigagd5nmnn2iys2f3
.fi

There are many public IPFS gateways. See for example:
https://ipfs.github.io/public\-gateway\-checker/

If you opt to go for a remote gateway you need to be aware that you completely
trust the gateway. This might be fine in local gateways that you host
yourself. With remote gateways there could potentially be malicious actors
returning you data that does not match the request you made, inspect or even
interfere with the request. You may not notice this when using curl. A
mitigation could be to go for a "trustless" gateway. This means you locally
verify the data. Consult the docs page on trusted vs trustless:
https://docs.ipfs.tech/reference/http/gateway/#trusted\-vs\-trustless

If --ipfs-gateway is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Example:
.nf
curl --ipfs-gateway https://example.com ipfs://
.fi

Added in 8.4.0. See also \fI-h, \-\-help\fP and \fI-M, \-\-manual\fP.
.IP "\-4, \-\-ipv4"
Use IPv4 addresses only when resolving hostnames, and not for example try
IPv6.

Providing --ipv4 multiple times has no extra effect.

Example:
.nf
curl --ipv4 https://example.com
.fi

This option is mutually exclusive with \fI-6, \-\-ipv6\fP.
See also \fI\-\-http1.1\fP and \fI\-\-http2\fP.
.IP "\-6, \-\-ipv6"
Use IPv6 addresses only when resolving hostnames, and not for example try
IPv4.

Your resolver may respond to an IPv6\-only resolve request by returning IPv6
addresses that contain "mapped" IPv4 addresses for compatibility purposes.
macOS is known to do this.

Providing --ipv6 multiple times has no extra effect.

Example:
.nf
curl --ipv6 https://example.com
.fi

This option is mutually exclusive with \fI-4, \-\-ipv4\fP.
See also \fI\-\-http1.1\fP and \fI\-\-http2\fP.
.IP "\-\-json <data>"
(HTTP) Send the specified JSON data in a POST request to the HTTP server. \fI\-\-json\fP
works as a shortcut for passing on these three options:

.nf
-\-data\-binary [arg]
-\-header "Content\-Type: application/json"
-\-header "Accept: application/json"
.fi

There is \fBno verification\fP that the passed in data is actual JSON or that
the syntax is correct.

If you start the data with the letter @, the rest should be a filename to read
the data from, or a single dash (\-) if you want curl to read the data from
stdin. Posting data from a file named \(aqfoobar\(aq would thus be done with \fI\-\-json\fP
@foobar and to instead read the data from stdin, use \fI\-\-json\fP @\-.

If this option is used more than once on the same command line, the additional
data pieces are concatenated to the previous before sending.

The headers this option sets can be overridden with \fI\-H, \-\-header\fP as usual.

--json can be used several times in a command line

Examples:
.nf
curl --json '{ "drink": "coffe" }' https://example.com
curl --json '{ "drink":' --json ' "coffe" }' https://example.com
curl --json @prepared https://example.com
curl --json @- https://example.com < json.txt
.fi

This option is mutually exclusive with \fI-F, \-\-form\fP, \fI-I, \-\-head\fP and \fI-T, \-\-upload\-file\fP.
Added in 7.82.0. See also \fI\-\-data\-binary\fP and \fI\-\-data\-raw\fP.
.IP "\-j, \-\-junk\-session\-cookies"
(HTTP) When curl is told to read cookies from a given file, this option makes it
discard all "session cookies". This has the same effect as if a new session is
started. Typical browsers discard session cookies when they are closed down.

Providing --junk-session-cookies multiple times has no extra effect.
Disable it again with \-\-no-junk-session-cookies.

Example:
.nf
curl --junk-session-cookies -b cookies.txt https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI-b, \-\-cookie\fP and \fI-c, \-\-cookie\-jar\fP.
.IP "\-\-keepalive\-cnt <integer>"
Set the maximum number of keepalive probes TCP should send but get no response
before dropping the connection. This option is usually used in conjunction
with \fI\-\-keepalive\-time\fP.

This option is supported on Linux, *BSD/macOS, Windows >=10.0.16299, Solaris
11.4, and recent AIX, HP\-UX and more. This option has no effect if
\fI\-\-no\-keepalive\fP is used.

If unspecified, the option defaults to 9.

If --keepalive-cnt is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Example:
.nf
curl --keepalive-cnt 3 https://example.com
.fi

Added in 8.9.0. See also \fI\-\-keepalive\-time\fP and \fI\-\-no\-keepalive\fP.
.IP "\-\-keepalive\-time <seconds>"
Set the time a connection needs to remain idle before sending keepalive probes
and the time between individual keepalive probes. It is currently effective on
operating systems offering the "TCP_KEEPIDLE" and "TCP_KEEPINTVL" socket
options (meaning Linux, *BSD/macOS, Windows, Solaris, and recent AIX, HP\-UX and more).
Keepalive is used by the TCP stack to detect broken networks on idle connections.
The number of missed keepalive probes before declaring the connection down is OS
dependent and is commonly 8 (*BSD/macOS/AIX), 9 (Linux/AIX) or 5/10 (Windows), and
this number can be changed by specifying the curl option "keepalive\-cnt".
Note that this option has no effect if \fI\-\-no\-keepalive\fP is used.

If unspecified, the option defaults to 60 seconds.

If --keepalive-time is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Example:
.nf
curl --keepalive-time 20 https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI\-\-no\-keepalive\fP, \fI\-\-keepalive\-cnt\fP and \fI-m, \-\-max\-time\fP.
.IP "\-\-key <key>"
(TLS SSH) Private key filename. Allows you to provide your private key in this separate
file. For SSH, if not specified, curl tries the following candidates in order:
\&"~/.ssh/id_rsa", "~/.ssh/id_dsa", "./id_rsa", "./id_dsa".

If curl is built against OpenSSL library, and the engine pkcs11 or pkcs11
provider is available, then a PKCS#11 URI (RFC 7512) can be used to specify a
private key located in a PKCS#11 device. A string beginning with "pkcs11:" is
interpreted as a PKCS#11 URI. If a PKCS#11 URI is provided, then the \fI\-\-engine\fP
option is set as "pkcs11" if none was provided and the \fI\-\-key\-type\fP option is
set as "ENG" or "PROV" if none was provided (depending on OpenSSL version).

If curl is built against Secure Transport or Schannel then this option is
ignored for TLS protocols (HTTPS, etc). Those backends expect the private key
to be already present in the keychain or PKCS#12 file containing the
certificate.

If --key is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Example:
.nf
curl --cert certificate --key here https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI\-\-key\-type\fP and \fI-E, \-\-cert\fP.
.IP "\-\-key\-type <type>"
(TLS) Private key file type. Specify which type your \fI\-\-key\fP provided private key
is. DER, PEM, and ENG are supported. If not specified, PEM is assumed.

If --key-type is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Example:
.nf
curl --key-type DER --key here https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI\-\-key\fP.
.IP "\-\-krb <level>"
(FTP) Enable Kerberos authentication and use. The level must be entered and should
be one of \(aqclear\(aq, \(aqsafe\(aq, \(aqconfidential\(aq, or \(aqprivate\(aq. Should you use a
level that is not one of these, \(aqprivate\(aq is used.

If --krb is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Example:
.nf
curl --krb clear ftp://example.com/
.fi

\fI\-\-krb\fP requires that libcurl is built to support Kerberos.
See also \fI\-\-delegation\fP and \fI\-\-ssl\fP.
.IP "\-\-libcurl <file>"
Append this option to any ordinary curl command line, and you get
libcurl\-using C source code written to the file that does the equivalent of
what your command\-line operation does.

This option is global and does not need to be specified for each use of --next.

If --libcurl is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Example:
.nf
curl --libcurl client.c https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI-v, \-\-verbose\fP.
.IP "\-\-limit\-rate <speed>"
Specify the maximum transfer rate you want curl to use \- for both downloads
and uploads. This feature is useful if you have a limited pipe and you would
like your transfer not to use your entire bandwidth. To make it slower than it
otherwise would be.

The given speed is measured in bytes/second, unless a suffix is appended.
Appending \(aqk\(aq or \(aqK\(aq counts the number as kilobytes, \(aqm\(aq or \(aqM\(aq makes it
megabytes, while \(aqg\(aq or \(aqG\(aq makes it gigabytes. The suffixes (k, M, G, T, P)
are 1024 based. For example 1k is 1024. Examples: 200K, 3m and 1G.

The rate limiting logic works on averaging the transfer speed to no more than
the set threshold over a period of multiple seconds.

If you also use the \fI\-Y, \-\-speed\-limit\fP option, that option takes precedence and
might cripple the rate\-limiting slightly, to help keep the speed\-limit
logic working.

If --limit-rate is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Examples:
.nf
curl --limit-rate 100K https://example.com
curl --limit-rate 1000 https://example.com
curl --limit-rate 10M https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI\-\-rate\fP, \fI-Y, \-\-speed\-limit\fP and \fI-y, \-\-speed\-time\fP.
.IP "\-l, \-\-list\-only"
(FTP POP3 SFTP FILE) When listing an FTP directory, force a name\-only view. Maybe particularly
useful if the user wants to machine\-parse the contents of an FTP directory
since the normal directory view does not use a standard look or format. When
used like this, the option causes an NLST command to be sent to the server
instead of LIST.

Note: Some FTP servers list only files in their response to NLST; they do not
include sub\-directories and symbolic links.

When listing an SFTP directory, this switch forces a name\-only view, one per
line. This is especially useful if the user wants to machine\-parse the
contents of an SFTP directory since the normal directory view provides more
information than just filenames.

When retrieving a specific email from POP3, this switch forces a LIST command
to be performed instead of RETR. This is particularly useful if the user wants
to see if a specific message\-id exists on the server and what size it is.

For FILE, this option has no effect yet as directories are always listed in
this mode.

Note: When combined with \fI\-X, \-\-request\fP, this option can be used to send a UIDL
command instead, so the user may use the email\(aqs unique identifier rather than
its message\-id to make the request.

Providing --list-only multiple times has no extra effect.
Disable it again with \-\-no-list-only.

Example:
.nf
curl --list-only ftp://example.com/dir/
.fi

See also \fI-Q, \-\-quote\fP and \fI-X, \-\-request\fP.
.IP "\-\-local\-port <range>"
Set a preferred single number or range (FROM\-TO) of local port numbers to use
for the connection(s). Note that port numbers by nature are a scarce resource
so setting this range to something too narrow might cause unnecessary
connection setup failures.

If --local-port is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Example:
.nf
curl --local-port 1000-3000 https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI-g, \-\-globoff\fP.
.IP "\-L, \-\-location"
(HTTP) If the server reports that the requested page has moved to a different
location (indicated with a Location: header and a 3XX response code), this
option makes curl redo the request to the new place. If used together with
\fI\-i, \-\-show\-headers\fP or \fI\-I, \-\-head\fP, headers from all requested pages are shown.

When authentication is used, or when sending a cookie with "\-H Cookie:", curl
only sends its credentials to the initial host. If a redirect takes curl to a
different host, it does not get the credentials passed on. See
\fI\-\-location\-trusted\fP on how to change this.

Limit the amount of redirects to follow by using the \fI\-\-max\-redirs\fP option.

When curl follows a redirect and if the request is a POST, it sends the
following request with a GET if the HTTP response was 301, 302, or 303. If the
response code was any other 3xx code, curl resends the following request using
the same unmodified method.

You can tell curl to not change POST requests to GET after a 30x response by
using the dedicated options for that: \fI\-\-post301\fP, \fI\-\-post302\fP and \fI\-\-post303\fP.

The method set with \fI\-X, \-\-request\fP overrides the method curl would otherwise select
to use.

Providing --location multiple times has no extra effect.
Disable it again with \-\-no-location.

Example:
.nf
curl -L https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI\-\-resolve\fP and \fI\-\-alt\-svc\fP.
.IP "\-\-location\-trusted"
(HTTP) Instruct curl to follow HTTP redirects like \fI\-L, \-\-location\fP, but permit curl to
send credentials and other secrets along to other hosts than the initial one.

This may or may not introduce a security breach if the site redirects you to a
site to which you send this sensitive data to. Another host means that one or
more of hostname, protocol scheme or port number changed.

This option also allows curl to pass long cookies set explicitly with \fI\-H, \-\-header\fP.

Providing --location-trusted multiple times has no extra effect.
Disable it again with \-\-no-location-trusted.

Examples:
.nf
curl --location-trusted -u user:password https://example.com
curl --location-trusted -H "Cookie: session=abc" https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI-u, \-\-user\fP.
.IP "\-\-login\-options <options>"
(IMAP LDAP POP3 SMTP) Specify the login options to use during server authentication.

You can use login options to specify protocol specific options that may be
used during authentication. At present only IMAP, POP3 and SMTP support login
options. For more information about login options please see RFC 2384,
RFC 5092 and the IETF draft
https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft\-earhart\-url\-smtp\-00

Since 8.2.0, IMAP supports the login option "AUTH=+LOGIN". With this option,
curl uses the plain (not SASL) "LOGIN IMAP" command even if the server
advertises SASL authentication. Care should be taken in using this option, as
it sends your password over the network in plain text. This does not work if
the IMAP server disables the plain "LOGIN" (e.g. to prevent password
snooping).

If --login-options is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Example:
.nf
curl --login-options 'AUTH=*' imap://example.com
.fi

See also \fI-u, \-\-user\fP.
.IP "\-\-mail\-auth <address>"
(SMTP) Specify a single address. This is used to specify the authentication address
(identity) of a submitted message that is being relayed to another server.

If --mail-auth is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Example:
.nf
curl --mail-auth user@example.com -T mail smtp://example.com/
.fi

See also \fI\-\-mail\-rcpt\fP and \fI\-\-mail\-from\fP.
.IP "\-\-mail\-from <address>"
(SMTP) Specify a single address that the given mail should get sent from.

If --mail-from is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Example:
.nf
curl --mail-from user@example.com -T mail smtp://example.com/
.fi

See also \fI\-\-mail\-rcpt\fP and \fI\-\-mail\-auth\fP.
.IP "\-\-mail\-rcpt <address>"
(SMTP) Specify a single email address, username or mailing list name. Repeat this
option several times to send to multiple recipients.

When performing an address verification (\fBVRFY\fP command), the recipient
should be specified as the username or username and domain (as per Section 3.5
of RFC 5321).

When performing a mailing list expand (EXPN command), the recipient should be
specified using the mailing list name, such as "Friends" or "London\-Office".


--mail-rcpt can be used several times in a command line

Example:
.nf
curl --mail-rcpt user@example.net smtp://example.com
.fi

See also \fI\-\-mail\-rcpt\-allowfails\fP.
.IP "\-\-mail\-rcpt\-allowfails"
(SMTP) When sending data to multiple recipients, by default curl aborts SMTP
conversation if at least one of the recipients causes RCPT TO command to
return an error.

The default behavior can be changed by passing \fI\-\-mail\-rcpt\-allowfails\fP
command\-line option which makes curl ignore errors and proceed with the
remaining valid recipients.

If all recipients trigger RCPT TO failures and this flag is specified, curl
still aborts the SMTP conversation and returns the error received from to the
last RCPT TO command.

Providing --mail-rcpt-allowfails multiple times has no extra effect.
Disable it again with \-\-no-mail-rcpt-allowfails.

Example:
.nf
curl --mail-rcpt-allowfails --mail-rcpt dest@example.com smtp://example.com
.fi

Added in 7.69.0. See also \fI\-\-mail\-rcpt\fP.
.IP "\-M, \-\-manual"
Manual. Display the huge help text.

Example:
.nf
curl --manual
.fi

See also \fI-v, \-\-verbose\fP, \fI\-\-libcurl\fP and \fI\-\-trace\fP.
.IP "\-\-max\-filesize <bytes>"
(FTP HTTP MQTT) When set to a non\-zero value, it specifies the maximum size (in bytes) of a
file to download. If the file requested is larger than this value, the
transfer does not start and curl returns with exit code 63.

Setting the maximum value to zero disables the limit.

A size modifier may be used. For example, Appending \(aqk\(aq or \(aqK\(aq counts the
number as kilobytes, \(aqm\(aq or \(aqM\(aq makes it megabytes, while \(aqg\(aq or \(aqG\(aq makes it
gigabytes. Examples: 200K, 3m and 1G.

\fBNOTE\fP: before curl 8.4.0, when the file size is not known prior to
download, for such files this option has no effect even if the file transfer
ends up being larger than this given limit.

Starting with curl 8.4.0, this option aborts the transfer if it reaches the
threshold during transfer.

If --max-filesize is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Example:
.nf
curl --max-filesize 100K https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI\-\-limit\-rate\fP.
.IP "\-\-max\-redirs <num>"
(HTTP) Set the maximum number of redirections to follow. When \fI\-L, \-\-location\fP is used, to
prevent curl from following too many redirects, by default, the limit is
set to 50 redirects. Set this option to \-1 to make it unlimited.

If --max-redirs is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Example:
.nf
curl --max-redirs 3 --location https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI-L, \-\-location\fP.
.IP "\-m, \-\-max\-time <seconds>"
Set the maximum time in seconds that you allow each transfer to take. Prevents
your batch jobs from hanging for hours due to slow networks or links going
down. This option accepts decimal values.

If you enable retrying the transfer (\fI\-\-retry\fP) then the maximum time counter is
reset each time the transfer is retried. You can use \fI\-\-retry\-max\-time\fP to limit
the retry time.

The decimal value needs to be provided using a dot (.) as decimal separator \-
not the local version even if it might be using another separator.

If --max-time is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Examples:
.nf
curl --max-time 10 https://example.com
curl --max-time 2.92 https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI\-\-connect\-timeout\fP and \fI\-\-retry\-max\-time\fP.
.IP "\-\-metalink"
This option was previously used to specify a Metalink resource. Metalink
support is disabled in curl for security reasons (added in 7.78.0).

If --metalink is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Example:
.nf
curl --metalink file https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI-Z, \-\-parallel\fP.
.IP "\-\-mptcp"
Enable the use of Multipath TCP (MPTCP) for connections. MPTCP is an extension
to the standard TCP that allows multiple TCP streams over different network
paths between the same source and destination. This can enhance bandwidth and
improve reliability by using multiple paths simultaneously.

MPTCP is beneficial in networks where multiple paths exist between clients and
servers, such as mobile networks where a device may switch between WiFi and
cellular data or in wired networks with multiple Internet Service Providers.

This option is currently only supported on Linux starting from kernel 5.6. Only
TCP connections are modified, hence this option does not affect HTTP/3 (QUIC)
or UDP connections.

The server curl connects to must also support MPTCP. If not, the connection
seamlessly falls back to TCP.

Providing --mptcp multiple times has no extra effect.
Disable it again with \-\-no-mptcp.

Example:
.nf
curl --mptcp https://example.com
.fi

Added in 8.9.0. See also \fI\-\-tcp\-fastopen\fP.
.IP "\-\-negotiate"
(HTTP) Enable Negotiate (SPNEGO) authentication.

This option requires a library built with GSS\-API or SSPI support. Use
\fI\-V, \-\-version\fP to see if your curl supports GSS\-API/SSPI or SPNEGO.

When using this option, you must also provide a fake \fI\-u, \-\-user\fP option to activate
the authentication code properly. Sending a \(aq\-u :\(aq is enough as the username
and password from the \fI\-u, \-\-user\fP option are not actually used.

Providing --negotiate multiple times has no extra effect.

Example:
.nf
curl --negotiate -u : https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI\-\-basic\fP, \fI\-\-ntlm\fP, \fI\-\-anyauth\fP and \fI\-\-proxy\-negotiate\fP.
.IP "\-n, \-\-netrc"
Make curl scan the \fI.netrc\fP file in the user\(aqs home directory for login name
and password. This is typically used for FTP on Unix. If used with HTTP, curl
enables user authentication. See \fInetrc(5)\fP and \fIftp(1)\fP for details on the
file format. curl does not complain if that file does not have the right
permissions (it should be neither world\- nor group\-readable). The environment
variable "HOME" is used to find the home directory.

On Windows two filenames in the home directory are checked: \fI.netrc\fP and
\fI_netrc\fP, preferring the former. Older versions on Windows checked for \fI_netrc\fP
only.

A quick and simple example of how to setup a \fI.netrc\fP to allow curl to FTP to
the machine host.example.com with username \(aqmyself\(aq and password \(aqsecret\(aq could
look similar to:

.nf
machine host.example.com
login myself
password secret
.fi

Providing --netrc multiple times has no extra effect.
Disable it again with \-\-no-netrc.

Example:
.nf
curl --netrc https://example.com
.fi

This option is mutually exclusive with \fI\-\-netrc\-file\fP and \fI\-\-netrc\-optional\fP.
See also \fI\-\-netrc\-file\fP, \fI-K, \-\-config\fP and \fI-u, \-\-user\fP.
.IP "\-\-netrc\-file <filename>"
Set the netrc file to use. Similar to \fI\-n, \-\-netrc\fP, except that you also provide
the path (absolute or relative).

It abides by \fI\-\-netrc\-optional\fP if specified.

If --netrc-file is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Example:
.nf
curl --netrc-file netrc https://example.com
.fi

This option is mutually exclusive with \fI-n, \-\-netrc\fP.
See also \fI-n, \-\-netrc\fP, \fI-u, \-\-user\fP and \fI-K, \-\-config\fP.
.IP "\-\-netrc\-optional"
Similar to \fI\-n, \-\-netrc\fP, but this option makes the .netrc usage \fBoptional\fP
and not mandatory as the \fI\-n, \-\-netrc\fP option does.

Providing --netrc-optional multiple times has no extra effect.
Disable it again with \-\-no-netrc-optional.

Example:
.nf
curl --netrc-optional https://example.com
.fi

This option is mutually exclusive with \fI-n, \-\-netrc\fP.
See also \fI\-\-netrc\-file\fP.
.IP "\-:, \-\-next"
Use a separate operation for the following URL and associated options. This
allows you to send several URL requests, each with their own specific options,
for example, such as different usernames or custom requests for each.

\fI\-:, \-\-next\fP resets all local options and only global ones have their values survive
over to the operation following the \fI\-:, \-\-next\fP instruction. Global options include
\fI\-v, \-\-verbose\fP, \fI\-\-trace\fP, \fI\-\-trace\-ascii\fP and \fI\-\-fail\-early\fP.

For example, you can do both a GET and a POST in a single command line:

.nf
curl www1.example.com \--next \-d postthis www2.example.com
.fi

--next can be used several times in a command line

Examples:
.nf
curl https://example.com --next -d postthis www2.example.com
curl -I https://example.com --next https://example.net/
.fi

See also \fI-Z, \-\-parallel\fP and \fI-K, \-\-config\fP.
.IP "\-\-no\-alpn"
(HTTPS) Disable the ALPN TLS extension. ALPN is enabled by default if libcurl was built
with an SSL library that supports ALPN. ALPN is used by a libcurl that supports
HTTP/2 to negotiate HTTP/2 support with the server during https sessions.

Note that this is the negated option name documented. You can use \fI\-\-alpn\fP to
enable ALPN.

Providing --no-alpn multiple times has no extra effect.
Disable it again with \-\-alpn.

Example:
.nf
curl --no-alpn https://example.com
.fi

\fI\-\-no\-alpn\fP requires that libcurl is built to support TLS.
See also \fI\-\-no\-npn\fP and \fI\-\-http2\fP.
.IP "\-N, \-\-no\-buffer"
Disable the buffering of the output stream. In normal work situations, curl
uses a standard buffered output stream that has the effect that it outputs the
data in chunks, not necessarily exactly when the data arrives. Using this
option disables that buffering.

Note that this is the negated option name documented. You can use \fI\-\-buffer\fP to
enable buffering again.

Providing --no-buffer multiple times has no extra effect.
Disable it again with \-\-buffer.

Example:
.nf
curl --no-buffer https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI-#, \-\-progress\-bar\fP.
.IP "\-\-no\-clobber"
When used in conjunction with the \fI\-o, \-\-output\fP, \fI\-J, \-\-remote\-header\-name\fP,
\fI\-O, \-\-remote\-name\fP, or \fI\-\-remote\-name\-all\fP options, curl avoids overwriting files
that already exist. Instead, a dot and a number gets appended to the name of
the file that would be created, up to filename.100 after which it does not
create any file.

Note that this is the negated option name documented. You can thus use
\fI\-\-clobber\fP to enforce the clobbering, even if \fI\-J, \-\-remote\-header\-name\fP is
specified.

The \fI\-C, \-\-continue\-at\fP option cannot be used together with \fI\-\-no\-clobber\fP.

Providing --no-clobber multiple times has no extra effect.
Disable it again with \-\-clobber.

Example:
.nf
curl --no-clobber --output local/dir/file https://example.com
.fi

Added in 7.83.0. See also \fI-o, \-\-output\fP and \fI-O, \-\-remote\-name\fP.
.IP "\-\-no\-keepalive"
Disable the use of keepalive messages on the TCP connection. curl otherwise
enables them by default.

Note that this is the negated option name documented. You can thus use
\fI\-\-keepalive\fP to enforce keepalive.

Providing --no-keepalive multiple times has no extra effect.
Disable it again with \-\-keepalive.

Example:
.nf
curl --no-keepalive https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI\-\-keepalive\-time\fP and \fI\-\-keepalive\-cnt\fP.
.IP "\-\-no\-npn"
(HTTPS) curl never uses NPN, this option has no effect (added in 7.86.0).

Disable the NPN TLS extension. NPN is enabled by default if libcurl was built
with an SSL library that supports NPN. NPN is used by a libcurl that supports
HTTP/2 to negotiate HTTP/2 support with the server during https sessions.

Providing --no-npn multiple times has no extra effect.
Disable it again with \-\-npn.

Example:
.nf
curl --no-npn https://example.com
.fi

\fI\-\-no\-npn\fP requires that libcurl is built to support TLS.
See also \fI\-\-no\-alpn\fP and \fI\-\-http2\fP.
.IP "\-\-no\-progress\-meter"
Option to switch off the progress meter output without muting or otherwise
affecting warning and informational messages like \fI\-s, \-\-silent\fP does.

Note that this is the negated option name documented. You can thus use
\fI\-\-progress\-meter\fP to enable the progress meter again.

Providing --no-progress-meter multiple times has no extra effect.
Disable it again with \-\-progress-meter.

Example:
.nf
curl --no-progress-meter -o store https://example.com
.fi

Added in 7.67.0. See also \fI-v, \-\-verbose\fP and \fI-s, \-\-silent\fP.
.IP "\-\-no\-sessionid"
(TLS) Disable curl\(aqs use of SSL session\-ID caching. By default all transfers are
done using the cache. Note that while nothing should ever get hurt by
attempting to reuse SSL session\-IDs, there seem to be broken SSL
implementations in the wild that may require you to disable this in order for
you to succeed.

Note that this is the negated option name documented. You can thus use
\fI\-\-sessionid\fP to enforce session\-ID caching.

Providing --no-sessionid multiple times has no extra effect.
Disable it again with \-\-sessionid.

Example:
.nf
curl --no-sessionid https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI-k, \-\-insecure\fP.
.IP "\-\-noproxy <no\-proxy\-list>"
Comma\-separated list of hosts for which not to use a proxy, if one is
specified. The only wildcard is a single "*" character, which matches all
hosts, and effectively disables the proxy. Each name in this list is matched
as either a domain which contains the hostname, or the hostname itself. For
example, "local.com" would match "local.com", "local.com:80", and
\&"www.local.com", but not "www.notlocal.com".

This option overrides the environment variables that disable the proxy
("no_proxy" and "NO_PROXY"). If there is an environment
variable disabling a proxy, you can set the no proxy list to "" to override
it.

IP addresses specified to this option can be provided using CIDR notation
(added in 7.86.0): an appended slash and number specifies the number of
network bits out of the address to use in the comparison. For example
\&"192.168.0.0/16" would match all addresses starting with "192.168".

If --noproxy is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Example:
.nf
curl --noproxy "www.example" https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI-x, \-\-proxy\fP.
.IP "\-\-ntlm"
(HTTP) Use NTLM authentication. The NTLM authentication method was designed by
Microsoft and is used by IIS web servers. It is a proprietary protocol,
reverse\-engineered by clever people and implemented in curl based on their
efforts. This kind of behavior should not be endorsed, you should encourage
everyone who uses NTLM to switch to a public and documented authentication
method instead, such as Digest.

If you want to enable NTLM for your proxy authentication, then use
\fI\-\-proxy\-ntlm\fP.

Providing --ntlm multiple times has no extra effect.

Example:
.nf
curl --ntlm -u user:password https://example.com
.fi

\fI\-\-ntlm\fP requires that libcurl is built to support TLS.
This option is mutually exclusive with \fI\-\-basic\fP, \fI\-\-negotiate\fP, \fI\-\-digest\fP and \fI\-\-anyauth\fP.
See also \fI\-\-proxy\-ntlm\fP.
.IP "\-\-ntlm\-wb"
(HTTP) Deprecated option (added in 8.8.0).

Enabled NTLM much in the style \fI\-\-ntlm\fP does, but handed over the authentication
to a separate executable that was executed when needed.

Providing --ntlm-wb multiple times has no extra effect.

Example:
.nf
curl --ntlm-wb -u user:password https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI\-\-ntlm\fP and \fI\-\-proxy\-ntlm\fP.
.IP "\-\-oauth2\-bearer <token>"
(IMAP LDAP POP3 SMTP HTTP) Specify the Bearer Token for OAUTH 2.0 server authentication. The Bearer Token
is used in conjunction with the username which can be specified as part of the
\fI\-\-url\fP or \fI\-u, \-\-user\fP options.

The Bearer Token and username are formatted according to RFC 6750.

If --oauth2-bearer is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Example:
.nf
curl --oauth2-bearer "mF_9.B5f-4.1JqM" https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI\-\-basic\fP, \fI\-\-ntlm\fP and \fI\-\-digest\fP.
.IP "\-o, \-\-output <file>"
Write output to the given file instead of stdout. If you are using globbing to
fetch multiple documents, you should quote the URL and you can use "#"
followed by a number in the filename. That variable is then replaced with the
current string for the URL being fetched. Like in:

.nf
curl "http://{one,two}.example.com" \-o "file_#1.txt"
.fi

or use several variables like:

.nf
curl "http://{site,host}.host[1\-5].example" \-o "#1_#2"
.fi

You may use this option as many times as the number of URLs you have. For
example, if you specify two URLs on the same command line, you can use it like
this:

.nf
curl \-o aa example.com \-o bb example.net
.fi

and the order of the \-o options and the URLs does not matter, just that the
first \-o is for the first URL and so on, so the above command line can also be
written as

.nf
curl example.com example.net \-o aa \-o bb
.fi

See also the \fI\-\-create\-dirs\fP option to create the local directories
dynamically. Specifying the output as \(aq\-\(aq (a single dash) passes the output to
stdout.

To suppress response bodies, you can redirect output to /dev/null:

.nf
curl example.com \-o /dev/null
.fi

Or for Windows:

.nf
curl example.com \-o nul
.fi

Specify the filename as single minus to force the output to stdout, to
override curl\(aqs internal binary output in terminal prevention:

.nf
curl https://example.com/jpeg \-o \-
.fi

--output is associated with a single URL. Use it once per URL when you use several URLs in a command line.

Examples:
.nf
curl -o file https://example.com
curl "http://{one,two}.example.com" -o "file_#1.txt"
curl "http://{site,host}.host[1-5].example" -o "#1_#2"
curl -o file https://example.com -o file2 https://example.net
.fi

See also \fI-O, \-\-remote\-name\fP, \fI\-\-remote\-name\-all\fP and \fI-J, \-\-remote\-header\-name\fP.
.IP "\-\-output\-dir <dir>"
Specify the directory in which files should be stored, when \fI\-O, \-\-remote\-name\fP or
\fI\-o, \-\-output\fP are used.

The given output directory is used for all URLs and output options on the
command line, up until the first \fI\-:, \-\-next\fP.

If the specified target directory does not exist, the operation fails unless
\fI\-\-create\-dirs\fP is also used.

If --output-dir is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Example:
.nf
curl --output-dir "tmp" -O https://example.com
.fi

Added in 7.73.0. See also \fI-O, \-\-remote\-name\fP and \fI-J, \-\-remote\-header\-name\fP.
.IP "\-Z, \-\-parallel"
Make curl perform all transfers in parallel as compared to the regular serial
manner. Parallel transfer means that curl runs up to N concurrent transfers
simultaneously and if there are more than N transfers to handle, it starts new
ones when earlier transfers finish.

With parallel transfers, the progress meter output is different from when
doing serial transfers, as it then displays the transfer status for multiple
transfers in a single line.

The maximum amount of concurrent transfers is set with \fI\-\-parallel\-max\fP and it
defaults to 50.

This option is global and does not need to be specified for each use of --next.

Providing --parallel multiple times has no extra effect.
Disable it again with \-\-no-parallel.

Example:
.nf
curl --parallel https://example.com -o file1 https://example.com -o file2
.fi

Added in 7.66.0. See also \fI-:, \-\-next\fP, \fI-v, \-\-verbose\fP, \fI\-\-parallel\-max\fP and \fI\-\-parallel\-immediate\fP.
.IP "\-\-parallel\-immediate"
When doing parallel transfers, this option instructs curl to prefer opening up
more connections in parallel at once rather than waiting to see if new
transfers can be added as multiplexed streams on another connection.

By default, without this option set, curl prefers to wait a little and
multiplex new transfers over existing connections. It keeps the number of
connections low at the expense of risking a slightly slower transfer startup.

This option is global and does not need to be specified for each use of --next.

Providing --parallel-immediate multiple times has no extra effect.
Disable it again with \-\-no-parallel-immediate.

Example:
.nf
curl --parallel-immediate -Z https://example.com -o file1 https://example.com -o file2
.fi

Added in 7.68.0. See also \fI-Z, \-\-parallel\fP and \fI\-\-parallel\-max\fP.
.IP "\-\-parallel\-max <num>"
When asked to do parallel transfers, using \fI\-Z, \-\-parallel\fP, this option controls
the maximum amount of transfers to do simultaneously.

The default is 50. 300 is the largest supported value.

This option is global and does not need to be specified for each use of --next.

If --parallel-max is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Example:
.nf
curl --parallel-max 100 -Z https://example.com ftp://example.com/
.fi

Added in 7.66.0. See also \fI-Z, \-\-parallel\fP.
.IP "\-\-pass <phrase>"
(SSH TLS) Passphrase for the private key used for SSH or TLS.

If --pass is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Example:
.nf
curl --pass secret --key file https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI\-\-key\fP and \fI-u, \-\-user\fP.
.IP "\-\-path\-as\-is"
Do not handle sequences of /../ or /./ in the given URL path. Normally curl
squashes or merges them according to standards but with this option set you
tell it not to do that.

Providing --path-as-is multiple times has no extra effect.
Disable it again with \-\-no-path-as-is.

Example:
.nf
curl --path-as-is https://example.com/../../etc/passwd
.fi

See also \fI\-\-request\-target\fP.
.IP "\-\-pinnedpubkey <hashes>"
(TLS) Use the specified public key file (or hashes) to verify the peer. This can be
a path to a file which contains a single public key in PEM or DER format, or
any number of base64 encoded sha256 hashes preceded by \(aqsha256//\(aq and
separated by \(aq;\(aq.

When negotiating a TLS or SSL connection, the server sends a certificate
indicating its identity. A public key is extracted from this certificate and
if it does not exactly match the public key provided to this option, curl
aborts the connection before sending or receiving any data.

This option is independent of option \fI\-k, \-\-insecure\fP. If you use both options
together then the peer is still verified by public key.

PEM/DER support:

OpenSSL and GnuTLS, wolfSSL,
mbedTLS,
Secure Transport macOS 10.7+/iOS 10+,
Schannel

sha256 support:

OpenSSL, GnuTLS and wolfSSL, mbedTLS,
Secure Transport macOS 10.7+/iOS 10+, Schannel


Other SSL backends not supported.

If --pinnedpubkey is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Examples:
.nf
curl --pinnedpubkey keyfile https://example.com
curl --pinnedpubkey 'sha256//ce118b51897f4452dc' https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI\-\-hostpubsha256\fP.
.IP "\-\-post301"
(HTTP) Respect RFC 7231/6.4.2 and do not convert POST requests into GET requests when
following a 301 redirect. The non\-RFC behavior is ubiquitous in web browsers,
so curl does the conversion by default to maintain consistency. However, a
server may require a POST to remain a POST after such a redirection. This
option is meaningful only when using \fI\-L, \-\-location\fP.

Providing --post301 multiple times has no extra effect.
Disable it again with \-\-no-post301.

Example:
.nf
curl --post301 --location -d "data" https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI\-\-post302\fP, \fI\-\-post303\fP and \fI-L, \-\-location\fP.
.IP "\-\-post302"
(HTTP) Respect RFC 7231/6.4.3 and do not convert POST requests into GET requests when
following a 302 redirect. The non\-RFC behavior is ubiquitous in web browsers,
so curl does the conversion by default to maintain consistency. However, a
server may require a POST to remain a POST after such a redirection. This
option is meaningful only when using \fI\-L, \-\-location\fP.

Providing --post302 multiple times has no extra effect.
Disable it again with \-\-no-post302.

Example:
.nf
curl --post302 --location -d "data" https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI\-\-post301\fP, \fI\-\-post303\fP and \fI-L, \-\-location\fP.
.IP "\-\-post303"
(HTTP) Violate RFC 7231/6.4.4 and do not convert POST requests into GET requests when
following 303 redirect. A server may require a POST to remain a POST after a
303 redirection. This option is meaningful only when using \fI\-L, \-\-location\fP.

Providing --post303 multiple times has no extra effect.
Disable it again with \-\-no-post303.

Example:
.nf
curl --post303 --location -d "data" https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI\-\-post302\fP, \fI\-\-post301\fP and \fI-L, \-\-location\fP.
.IP "\-\-preproxy <[protocol://]host[:port]>"
Use the specified SOCKS proxy before connecting to an HTTP or HTTPS \fI\-x, \-\-proxy\fP. In
such a case curl first connects to the SOCKS proxy and then connects (through
SOCKS) to the HTTP or HTTPS proxy. Hence pre proxy.

The pre proxy string should be specified with a protocol:// prefix to specify
alternative proxy protocols. Use socks4://, socks4a://, socks5:// or
socks5h:// to request the specific SOCKS version to be used. No protocol
specified makes curl default to SOCKS4.

If the port number is not specified in the proxy string, it is assumed to be
1080.

User and password that might be provided in the proxy string are URL decoded
by curl. This allows you to pass in special characters such as @ by using %40
or pass in a colon with %3a.

If --preproxy is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Example:
.nf
curl --preproxy socks5://proxy.example -x http://http.example https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI-x, \-\-proxy\fP and \fI\-\-socks5\fP.
.IP "\-#, \-\-progress\-bar"
Make curl display transfer progress as a simple progress bar instead of the
standard, more informational, meter.

This progress bar draws a single line of \(aq#\(aq characters across the screen and
shows a percentage if the transfer size is known. For transfers without a
known size, there is a space ship (\-=o=\-) that moves back and forth but only
while data is being transferred, with a set of flying hash sign symbols on
top.

This option is global and does not need to be specified for each use of --next.

Providing --progress-bar multiple times has no extra effect.
Disable it again with \-\-no-progress-bar.

Example:
.nf
curl -# -O https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI\-\-styled\-output\fP.
.IP "\-\-proto <protocols>"
Limit what protocols to allow for transfers. Protocols are evaluated left to
right, are comma separated, and are each a protocol name or \(aqall\(aq, optionally
prefixed by zero or more modifiers. Available modifiers are:
.RS
.IP +
Permit this protocol in addition to protocols already permitted (this is
the default if no modifier is used).
.IP -
Deny this protocol, removing it from the list of protocols already permitted.
.IP =
Permit only this protocol (ignoring the list already permitted), though
subject to later modification by subsequent entries in the comma separated
list.
.RE
.IP
For example: \fI\-\-proto\fP \-ftps uses the default protocols, but disables ftps

\fI\-\-proto\fP \-all,https,+http only enables http and https

\fI\-\-proto\fP =http,https also only enables http and https

Unknown and disabled protocols produce a warning. This allows scripts to
safely rely on being able to disable potentially dangerous protocols, without
relying upon support for that protocol being built into curl to avoid an error.

This option can be used multiple times, in which case the effect is the same
as concatenating the protocols into one instance of the option.

If --proto is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Example:
.nf
curl --proto =http,https,sftp https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI\-\-proto\-redir\fP and \fI\-\-proto\-default\fP.
.IP "\-\-proto\-default <protocol>"
Use \fIprotocol\fP for any provided URL missing a scheme.

An unknown or unsupported protocol causes error \fICURLE_UNSUPPORTED_PROTOCOL\fP.

This option does not change the default proxy protocol (http).

Without this option set, curl guesses protocol based on the hostname, see
\fI\-\-url\fP for details.

If --proto-default is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Example:
.nf
curl --proto-default https ftp.example.com
.fi

See also \fI\-\-proto\fP and \fI\-\-proto\-redir\fP.
.IP "\-\-proto\-redir <protocols>"
Limit what protocols to allow on redirects. Protocols denied by \fI\-\-proto\fP are
not overridden by this option. See \fI\-\-proto\fP for how protocols are represented.

Example, allow only HTTP and HTTPS on redirect:

.nf
curl \--proto\-redir \-all,http,https http://example.com
.fi

By default curl only allows HTTP, HTTPS, FTP and FTPS on redirects
(added in 7.65.2). Specifying \fIall\fP or \fI+all\fP enables all protocols on
redirects, which is not good for security.

If --proto-redir is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Example:
.nf
curl --proto-redir =http,https https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI\-\-proto\fP.
.IP "\-x, \-\-proxy <[protocol://]host[:port]>"
Use the specified proxy.

The proxy string can be specified with a protocol:// prefix. No protocol
specified or http:// it is treated as an HTTP proxy. Use socks4://,
socks4a://, socks5:// or socks5h:// to request a specific SOCKS version to be
used.

Unix domain sockets are supported for socks proxy. Set localhost for the host
part. e.g. socks5h://localhost/path/to/socket.sock

HTTPS proxy support works with the https:// protocol prefix for OpenSSL
and GnuTLS. It also works for BearSSL, mbedTLS, Rustls,
Schannel, Secure Transport and wolfSSL (added in 7.87.0).

Unrecognized and unsupported proxy protocols cause an error.
Ancient curl versions ignored unknown schemes and used http:// instead.

If the port number is not specified in the proxy string, it is assumed to be
1080.

This option overrides existing environment variables that set the proxy to
use. If there is an environment variable setting a proxy, you can set proxy to
\&"" to override it.

All operations that are performed over an HTTP proxy are transparently
converted to HTTP. It means that certain protocol specific operations might
not be available. This is not the case if you can tunnel through the proxy, as
one with the \fI\-p, \-\-proxytunnel\fP option.

User and password that might be provided in the proxy string are URL decoded
by curl. This allows you to pass in special characters such as @ by using %40
or pass in a colon with %3a.

The proxy host can be specified the same way as the proxy environment
variables, including the protocol prefix (http://) and the embedded user +
password.

When a proxy is used, the active FTP mode as set with \fI\-P, \-\-ftp\-port\fP, cannot be
used.

Doing FTP over an HTTP proxy without \fI\-p, \-\-proxytunnel\fP makes curl do HTTP with an
FTP URL over the proxy. For such transfers, common FTP specific options do not
work, including \fI\-\-ssl\-reqd\fP and \fI\-\-ftp\-ssl\-control\fP.

If --proxy is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Example:
.nf
curl --proxy http://proxy.example https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI\-\-socks5\fP and \fI\-\-proxy\-basic\fP.
.IP "\-\-proxy\-anyauth"
Automatically pick a suitable authentication method when communicating with
the given HTTP proxy. This might cause an extra request/response round\-trip.

Providing --proxy-anyauth multiple times has no extra effect.

Example:
.nf
curl --proxy-anyauth --proxy-user user:passwd -x proxy https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI-x, \-\-proxy\fP, \fI\-\-proxy\-basic\fP and \fI\-\-proxy\-digest\fP.
.IP "\-\-proxy\-basic"
Use HTTP Basic authentication when communicating with the given proxy. Use
\fI\-\-basic\fP for enabling HTTP Basic with a remote host. Basic is the default
authentication method curl uses with proxies.

Providing --proxy-basic multiple times has no extra effect.

Example:
.nf
curl --proxy-basic --proxy-user user:passwd -x proxy https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI-x, \-\-proxy\fP, \fI\-\-proxy\-anyauth\fP and \fI\-\-proxy\-digest\fP.
.IP "\-\-proxy\-ca\-native"
(TLS) Use the operating system\(aqs native CA store for certificate verification of the
HTTPS proxy.

This option is independent of other HTTPS proxy CA certificate locations set at
run time or build time. Those locations are searched in addition to the native
CA store.

Equivalent to \fI\-\-ca\-native\fP but used in HTTPS proxy context. Refer to \fI\-\-ca\-native\fP
for TLS backend limitations.

Providing --proxy-ca-native multiple times has no extra effect.
Disable it again with \-\-no-proxy-ca-native.

Example:
.nf
curl --proxy-ca-native https://example.com
.fi

Added in 8.2.0. See also \fI\-\-ca\-native\fP, \fI\-\-cacert\fP, \fI\-\-capath\fP, \fI\-\-dump\-ca\-embed\fP and \fI-k, \-\-insecure\fP.
.IP "\-\-proxy\-cacert <file>"
Use the specified certificate file to verify the HTTPS proxy. The file may
contain multiple CA certificates. The certificate(s) must be in PEM format.

This allows you to use a different trust for the proxy compared to the remote
server connected to via the proxy.

Equivalent to \fI\-\-cacert\fP but used in HTTPS proxy context.

If --proxy-cacert is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Example:
.nf
curl --proxy-cacert CA-file.txt -x https://proxy https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI\-\-proxy\-capath\fP, \fI\-\-cacert\fP, \fI\-\-capath\fP, \fI\-\-dump\-ca\-embed\fP and \fI-x, \-\-proxy\fP.
.IP "\-\-proxy\-capath <dir>"
Same as \fI\-\-capath\fP but used in HTTPS proxy context.

Use the specified certificate directory to verify the proxy. Multiple paths
can be provided by separating them with colon (":") (e.g. "path1:path2:path3"). The
certificates must be in PEM format, and if curl is built against OpenSSL, the
directory must have been processed using the c_rehash utility supplied with
OpenSSL. Using \fI\-\-proxy\-capath\fP can allow OpenSSL\-powered curl to make
SSL\-connections much more efficiently than using \fI\-\-proxy\-cacert\fP if the
\fI\-\-proxy\-cacert\fP file contains many CA certificates.

If this option is set, the default capath value is ignored.

If --proxy-capath is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Example:
.nf
curl --proxy-capath /local/directory -x https://proxy https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI\-\-proxy\-cacert\fP, \fI-x, \-\-proxy\fP, \fI\-\-capath\fP and \fI\-\-dump\-ca\-embed\fP.
.IP "\-\-proxy\-cert <cert[:passwd]>"
Use the specified client certificate file when communicating with an HTTPS
proxy. The certificate must be in PKCS#12 format if using Secure Transport, or
PEM format if using any other engine. If the optional password is not
specified, it is queried for on the terminal. Use \fI\-\-proxy\-key\fP to provide the
private key.

This option is the equivalent to \fI\-E, \-\-cert\fP but used in HTTPS proxy context.

If --proxy-cert is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Example:
.nf
curl --proxy-cert file -x https://proxy https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI-x, \-\-proxy\fP, \fI\-\-proxy\-key\fP and \fI\-\-proxy\-cert\-type\fP.
.IP "\-\-proxy\-cert\-type <type>"
Set type of the provided client certificate when using HTTPS proxy. PEM, DER,
ENG, PROV and P12 are recognized types.

The default type depends on the TLS backend and is usually PEM, however for
Secure Transport and Schannel it is P12. If \fI\-\-proxy\-cert\fP is a pkcs11: URI then
ENG or PROV is the default type (depending on OpenSSL version).

Equivalent to \fI\-\-cert\-type\fP but used in HTTPS proxy context.

If --proxy-cert-type is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Example:
.nf
curl --proxy-cert-type PEM --proxy-cert file -x https://proxy https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI\-\-proxy\-cert\fP and \fI\-\-proxy\-key\fP.
.IP "\-\-proxy\-ciphers <list>"
(TLS) Same as \fI\-\-ciphers\fP but used in HTTPS proxy context.

Specify which cipher suites to use in the connection to your HTTPS proxy when
it negotiates TLS 1.2 (1.1, 1.0). The list of ciphers suites must specify
valid ciphers. Read up on cipher suite details on this URL:

https://curl.se/docs/ssl\-ciphers.html

If --proxy-ciphers is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Example:
.nf
curl --proxy-ciphers ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256 -x https://proxy https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI\-\-proxy\-tls13\-ciphers\fP, \fI\-\-ciphers\fP and \fI-x, \-\-proxy\fP.
.IP "\-\-proxy\-crlfile <file>"
Provide filename for a PEM formatted file with a Certificate Revocation List
that specifies peer certificates that are considered revoked when
communicating with an HTTPS proxy.

Equivalent to \fI\-\-crlfile\fP but only used in HTTPS proxy context.

If --proxy-crlfile is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Example:
.nf
curl --proxy-crlfile rejects.txt -x https://proxy https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI\-\-crlfile\fP and \fI-x, \-\-proxy\fP.
.IP "\-\-proxy\-digest"
Use HTTP Digest authentication when communicating with the given proxy. Use
\fI\-\-digest\fP for enabling HTTP Digest with a remote host.

Providing --proxy-digest multiple times has no extra effect.

Example:
.nf
curl --proxy-digest --proxy-user user:passwd -x proxy https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI-x, \-\-proxy\fP, \fI\-\-proxy\-anyauth\fP and \fI\-\-proxy\-basic\fP.
.IP "\-\-proxy\-header <header/@file>"
(HTTP) Extra header to include in the request when sending HTTP to a proxy. You may
specify any number of extra headers. This is the equivalent option to \fI\-H, \-\-header\fP
but is for proxy communication only like in CONNECT requests when you want a
separate header sent to the proxy to what is sent to the actual remote host.

curl makes sure that each header you add/replace is sent with the proper
end\-of\-line marker, you should thus \fBnot\fP add that as a part of the header
content: do not add newlines or carriage returns, they only mess things up for
you.

Headers specified with this option are not included in requests that curl
knows are not to be sent to a proxy.

This option can take an argument in @filename style, which then adds a header
for each line in the input file. Using @\- makes curl read
the headers from stdin.

This option can be used multiple times to add/replace/remove multiple headers.

--proxy-header can be used several times in a command line

Examples:
.nf
curl --proxy-header "X-First-Name: Joe" -x http://proxy https://example.com
curl --proxy-header "User-Agent: surprise" -x http://proxy https://example.com
curl --proxy-header "Host:" -x http://proxy https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI-x, \-\-proxy\fP.
.IP "\-\-proxy\-http2"
(HTTP) Negotiate HTTP/2 with an HTTPS proxy. The proxy might still only offer HTTP/1
and then curl sticks to using that version.

This has no effect for any other kinds of proxies.

Providing --proxy-http2 multiple times has no extra effect.
Disable it again with \-\-no-proxy-http2.

Example:
.nf
curl --proxy-http2 -x proxy https://example.com
.fi

\fI\-\-proxy\-http2\fP requires that libcurl is built to support HTTP/2.
Added in 8.1.0. See also \fI-x, \-\-proxy\fP.
.IP "\-\-proxy\-insecure"
Same as \fI\-k, \-\-insecure\fP but used in HTTPS proxy context.

Every secure connection curl makes is verified to be secure before the
transfer takes place. This option makes curl skip the verification step with a
proxy and proceed without checking.

When this option is not used for a proxy using HTTPS, curl verifies the
proxy\(aqs TLS certificate before it continues: that the certificate contains the
right name which matches the hostname and that the certificate has been signed
by a CA certificate present in the cert store. See this online resource for
further details: \fBhttps://curl.se/docs/sslcerts.html\fP

\fBWARNING\fP: using this option makes the transfer to the proxy insecure.

Providing --proxy-insecure multiple times has no extra effect.
Disable it again with \-\-no-proxy-insecure.

Example:
.nf
curl --proxy-insecure -x https://proxy https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI-x, \-\-proxy\fP and \fI-k, \-\-insecure\fP.
.IP "\-\-proxy\-key <key>"
Specify the filename for your private key when using client certificates with
your HTTPS proxy. This option is the equivalent to \fI\-\-key\fP but used in HTTPS
proxy context.

If --proxy-key is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Example:
.nf
curl --proxy-key here -x https://proxy https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI\-\-proxy\-key\-type\fP and \fI-x, \-\-proxy\fP.
.IP "\-\-proxy\-key\-type <type>"
Specify the private key file type your \fI\-\-proxy\-key\fP provided private key uses.
DER, PEM, and ENG are supported. If not specified, PEM is assumed.

Equivalent to \fI\-\-key\-type\fP but used in HTTPS proxy context.

If --proxy-key-type is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Example:
.nf
curl --proxy-key-type DER --proxy-key here -x https://proxy https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI\-\-proxy\-key\fP and \fI-x, \-\-proxy\fP.
.IP "\-\-proxy\-negotiate"
Use HTTP Negotiate (SPNEGO) authentication when communicating with the given
proxy. Use \fI\-\-negotiate\fP for enabling HTTP Negotiate (SPNEGO) with a remote
host.

Providing --proxy-negotiate multiple times has no extra effect.

Example:
.nf
curl --proxy-negotiate --proxy-user user:passwd -x proxy https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI\-\-proxy\-anyauth\fP, \fI\-\-proxy\-basic\fP and \fI\-\-proxy\-service\-name\fP.
.IP "\-\-proxy\-ntlm"
Use HTTP NTLM authentication when communicating with the given proxy. Use
\fI\-\-ntlm\fP for enabling NTLM with a remote host.

Providing --proxy-ntlm multiple times has no extra effect.

Example:
.nf
curl --proxy-ntlm --proxy-user user:passwd -x http://proxy https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI\-\-proxy\-negotiate\fP, \fI\-\-proxy\-anyauth\fP and \fI-U, \-\-proxy\-user\fP.
.IP "\-\-proxy\-pass <phrase>"
Passphrase for the private key for HTTPS proxy client certificate.

Equivalent to \fI\-\-pass\fP but used in HTTPS proxy context.

If --proxy-pass is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Example:
.nf
curl --proxy-pass secret --proxy-key here -x https://proxy https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI-x, \-\-proxy\fP and \fI\-\-proxy\-key\fP.
.IP "\-\-proxy\-pinnedpubkey <hashes>"
(TLS) Use the specified public key file (or hashes) to verify the proxy. This can be
a path to a file which contains a single public key in PEM or DER format, or
any number of base64 encoded sha256 hashes preceded by \(aqsha256//\(aq and
separated by \(aq;\(aq.

When negotiating a TLS or SSL connection, the server sends a certificate
indicating its identity. A public key is extracted from this certificate and
if it does not exactly match the public key provided to this option, curl
aborts the connection before sending or receiving any data.

Before curl 8.10.0 this option did not work due to a bug.

If --proxy-pinnedpubkey is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Examples:
.nf
curl --proxy-pinnedpubkey keyfile https://example.com
curl --proxy-pinnedpubkey 'sha256//ce118b51897f4452dc' https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI\-\-pinnedpubkey\fP and \fI-x, \-\-proxy\fP.
.IP "\-\-proxy\-service\-name <name>"
Set the service name for SPNEGO when doing proxy authentication.

If --proxy-service-name is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Example:
.nf
curl --proxy-service-name "shrubbery" -x proxy https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI\-\-service\-name\fP, \fI-x, \-\-proxy\fP and \fI\-\-proxy\-negotiate\fP.
.IP "\-\-proxy\-ssl\-allow\-beast"
Do not work around a security flaw in the TLS1.0 protocol known as BEAST when
communicating to an HTTPS proxy. If this option is not used, the TLS layer may
use workarounds known to cause interoperability problems with some older
server implementations.

This option only changes how curl does TLS 1.0 with an HTTPS proxy and has no
effect on later TLS versions.

\fBWARNING\fP: this option loosens the TLS security, and by using this flag you
ask for exactly that.

Equivalent to \fI\-\-ssl\-allow\-beast\fP but used in HTTPS proxy context.

Providing --proxy-ssl-allow-beast multiple times has no extra effect.
Disable it again with \-\-no-proxy-ssl-allow-beast.

Example:
.nf
curl --proxy-ssl-allow-beast -x https://proxy https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI\-\-ssl\-allow\-beast\fP and \fI-x, \-\-proxy\fP.
.IP "\-\-proxy\-ssl\-auto\-client\-cert"
Same as \fI\-\-ssl\-auto\-client\-cert\fP but used in HTTPS proxy context.

This is only supported by Schannel.

Providing --proxy-ssl-auto-client-cert multiple times has no extra effect.
Disable it again with \-\-no-proxy-ssl-auto-client-cert.

Example:
.nf
curl --proxy-ssl-auto-client-cert -x https://proxy https://example.com
.fi

Added in 7.77.0. See also \fI\-\-ssl\-auto\-client\-cert\fP and \fI-x, \-\-proxy\fP.
.IP "\-\-proxy\-tls13\-ciphers <list>"
(TLS) Same as \fI\-\-tls13\-ciphers\fP but used in HTTPS proxy context.

Specify which cipher suites to use in the connection to your HTTPS proxy when
it negotiates TLS 1.3. The list of ciphers suites must specify valid ciphers.
Read up on TLS 1.3 cipher suite details on this URL:

https://curl.se/docs/ssl\-ciphers.html

This option is used when curl is built to use OpenSSL 1.1.1 or later,
Schannel, wolfSSL, or mbedTLS 3.6.0 or later.

Before curl 8.10.0 with mbedTLS or wolfSSL, TLS 1.3 cipher suites were set
by using the \fI\-\-proxy\-ciphers\fP option.

If --proxy-tls13-ciphers is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Example:
.nf
curl --proxy-tls13-ciphers TLS_AES_128_GCM_SHA256 -x proxy https://example.com
.fi

Added in 7.61.0. See also \fI\-\-proxy\-ciphers\fP, \fI\-\-tls13\-ciphers\fP and \fI-x, \-\-proxy\fP.
.IP "\-\-proxy\-tlsauthtype <type>"
Set TLS authentication type with HTTPS proxy. The only supported option is
\&"SRP", for TLS\-SRP (RFC 5054). This option works only if the underlying
libcurl is built with TLS\-SRP support.

Equivalent to \fI\-\-tlsauthtype\fP but used in HTTPS proxy context.

If --proxy-tlsauthtype is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Example:
.nf
curl --proxy-tlsauthtype SRP -x https://proxy https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI-x, \-\-proxy\fP, \fI\-\-proxy\-tlsuser\fP and \fI\-\-proxy\-tlspassword\fP.
.IP "\-\-proxy\-tlspassword <string>"
Set password to use with the TLS authentication method specified with
\fI\-\-proxy\-tlsauthtype\fP when using HTTPS proxy. Requires that \fI\-\-proxy\-tlsuser\fP is
set.

This option does not work with TLS 1.3.

Equivalent to \fI\-\-tlspassword\fP but used in HTTPS proxy context.

If --proxy-tlspassword is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Example:
.nf
curl --proxy-tlspassword passwd -x https://proxy https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI-x, \-\-proxy\fP and \fI\-\-proxy\-tlsuser\fP.
.IP "\-\-proxy\-tlsuser <name>"
Set username for use for HTTPS proxy with the TLS authentication method
specified with \fI\-\-proxy\-tlsauthtype\fP. Requires that \fI\-\-proxy\-tlspassword\fP also is
set.

This option does not work with TLS 1.3.

If --proxy-tlsuser is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Example:
.nf
curl --proxy-tlsuser smith -x https://proxy https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI-x, \-\-proxy\fP and \fI\-\-proxy\-tlspassword\fP.
.IP "\-\-proxy\-tlsv1"
Use at least TLS version 1.x when negotiating with an HTTPS proxy. That means
TLS version 1.0 or higher

Equivalent to \fI\-1, \-\-tlsv1\fP but for an HTTPS proxy context.

Providing --proxy-tlsv1 multiple times has no extra effect.

Example:
.nf
curl --proxy-tlsv1 -x https://proxy https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI-x, \-\-proxy\fP.
.IP "\-U, \-\-proxy\-user <user:password>"
Specify the username and password to use for proxy authentication.

If you use a Windows SSPI\-enabled curl binary and do either Negotiate or NTLM
authentication then you can tell curl to select the username and password from
your environment by specifying a single colon with this option: "\-U :".

On systems where it works, curl hides the given option argument from process
listings. This is not enough to protect credentials from possibly getting seen
by other users on the same system as they still are visible for a moment
before being cleared. Such sensitive data should be retrieved from a file instead or
similar and never used in clear text in a command line.

If --proxy-user is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Example:
.nf
curl --proxy-user smith:secret -x proxy https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI\-\-proxy\-pass\fP.
.IP "\-\-proxy1.0 <host[:port]>"
Use the specified HTTP 1.0 proxy. If the port number is not specified, it is
assumed at port 1080.

The only difference between this and the HTTP proxy option \fI\-x, \-\-proxy\fP, is that
attempts to use CONNECT through the proxy specifies an HTTP 1.0 protocol
instead of the default HTTP 1.1.

Providing --proxy1.0 multiple times has no extra effect.

Example:
.nf
curl --proxy1.0 http://proxy https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI-x, \-\-proxy\fP, \fI\-\-socks5\fP and \fI\-\-preproxy\fP.
.IP "\-p, \-\-proxytunnel"
When an HTTP proxy is used \fI\-x, \-\-proxy\fP, this option makes curl tunnel the traffic
through the proxy. The tunnel approach is made with the HTTP proxy CONNECT
request and requires that the proxy allows direct connection to the remote port
number curl wants to tunnel through to.

To suppress proxy CONNECT response headers when curl is set to output headers
use \fI\-\-suppress\-connect\-headers\fP.

Providing --proxytunnel multiple times has no extra effect.
Disable it again with \-\-no-proxytunnel.

Example:
.nf
curl --proxytunnel -x http://proxy https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI-x, \-\-proxy\fP.
.IP "\-\-pubkey <key>"
(SFTP SCP) Public key filename. Allows you to provide your public key in this separate
file.

curl attempts to automatically extract the public key from the private key
file, so passing this option is generally not required. Note that this public
key extraction requires libcurl to be linked against a copy of libssh2 1.2.8
or higher that is itself linked against OpenSSL.

If --pubkey is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Example:
.nf
curl --pubkey file.pub sftp://example.com/
.fi

See also \fI\-\-pass\fP.
.IP "\-Q, \-\-quote <command>"
(FTP SFTP) Send an arbitrary command to the remote FTP or SFTP server. Quote commands are
sent BEFORE the transfer takes place (just after the initial \fBPWD\fP command
in an FTP transfer, to be exact). To make commands take place after a
successful transfer, prefix them with a dash \(aq\-\(aq.

(FTP only) To make commands be sent after curl has changed the working
directory, just before the file transfer command(s), prefix the command with a
\(aq+\(aq. This is not performed when a directory listing is performed.

You may specify any number of commands.

By default curl stops at first failure. To make curl continue even if the
command fails, prefix the command with an asterisk (*). Otherwise, if the
server returns failure for one of the commands, the entire operation is
aborted.

You must send syntactically correct FTP commands as RFC 959 defines to FTP
servers, or one of the commands listed below to SFTP servers.

SFTP is a binary protocol. Unlike for FTP, curl interprets SFTP quote commands
itself before sending them to the server. Filenames may be quoted shell\-style
to embed spaces or special characters. Following is the list of all supported
SFTP quote commands:
.RS
.IP "atime date file"
The atime command sets the last access time of the file named by the file
operand. The date expression can be all sorts of date strings, see the
\fIcurl_getdate(3)\fP man page for date expression details. (Added in 7.73.0)
.IP "chgrp group file"
The chgrp command sets the group ID of the file named by the file operand to
the group ID specified by the group operand. The group operand is a decimal
integer group ID.
.IP "chmod mode file"
The chmod command modifies the file mode bits of the specified file. The
mode operand is an octal integer mode number.
.IP "chown user file"
The chown command sets the owner of the file named by the file operand to the
user ID specified by the user operand. The user operand is a decimal
integer user ID.
.IP "ln source_file target_file"
The ln and symlink commands create a symbolic link at the target_file location
pointing to the source_file location.
.IP "mkdir directory_name"
The mkdir command creates the directory named by the directory_name operand.
.IP "mtime date file"
The mtime command sets the last modification time of the file named by the
file operand. The date expression can be all sorts of date strings, see the
\fIcurl_getdate(3)\fP man page for date expression details. (Added in 7.73.0)
.IP pwd
The pwd command returns the absolute path name of the current working directory.
.IP "rename source target"
The rename command renames the file or directory named by the source
operand to the destination path named by the target operand.
.IP "rm file"
The rm command removes the file specified by the file operand.
.IP "rmdir directory"
The rmdir command removes the directory entry specified by the directory
operand, provided it is empty.
.IP "symlink source_file target_file"
See ln.
.RE
.IP

--quote can be used several times in a command line

Example:
.nf
curl --quote "DELE file" ftp://example.com/foo
.fi

See also \fI-X, \-\-request\fP.
.IP "\-\-random\-file <file>"
Deprecated option. This option is ignored (added in 7.84.0). Prior to that it
only had an effect on curl if built to use old versions of OpenSSL.

Specify the path name to file containing random data. The data may be used to
seed the random engine for SSL connections.

If --random-file is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Example:
.nf
curl --random-file rubbish https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI\-\-egd\-file\fP.
.IP "\-r, \-\-range <range>"
(HTTP FTP SFTP FILE) Retrieve a byte range (i.e. a partial document) from an HTTP/1.1, FTP or SFTP
server or a local FILE. Ranges can be specified in a number of ways.
.RS
.IP 0-499
specifies the first 500 bytes
.IP 500-999
specifies the second 500 bytes
.IP -500
specifies the last 500 bytes
.IP 9500-
specifies the bytes from offset 9500 and forward
.IP 0-0,-1
specifies the first and last byte only(*)(HTTP)
.IP 100-199,500-599
specifies two separate 100\-byte ranges(*) (HTTP)
.RE
.IP
(*) = NOTE that if specifying multiple ranges and the server supports it then
it replies with a multiple part response that curl returns as\-is. It
contains meta information in addition to the requested bytes. Parsing or
otherwise transforming this response is the responsibility of the caller.

Only digit characters (0\-9) are valid in the \(aqstart\(aq and \(aqstop\(aq fields of the
\(aqstart\-stop\(aq range syntax. If a non\-digit character is given in the range, the
server\(aqs response is unspecified, depending on the server\(aqs configuration.

Many HTTP/1.1 servers do not have this feature enabled, so that when you
attempt to get a range, curl instead gets the whole document.

FTP and SFTP range downloads only support the simple \(aqstart\-stop\(aq syntax
(optionally with one of the numbers omitted). FTP use depends on the extended
FTP command SIZE.

When using this option for HTTP uploads using POST or PUT, functionality is
not guaranteed. The HTTP protocol has no standard interoperable resume upload
and curl uses a set of headers for this purpose that once proved working for
some servers and have been left for those who find that useful.

This command line option is mutually exclusive with \fI\-C, \-\-continue\-at\fP: you can only
use one of them for a single transfer.

If --range is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Example:
.nf
curl --range 22-44 https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI-C, \-\-continue\-at\fP and \fI-a, \-\-append\fP.
.IP "\-\-rate <max request rate>"
Specify the maximum transfer frequency you allow curl to use \- in number of
transfer starts per time unit (sometimes called request rate). Without this
option, curl starts the next transfer as fast as possible.

If given several URLs and a transfer completes faster than the allowed rate,
curl waits until the next transfer is started to maintain the requested
rate. This option has no effect when \fI\-Z, \-\-parallel\fP is used.

The request rate is provided as "N/U" where N is an integer number and U is a
time unit. Supported units are \(aqs\(aq (second), \(aqm\(aq (minute), \(aqh\(aq (hour) and \(aqd\(aq
/(day, as in a 24 hour unit). The default time unit, if no "/U" is provided,
is number of transfers per hour.

If curl is told to allow 10 requests per minute, it does not start the next
request until 6 seconds have elapsed since the previous transfer was started.

This function uses millisecond resolution. If the allowed frequency is set
more than 1000 per second, it instead runs unrestricted.

When retrying transfers, enabled with \fI\-\-retry\fP, the separate retry delay logic
is used and not this setting.

Starting in version 8.10.0, you can specify the number of time units in the rate
expression. Make curl do no more than 5 transfers per 15 seconds with "5/15s"
or limit it to 3 transfers per 4 hours with "3/4h". No spaces allowed.

This option is global and does not need to be specified for each use of --next.

If --rate is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Examples:
.nf
curl --rate 2/s https://example.com ...
curl --rate 3/h https://example.com ...
curl --rate 14/m https://example.com ...
.fi

Added in 7.84.0. See also \fI\-\-limit\-rate\fP and \fI\-\-retry\-delay\fP.
.IP "\-\-raw"
(HTTP) When used, it disables all internal HTTP decoding of content or transfer
encodings and instead makes them passed on unaltered, raw.

Providing --raw multiple times has no extra effect.
Disable it again with \-\-no-raw.

Example:
.nf
curl --raw https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI\-\-tr\-encoding\fP.
.IP "\-e, \-\-referer <URL>"
(HTTP) Set the referrer URL in the HTTP request. This can also be set with the
\fI\-H, \-\-header\fP flag of course. When used with \fI\-L, \-\-location\fP you can append ";auto"" to
the \fI\-e, \-\-referer\fP URL to make curl automatically set the previous URL when it
follows a Location: header. The ";auto" string can be used alone, even if you
do not set an initial \fI\-e, \-\-referer\fP.

If --referer is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Examples:
.nf
curl --referer "https://fake.example" https://example.com
curl --referer "https://fake.example;auto" -L https://example.com
curl --referer ";auto" -L https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI-A, \-\-user\-agent\fP and \fI-H, \-\-header\fP.
.IP "\-J, \-\-remote\-header\-name"
(HTTP) Tell the \fI\-O, \-\-remote\-name\fP option to use the server\-specified Content\-Disposition
filename instead of extracting a filename from the URL. If the server\-provided
filename contains a path, that is stripped off before the filename is used.

The file is saved in the current directory, or in the directory specified with
\fI\-\-output\-dir\fP.

If the server specifies a filename and a file with that name already exists in
the destination directory, it is not overwritten and an error occurs \- unless
you allow it by using the \fI\-\-clobber\fP option. If the server does not specify a
filename then this option has no effect.

There is no attempt to decode %\-sequences (yet) in the provided filename, so
this option may provide you with rather unexpected filenames.

This feature uses the name from the "filename" field, it does not yet support
the "filename*" field (filenames with explicit character sets).

\fBWARNING\fP: Exercise judicious use of this option, especially on Windows. A
rogue server could send you the name of a DLL or other file that could be
loaded automatically by Windows or some third party software.

Providing --remote-header-name multiple times has no extra effect.
Disable it again with \-\-no-remote-header-name.

Example:
.nf
curl -OJ https://example.com/file
.fi

See also \fI-O, \-\-remote\-name\fP.
.IP "\-O, \-\-remote\-name"
Write output to a local file named like the remote file we get. (Only the file
part of the remote file is used, the path is cut off.)

The file is saved in the current working directory. If you want the file saved
in a different directory, make sure you change the current working directory
before invoking curl with this option or use \fI\-\-output\-dir\fP.

The remote filename to use for saving is extracted from the given URL, nothing
else, and if it already exists it is overwritten. If you want the server to be
able to choose the filename refer to \fI\-J, \-\-remote\-header\-name\fP which can be used in
addition to this option. If the server chooses a filename and that name
already exists it is not overwritten.

There is no URL decoding done on the filename. If it has %20 or other URL
encoded parts of the name, they end up as\-is as filename.

You may use this option as many times as the number of URLs you have.

Before curl 8.10.0, curl returned an error if the URL ended with a slash,
which means that there is no filename part in the URL. Starting in 8.10.0,
curl sets the filename to the last directory part of the URL or if that also
is missing to "curl_response" (without extension) for this situation.

--remote-name is associated with a single URL. Use it once per URL when you use several URLs in a command line.

Examples:
.nf
curl -O https://example.com/filename
curl -O https://example.com/filename -O https://example.com/file2
.fi

See also \fI\-\-remote\-name\-all\fP, \fI\-\-output\-dir\fP and \fI-J, \-\-remote\-header\-name\fP.
.IP "\-\-remote\-name\-all"
Change the default action for all given URLs to be dealt with as if
\fI\-O, \-\-remote\-name\fP were used for each one. If you want to disable that for a
specific URL after \fI\-\-remote\-name\-all\fP has been used, you must use "\-o \-" or
\fI\-\-no\-remote\-name\fP.

Providing --remote-name-all multiple times has no extra effect.
Disable it again with \-\-no-remote-name-all.

Example:
.nf
curl --remote-name-all ftp://example.com/file1 ftp://example.com/file2
.fi

See also \fI-O, \-\-remote\-name\fP.
.IP "\-R, \-\-remote\-time"
Make curl attempt to figure out the timestamp of the remote file that is
getting downloaded, and if that is available make the local file get that same
timestamp.

Providing --remote-time multiple times has no extra effect.
Disable it again with \-\-no-remote-time.

Example:
.nf
curl --remote-time -o foo https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI-O, \-\-remote\-name\fP and \fI-z, \-\-time\-cond\fP.
.IP "\-\-remove\-on\-error"
Remove the output file if an error occurs. If curl returns an error when told to
save output in a local file. This prevents curl from leaving a partial file in
the case of an error during transfer.

If the output is not a regular file, this option has no effect.

The \fI\-C, \-\-continue\-at\fP option cannot be used together with \fI\-\-remove\-on\-error\fP.

Providing --remove-on-error multiple times has no extra effect.
Disable it again with \-\-no-remove-on-error.

Example:
.nf
curl --remove-on-error -o output https://example.com
.fi

Added in 7.83.0. See also \fI-f, \-\-fail\fP.
.IP "\-X, \-\-request <method>"
Change the method to use when starting the transfer.

curl passes on the verbatim string you give it in the request without any
filter or other safe guards. That includes white space and control characters.
.RS
.IP HTTP
Specifies a custom request method to use when communicating with the HTTP
server. The specified request method is used instead of the method otherwise
used (which defaults to \fIGET\fP). Read the HTTP 1.1 specification for details
and explanations. Common additional HTTP requests include \fIPUT\fP and \fIDELETE\fP,
while related technologies like WebDAV offers \fIPROPFIND\fP, \fICOPY\fP, \fIMOVE\fP and
more.

Normally you do not need this option. All sorts of \fIGET\fP, \fIHEAD\fP, \fIPOST\fP and
\fIPUT\fP requests are rather invoked by using dedicated command line options.

This option only changes the actual word used in the HTTP request, it does not
alter the way curl behaves. For example if you want to make a proper HEAD
request, using \-X HEAD does not suffice. You need to use the \fI\-I, \-\-head\fP option.

The method string you set with \fI\-X, \-\-request\fP is used for all requests, which
if you for example use \fI\-L, \-\-location\fP may cause unintended side\-effects when curl
does not change request method according to the HTTP 30x response codes \- and
similar.
.IP FTP
Specifies a custom FTP command to use instead of \fILIST\fP when doing file lists
with FTP.
.IP POP3
Specifies a custom POP3 command to use instead of \fILIST\fP or \fIRETR\fP.

.IP IMAP
Specifies a custom IMAP command to use instead of \fILIST\fP.
.IP SMTP
Specifies a custom SMTP command to use instead of \fIHELP\fP or \fBVRFY\fP.
.RE
.IP

If --request is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Examples:
.nf
curl -X "DELETE" https://example.com
curl -X NLST ftp://example.com/
.fi

See also \fI\-\-request\-target\fP.
.IP "\-\-request\-target <path>"
(HTTP) Use an alternative target (path) instead of using the path as provided in the
URL. Particularly useful when wanting to issue HTTP requests without leading
slash or other data that does not follow the regular URL pattern, like
\&"OPTIONS *".

curl passes on the verbatim string you give it in the request without any
filter or other safe guards. That includes white space and control characters.

If --request-target is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Example:
.nf
curl --request-target "*" -X OPTIONS https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI-X, \-\-request\fP.
.IP "\-\-resolve <[+]host:port:addr[,addr]...>"
Provide a custom address for a specific host and port pair. Using this, you
can make the curl requests(s) use a specified address and prevent the
otherwise normally resolved address to be used. Consider it a sort of
/etc/hosts alternative provided on the command line. The port number should be
the number used for the specific protocol the host is used for. It means you
need several entries if you want to provide addresses for the same host but
different ports.

By specifying "*" as host you can tell curl to resolve any host and specific
port pair to the specified address. Wildcard is resolved last so any \fI\-\-resolve\fP
with a specific host and port is used first.

The provided address set by this option is used even if \fI\-4, \-\-ipv4\fP or \fI\-6, \-\-ipv6\fP is
set to make curl use another IP version.

By prefixing the host with a \(aq+\(aq you can make the entry time out after curl\(aqs
default timeout (1 minute). Note that this only makes sense for long running
parallel transfers with a lot of files. In such cases, if this option is used
curl tries to resolve the host as it normally would once the timeout has
expired.

Provide IPv6 addresses within [brackets].

To redirect connects from a specific hostname or any hostname, independently
of port number, consider the \fI\-\-connect\-to\fP option.

Support for resolving with wildcard was added in 7.64.0.

Support for the \(aq+\(aq prefix was added in 7.75.0.

Support for specifying the host component as an IPv6 address was added in 8.13.0.

--resolve can be used several times in a command line

Examples:
.nf
curl --resolve example.com:443:127.0.0.1 https://example.com
curl --resolve example.com:443:[2001:db8::252f:efd6] https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI\-\-connect\-to\fP and \fI\-\-alt\-svc\fP.
.IP "\-\-retry <num>"
If a transient error is returned when curl tries to perform a transfer, it
retries this number of times before giving up. Setting the number to 0
makes curl do no retries (which is the default). Transient error means either:
a timeout, an FTP 4xx response code or an HTTP 408, 429, 500, 502, 503 or 504
response code.

When curl is about to retry a transfer, it first waits one second and then for
all forthcoming retries it doubles the waiting time until it reaches 10
minutes, which then remains the set fixed delay time between the rest of the
retries. By using \fI\-\-retry\-delay\fP you disable this exponential backoff algorithm.
See also \fI\-\-retry\-max\-time\fP to limit the total time allowed for retries.

curl complies with the Retry\-After: response header if one was present to know
when to issue the next retry (added in 7.66.0).

If --retry is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Example:
.nf
curl --retry 7 https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI\-\-retry\-max\-time\fP.
.IP "\-\-retry\-all\-errors"
Retry on any error. This option is used together with \fI\-\-retry\fP.

This option is the "sledgehammer" of retrying. Do not use this option by
default (for example in your \fBcurlrc\fP), there may be unintended consequences
such as sending or receiving duplicate data. Do not use with redirected input
or output. You might be better off handling your unique problems in a shell
script. Please read the example below.

\fBWARNING\fP: For server compatibility curl attempts to retry failed flaky
transfers as close as possible to how they were started, but this is not
possible with redirected input or output. For example, before retrying it
removes output data from a failed partial transfer that was written to an
output file. However this is not true of data redirected to a | pipe or >
file, which are not reset. We strongly suggest you do not parse or record
output via redirect in combination with this option, since you may receive
duplicate data.

By default curl does not return an error for transfers with an HTTP response code
that indicates an HTTP error, if the transfer was successful. For example, if
a server replies 404 Not Found and the reply is fully received then that is
not an error. When \fI\-\-retry\fP is used then curl retries on some HTTP response
codes that indicate transient HTTP errors, but that does not include most 4xx
response codes such as 404. If you want to retry on all response codes that
indicate HTTP errors (4xx and 5xx) then combine with \fI\-f, \-\-fail\fP.

Providing --retry-all-errors multiple times has no extra effect.
Disable it again with \-\-no-retry-all-errors.

Example:
.nf
curl --retry 5 --retry-all-errors https://example.com
.fi

Added in 7.71.0. See also \fI\-\-retry\fP.
.IP "\-\-retry\-connrefused"
In addition to the other conditions, consider ECONNREFUSED as a transient
error too for \fI\-\-retry\fP. This option is used together with \fI\-\-retry\fP.

Providing --retry-connrefused multiple times has no extra effect.
Disable it again with \-\-no-retry-connrefused.

Example:
.nf
curl --retry-connrefused --retry 7 https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI\-\-retry\fP and \fI\-\-retry\-all\-errors\fP.
.IP "\-\-retry\-delay <seconds>"
Make curl sleep this amount of time before each retry when a transfer has
failed with a transient error (it changes the default backoff time algorithm
between retries). This option is only interesting if \fI\-\-retry\fP is also
used. Setting this delay to zero makes curl use the default backoff time.

If --retry-delay is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Example:
.nf
curl --retry-delay 5 --retry 7 https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI\-\-retry\fP.
.IP "\-\-retry\-max\-time <seconds>"
The retry timer is reset before the first transfer attempt. Retries are done
as usual (see \fI\-\-retry\fP) as long as the timer has not reached this given
limit. Notice that if the timer has not reached the limit, the request is
made and while performing, it may take longer than this given time period. To
limit a single request\(aqs maximum time, use \fI\-m, \-\-max\-time\fP. Set this option to zero
to not timeout retries.

If --retry-max-time is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Example:
.nf
curl --retry-max-time 30 --retry 10 https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI\-\-retry\fP.
.IP "\-\-sasl\-authzid <identity>"
Use this authorization identity (\fBauthzid\fP), during SASL PLAIN
authentication, in addition to the authentication identity (\fBauthcid\fP) as
specified by \fI\-u, \-\-user\fP.

If the option is not specified, the server derives the \fBauthzid\fP from the
\fBauthcid\fP, but if specified, and depending on the server implementation, it
may be used to access another user\(aqs inbox, that the user has been granted
access to, or a shared mailbox for example.

If --sasl-authzid is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Example:
.nf
curl --sasl-authzid zid imap://example.com/
.fi

Added in 7.66.0. See also \fI\-\-login\-options\fP.
.IP "\-\-sasl\-ir"
Enable initial response in SASL authentication.

Providing --sasl-ir multiple times has no extra effect.
Disable it again with \-\-no-sasl-ir.

Example:
.nf
curl --sasl-ir imap://example.com/
.fi

See also \fI\-\-sasl\-authzid\fP.
.IP "\-\-service\-name <name>"
Set the service name for SPNEGO.

If --service-name is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Example:
.nf
curl --service-name sockd/server https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI\-\-negotiate\fP and \fI\-\-proxy\-service\-name\fP.
.IP "\-S, \-\-show\-error"
When used with \fI\-s, \-\-silent\fP, it makes curl show an error message if it fails.

This option is global and does not need to be specified for each use of --next.

Providing --show-error multiple times has no extra effect.
Disable it again with \-\-no-show-error.

Example:
.nf
curl --show-error --silent https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI\-\-no\-progress\-meter\fP.
.IP "\-i, \-\-show\-headers"
(HTTP FTP) Show response headers in the output. HTTP response headers can include things
like server name, cookies, date of the document, HTTP version and more. With
non\-HTTP protocols, the "headers" are other server communication.

This option makes the response headers get saved in the same stream/output as
the data. \fI\-D, \-\-dump\-header\fP exists to save headers in a separate stream.

To view the request headers, consider the \fI\-v, \-\-verbose\fP option.

Prior to 7.75.0 curl did not print the headers if \fI\-f, \-\-fail\fP was used in
combination with this option and there was an error reported by the server.

This option was called \fI\-\-include\fP before 8.10.0. The previous name remains
functional.

Providing --show-headers multiple times has no extra effect.
Disable it again with \-\-no-show-headers.

Example:
.nf
curl -i https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI-v, \-\-verbose\fP and \fI-D, \-\-dump\-header\fP.
.IP "\-\-sigalgs <list>"
(TLS) Set specific signature algorithms to use during SSL session establishment according to RFC
5246, 7.4.1.4.1.

An algorithm can use either a signature algorithm and a hash algorithm pair separated by a
\&"+" (e.g. "ECDSA+SHA224"), or its TLS 1.3 signature scheme name (e.g. "ed25519").

Multiple algorithms can be provided by separating them with ":"
(e.g. "DSA+SHA256:rsa_pss_pss_sha256"). The parameter is available as "\-sigalgs" in the
OpenSSL "s_client" and "s_server" utilities.

\&"\fI\-\-sigalgs\fP" allows a OpenSSL powered curl to make SSL\-connections with exactly
the signature algorithms requested by the client, avoiding nontransparent client/server
negotiations.

If this option is set, the default signature algorithm list built into OpenSSL are ignored.

If --sigalgs is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Example:
.nf
curl --sigalgs ecdsa_secp256r1_sha256 https://example.com
.fi

Added in 8.14.0. See also \fI\-\-ciphers\fP.
.IP "\-s, \-\-silent"
Silent or quiet mode. Do not show progress meter or error messages. Makes curl
mute. It still outputs the data you ask for, potentially even to the
terminal/stdout unless you redirect it.

Use \fI\-S, \-\-show\-error\fP in addition to this option to disable progress meter but
still show error messages.

Providing --silent multiple times has no extra effect.
Disable it again with \-\-no-silent.

Example:
.nf
curl -s https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI-v, \-\-verbose\fP, \fI\-\-stderr\fP and \fI\-\-no\-progress\-meter\fP.
.IP "\-\-skip\-existing"
If there is a local file present when a download is requested, the operation
is skipped. Note that curl cannot know if the local file was previously
downloaded fine, or if it is incomplete etc, it just knows if there is a
filename present in the file system or not and it skips the transfer if it is.

Providing --skip-existing multiple times has no extra effect.
Disable it again with \-\-no-skip-existing.

Example:
.nf
curl --skip-existing --output local/dir/file https://example.com
.fi

Added in 8.10.0. See also \fI-o, \-\-output\fP, \fI-O, \-\-remote\-name\fP and \fI\-\-no\-clobber\fP.
.IP "\-\-socks4 <host[:port]>"
Use the specified SOCKS4 proxy. If the port number is not specified, it is
assumed at port 1080. Using this socket type makes curl resolve the hostname
and pass the address on to the proxy.

To specify proxy on a Unix domain socket, use localhost for host, e.g.
\&"socks4://localhost/path/to/socket.sock"

This option overrides any previous use of \fI\-x, \-\-proxy\fP, as they are mutually
exclusive.

This option is superfluous since you can specify a socks4 proxy with \fI\-x, \-\-proxy\fP
using a socks4:// protocol prefix.

\fI\-\-preproxy\fP can be used to specify a SOCKS proxy at the same time proxy is used
with an HTTP/HTTPS proxy. In such a case, curl first
connects to the SOCKS proxy and then connects (through SOCKS) to the HTTP or
HTTPS proxy.

If --socks4 is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Example:
.nf
curl --socks4 hostname:4096 https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI\-\-socks4a\fP, \fI\-\-socks5\fP and \fI\-\-socks5\-hostname\fP.
.IP "\-\-socks4a <host[:port]>"
Use the specified SOCKS4a proxy. If the port number is not specified, it is
assumed at port 1080. This asks the proxy to resolve the hostname.

To specify proxy on a Unix domain socket, use localhost for host, e.g.
\&"socks4a://localhost/path/to/socket.sock"

This option overrides any previous use of \fI\-x, \-\-proxy\fP, as they are mutually
exclusive.

This option is superfluous since you can specify a socks4a proxy with \fI\-x, \-\-proxy\fP
using a socks4a:// protocol prefix.

\fI\-\-preproxy\fP can be used to specify a SOCKS proxy at the same time \fI\-x, \-\-proxy\fP is
used with an HTTP/HTTPS proxy. In such a case, curl first
connects to the SOCKS proxy and then connects (through SOCKS) to the HTTP or
HTTPS proxy.

If --socks4a is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Example:
.nf
curl --socks4a hostname:4096 https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI\-\-socks4\fP, \fI\-\-socks5\fP and \fI\-\-socks5\-hostname\fP.
.IP "\-\-socks5 <host[:port]>"
Use the specified SOCKS5 proxy \- but resolve the hostname locally. If the
port number is not specified, it is assumed at port 1080.

To specify proxy on a Unix domain socket, use localhost for host, e.g.
\&"socks5://localhost/path/to/socket.sock"

This option overrides any previous use of \fI\-x, \-\-proxy\fP, as they are mutually
exclusive.

This option is superfluous since you can specify a socks5 proxy with \fI\-x, \-\-proxy\fP
using a socks5:// protocol prefix.

\fI\-\-preproxy\fP can be used to specify a SOCKS proxy at the same time \fI\-x, \-\-proxy\fP is
used with an HTTP/HTTPS proxy. In such a case, curl first
connects to the SOCKS proxy and then connects (through SOCKS) to the HTTP or
HTTPS proxy.

This option does not work with FTPS or LDAP.

If --socks5 is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Example:
.nf
curl --socks5 proxy.example:7000 https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI\-\-socks5\-hostname\fP and \fI\-\-socks4a\fP.
.IP "\-\-socks5\-basic"
Use username/password authentication when connecting to a SOCKS5 proxy. The
username/password authentication is enabled by default. Use \fI\-\-socks5\-gssapi\fP to
force GSS\-API authentication to SOCKS5 proxies.

Providing --socks5-basic multiple times has no extra effect.

Example:
.nf
curl --socks5-basic --socks5 hostname:4096 https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI\-\-socks5\fP.
.IP "\-\-socks5\-gssapi"
Use GSS\-API authentication when connecting to a SOCKS5 proxy. The GSS\-API
authentication is enabled by default (if curl is compiled with GSS\-API
support). Use \fI\-\-socks5\-basic\fP to force username/password authentication to
SOCKS5 proxies.

Providing --socks5-gssapi multiple times has no extra effect.
Disable it again with \-\-no-socks5-gssapi.

Example:
.nf
curl --socks5-gssapi --socks5 hostname:4096 https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI\-\-socks5\fP.
.IP "\-\-socks5\-gssapi\-nec"
As part of the GSS\-API negotiation a protection mode is negotiated. RFC 1961
says in section 4.3/4.4 it should be protected, but the NEC reference
implementation does not. The option \fI\-\-socks5\-gssapi\-nec\fP allows the
unprotected exchange of the protection mode negotiation.

Providing --socks5-gssapi-nec multiple times has no extra effect.
Disable it again with \-\-no-socks5-gssapi-nec.

Example:
.nf
curl --socks5-gssapi-nec --socks5 hostname:4096 https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI\-\-socks5\fP.
.IP "\-\-socks5\-gssapi\-service <name>"
Set the service name for a socks server. Default is \fBrcmd/server\-fqdn\fP.

If --socks5-gssapi-service is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Example:
.nf
curl --socks5-gssapi-service sockd --socks5 hostname:4096 https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI\-\-socks5\fP.
.IP "\-\-socks5\-hostname <host[:port]>"
Use the specified SOCKS5 proxy (and let the proxy resolve the hostname). If
the port number is not specified, it is assumed at port 1080.

To specify proxy on a Unix domain socket, use localhost for host, e.g.
\&"socks5h://localhost/path/to/socket.sock"

This option overrides any previous use of \fI\-x, \-\-proxy\fP, as they are mutually
exclusive.

This option is superfluous since you can specify a socks5 hostname proxy with
\fI\-x, \-\-proxy\fP using a socks5h:// protocol prefix.

\fI\-\-preproxy\fP can be used to specify a SOCKS proxy at the same time \fI\-x, \-\-proxy\fP is
used with an HTTP/HTTPS proxy. In such a case, curl first
connects to the SOCKS proxy and then connects (through SOCKS) to the HTTP or
HTTPS proxy.

If --socks5-hostname is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Example:
.nf
curl --socks5-hostname proxy.example:7000 https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI\-\-socks5\fP and \fI\-\-socks4a\fP.
.IP "\-Y, \-\-speed\-limit <speed>"
If a transfer is slower than this set speed (in bytes per second) for a given
number of seconds, it gets aborted. The time period is set with \fI\-y, \-\-speed\-time\fP
and is 30 seconds by default.

If --speed-limit is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Example:
.nf
curl --speed-limit 300 --speed-time 10 https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI-y, \-\-speed\-time\fP, \fI\-\-limit\-rate\fP and \fI-m, \-\-max\-time\fP.
.IP "\-y, \-\-speed\-time <seconds>"
If a transfer runs slower than speed\-limit bytes per second during a
speed\-time period, the transfer is aborted. If speed\-time is used, the default
speed\-limit is 1 unless set with \fI\-Y, \-\-speed\-limit\fP.

This option controls transfers (in both directions) but does not affect slow
connects etc. If this is a concern for you, try the \fI\-\-connect\-timeout\fP option.

If --speed-time is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Example:
.nf
curl --speed-limit 300 --speed-time 10 https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI-Y, \-\-speed\-limit\fP and \fI\-\-limit\-rate\fP.
.IP "\-\-ssl"
(FTP IMAP POP3 SMTP LDAP) Warning: this is considered an insecure option. Consider using \fI\-\-ssl\-reqd\fP
instead to be sure curl upgrades to a secure connection.

Try to use SSL/TLS for the connection \- often referred to as STARTTLS or STLS
because of the involved commands. Reverts to a non\-secure connection if the
server does not support SSL/TLS. See also \fI\-\-ftp\-ssl\-control\fP and \fI\-\-ssl\-reqd\fP for
different levels of encryption required.

This option is handled in LDAP (added in 7.81.0). It is fully supported by the
OpenLDAP backend and ignored by the generic ldap backend.

Please note that a server may close the connection if the negotiation does
not succeed.

This option was formerly known as \fI\-\-ftp\-ssl\fP. That option
name can still be used but might be removed in a future version.

Providing --ssl multiple times has no extra effect.
Disable it again with \-\-no-ssl.

Example:
.nf
curl --ssl pop3://example.com/
.fi

See also \fI\-\-ssl\-reqd\fP, \fI-k, \-\-insecure\fP and \fI\-\-ciphers\fP.
.IP "\-\-ssl\-allow\-beast"
(TLS) Do not work around a security flaw in the TLS1.0 protocol known as BEAST. If
this option is not used, the TLS layer may use workarounds known to cause
interoperability problems with some older server implementations.

This option only changes how curl does TLS 1.0 and has no effect on later TLS
versions.

\fBWARNING\fP: this option loosens the TLS security, and by using this flag you
ask for exactly that.

Providing --ssl-allow-beast multiple times has no extra effect.
Disable it again with \-\-no-ssl-allow-beast.

Example:
.nf
curl --ssl-allow-beast https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI\-\-proxy\-ssl\-allow\-beast\fP and \fI-k, \-\-insecure\fP.
.IP "\-\-ssl\-auto\-client\-cert"
(TLS) (Schannel) Automatically locate and use a client certificate for
authentication, when requested by the server. Since the server can request any
certificate that supports client authentication in the OS certificate store it
could be a privacy violation and unexpected.

Providing --ssl-auto-client-cert multiple times has no extra effect.
Disable it again with \-\-no-ssl-auto-client-cert.

Example:
.nf
curl --ssl-auto-client-cert https://example.com
.fi

Added in 7.77.0. See also \fI\-\-proxy\-ssl\-auto\-client\-cert\fP.
.IP "\-\-ssl\-no\-revoke"
(TLS) (Schannel) Disable certificate revocation checks. WARNING: this option loosens
the SSL security, and by using this flag you ask for exactly that.

Providing --ssl-no-revoke multiple times has no extra effect.
Disable it again with \-\-no-ssl-no-revoke.

Example:
.nf
curl --ssl-no-revoke https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI\-\-crlfile\fP.
.IP "\-\-ssl\-reqd"
(FTP IMAP POP3 SMTP LDAP) Require SSL/TLS for the connection \- often referred to as STARTTLS or STLS
because of the involved commands. Terminates the connection if the transfer
cannot be upgraded to use SSL/TLS.

This option is handled in LDAP (added in 7.81.0). It is fully supported by the
OpenLDAP backend and rejected by the generic ldap backend if explicit TLS is
required.

This option is unnecessary if you use a URL scheme that in itself implies
immediate and implicit use of TLS, like for FTPS, IMAPS, POP3S, SMTPS and
LDAPS. Such a transfer always fails if the TLS handshake does not work.

This option was formerly known as \fI\-\-ftp\-ssl\-reqd\fP.

Providing --ssl-reqd multiple times has no extra effect.
Disable it again with \-\-no-ssl-reqd.

Example:
.nf
curl --ssl-reqd ftp://example.com
.fi

See also \fI\-\-ssl\fP and \fI-k, \-\-insecure\fP.
.IP "\-\-ssl\-revoke\-best\-effort"
(TLS) (Schannel) Ignore certificate revocation checks when they failed due to
missing/offline distribution points for the revocation check lists.

Providing --ssl-revoke-best-effort multiple times has no extra effect.
Disable it again with \-\-no-ssl-revoke-best-effort.

Example:
.nf
curl --ssl-revoke-best-effort https://example.com
.fi

Added in 7.70.0. See also \fI\-\-crlfile\fP and \fI-k, \-\-insecure\fP.
.IP "\-\-ssl\-sessions <filename>"
(TLS) Use the given file to load SSL session tickets into curl\(aqs cache before
starting any transfers. At the end of a successful curl run, the cached
SSL sessions tickets are saved to the file, replacing any previous content.

The file does not have to exist, but curl reports an error if it is
unable to create it. Unused loaded tickets are saved again, unless they
get replaced or purged from the cache for space reasons.

Using a session file allows "\fI\-\-tls\-earlydata\fP" to send the first request
in "0\-RTT" mode, should an SSL session with the feature be found. Note that
a server may not support early data. Also note that early data does
not provide forward secrecy, e.g. is not as secure.

The SSL session tickets are stored as base64 encoded text, each ticket on
its own line. The hostnames are cryptographically salted and hashed. While
this prevents someone from easily seeing the hosts you contacted, they could
still check if a specific hostname matches one of the values.

If --ssl-sessions is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Example:
.nf
curl --ssl-sessions sessions.txt https://example.com
.fi

Added in 8.12.0. See also \fI\-\-tls\-earlydata\fP.
.IP "\-2, \-\-sslv2"
(SSL) This option previously asked curl to use SSLv2, but is now ignored
(added in 7.77.0). SSLv2 is widely considered insecure (see RFC 6176).

Providing --sslv2 multiple times has no extra effect.

Example:
.nf
curl --sslv2 https://example.com
.fi

\fI-2, \-\-sslv2\fP requires that libcurl is built to support TLS.
This option is mutually exclusive with \fI-3, \-\-sslv3\fP, \fI-1, \-\-tlsv1\fP, \fI\-\-tlsv1.1\fP and \fI\-\-tlsv1.2\fP.
See also \fI\-\-http1.1\fP and \fI\-\-http2\fP.
.IP "\-3, \-\-sslv3"
(SSL) This option previously asked curl to use SSLv3, but is now ignored
(added in 7.77.0). SSLv3 is widely considered insecure (see RFC 7568).

Providing --sslv3 multiple times has no extra effect.

Example:
.nf
curl --sslv3 https://example.com
.fi

\fI-3, \-\-sslv3\fP requires that libcurl is built to support TLS.
This option is mutually exclusive with \fI-2, \-\-sslv2\fP, \fI-1, \-\-tlsv1\fP, \fI\-\-tlsv1.1\fP and \fI\-\-tlsv1.2\fP.
See also \fI\-\-http1.1\fP and \fI\-\-http2\fP.
.IP "\-\-stderr <file>"
Redirect all writes to stderr to the specified file instead. If the filename
is a plain \(aq\-\(aq, it is instead written to stdout.

This option is global and does not need to be specified for each use of --next.

If --stderr is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Example:
.nf
curl --stderr output.txt https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI-v, \-\-verbose\fP and \fI-s, \-\-silent\fP.
.IP "\-\-styled\-output"
Enable automatic use of bold font styles when writing HTTP headers to the
terminal. Use \fI\-\-no\-styled\-output\fP to switch them off.

Styled output requires a terminal that supports bold fonts. This feature is
not present on curl for Windows due to lack of this capability.

This option is global and does not need to be specified for each use of --next.

Providing --styled-output multiple times has no extra effect.
Disable it again with \-\-no-styled-output.

Example:
.nf
curl --styled-output -I https://example.com
.fi

Added in 7.61.0. See also \fI-I, \-\-head\fP and \fI-v, \-\-verbose\fP.
.IP "\-\-suppress\-connect\-headers"
When \fI\-p, \-\-proxytunnel\fP is used and a CONNECT request is made, do not output proxy
CONNECT response headers. This option is meant to be used with \fI\-D, \-\-dump\-header\fP
or \fI\-i, \-\-show\-headers\fP which are used to show protocol headers in the output. It
has no effect on debug options such as \fI\-v, \-\-verbose\fP or \fI\-\-trace\fP, or any
statistics.

Providing --suppress-connect-headers multiple times has no extra effect.
Disable it again with \-\-no-suppress-connect-headers.

Example:
.nf
curl --suppress-connect-headers --show-headers -x proxy https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI-D, \-\-dump\-header\fP, \fI-i, \-\-show\-headers\fP and \fI-p, \-\-proxytunnel\fP.
.IP "\-\-tcp\-fastopen"
Enable use of TCP Fast Open (RFC 7413). TCP Fast Open is a TCP extension that
allows data to be sent earlier over the connection (before the final
handshake ACK) if the client and server have been connected previously.

Providing --tcp-fastopen multiple times has no extra effect.
Disable it again with \-\-no-tcp-fastopen.

Example:
.nf
curl --tcp-fastopen https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI\-\-false\-start\fP.
.IP "\-\-tcp\-nodelay"
Turn on the TCP_NODELAY option. See the \fIcurl_easy_setopt(3)\fP man page for
details about this option.

curl sets this option by default and you need to explicitly switch it off if
you do not want it on.

Providing --tcp-nodelay multiple times has no extra effect.
Disable it again with \-\-no-tcp-nodelay.

Example:
.nf
curl --tcp-nodelay https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI-N, \-\-no\-buffer\fP.
.IP "\-t, \-\-telnet\-option <opt=val>"
Pass options to the telnet protocol. Supported options are:
.RS
.IP TTYPE=<term>
Sets the terminal type.
.IP "XDISPLOC=<X display>"
Sets the X display location.
.IP NEW_ENV=<var,val>
Sets an environment variable.
.RE
.IP

--telnet-option can be used several times in a command line

Example:
.nf
curl -t TTYPE=vt100 telnet://example.com/
.fi

See also \fI-K, \-\-config\fP.
.IP "\-\-tftp\-blksize <value>"
(TFTP) Set the TFTP \fBBLKSIZE\fP option (must be 512 or larger). This is the block
size that curl tries to use when transferring data to or from a TFTP
server. By default 512 bytes are used.

If --tftp-blksize is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Example:
.nf
curl --tftp-blksize 1024 tftp://example.com/file
.fi

See also \fI\-\-tftp\-no\-options\fP.
.IP "\-\-tftp\-no\-options"
(TFTP) Do not send TFTP options requests. This improves interop with some legacy
servers that do not acknowledge or properly implement TFTP options. When this
option is used \fI\-\-tftp\-blksize\fP is ignored.

Providing --tftp-no-options multiple times has no extra effect.
Disable it again with \-\-no-tftp-no-options.

Example:
.nf
curl --tftp-no-options tftp://192.168.0.1/
.fi

See also \fI\-\-tftp\-blksize\fP.
.IP "\-z, \-\-time\-cond <time>"
(HTTP FTP) Request a file that has been modified later than the given time and date, or
one that has been modified before that time. The date expression can be all
sorts of date strings or if it does not match any internal ones, it is treated
as a filename and curl tries to get the modification date (mtime) from that
file instead. See the \fIcurl_getdate(3)\fP man pages for date expression details.

Start the date expression with a dash (\-) to make it request for a document
that is older than the given date/time, default is a document that is newer
than the specified date/time.

If provided a non\-existing file, curl outputs a warning about that fact and
proceeds to do the transfer without a time condition.

If --time-cond is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Examples:
.nf
curl -z "Wed 01 Sep 2021 12:18:00" https://example.com
curl -z "-Wed 01 Sep 2021 12:18:00" https://example.com
curl -z file https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI\-\-etag\-compare\fP and \fI-R, \-\-remote\-time\fP.
.IP "\-\-tls\-earlydata"
(TLS) Enable the use of TLSv1.3 early data, also known as \(aq0RTT\(aq where possible.
This has security implications for the requests sent that way.

This option is used when curl is built to use GnuTLS.

If a server supports this TLSv1.3 feature, and to what extent, is announced
as part of the TLS "session" sent back to curl. Until curl has seen such
a session in a previous request, early data cannot be used.

When a new connection is initiated with a known TLSv1.3 session, and that
session announced early data support, the first request on this connection is
sent \fIbefore\fP the TLS handshake is complete. While the early data is also
encrypted, it is not protected against replays. An attacker can send
your early data to the server again and the server would accept it.

If your request contacts a public server and only retrieves a file, there
may be no harm in that. If the first request orders a refrigerator
for you, it is probably not a good idea to use early data for it. curl
cannot deduce what the security implications of your requests actually
are and make this decision for you.

The amount of early data sent can be inspected by using the "\fI\-w, \-\-write\-out\fP"
variable "tls_earlydata".

\fBWARNING\fP: this option has security implications. See above for more
details.

Providing --tls-earlydata multiple times has no extra effect.
Disable it again with \-\-no-tls-earlydata.

Example:
.nf
curl --tls-earlydata https://example.com
.fi

Added in 8.11.0. See also \fI\-\-tlsv1.3\fP, \fI\-\-tls\-max\fP and \fI\-\-ssl\-sessions\fP.
.IP "\-\-tls\-max <VERSION>"
(TLS) Set the maximum allowed TLS version. The minimum acceptable version is set by
tlsv1.0, tlsv1.1, tlsv1.2 or tlsv1.3.

If the connection is done without TLS, this option has no effect. This
includes QUIC\-using (HTTP/3) transfers.
.RS
.IP default
Use up to the recommended TLS version.
.IP 1.0
Use up to TLSv1.0.
.IP 1.1
Use up to TLSv1.1.
.IP 1.2
Use up to TLSv1.2.
.IP 1.3
Use up to TLSv1.3.
.RE
.IP

If --tls-max is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Examples:
.nf
curl --tls-max 1.2 https://example.com
curl --tls-max 1.3 --tlsv1.2 https://example.com
.fi

\fI\-\-tls\-max\fP requires that libcurl is built to support TLS.
See also \fI\-\-tlsv1.0\fP, \fI\-\-tlsv1.1\fP, \fI\-\-tlsv1.2\fP and \fI\-\-tlsv1.3\fP.
.IP "\-\-tls13\-ciphers <list>"
(TLS) Set which cipher suites to use in the connection if it negotiates TLS 1.3. The
list of ciphers suites must specify valid ciphers. Read up on TLS 1.3 cipher
suite details on this URL:

https://curl.se/docs/ssl\-ciphers.html

This option is used when curl is built to use OpenSSL 1.1.1 or later,
wolfSSL, or mbedTLS 3.6.0 or later.

Before curl 8.10.0 with mbedTLS or wolfSSL, TLS 1.3 cipher suites were set
by using the \fI\-\-ciphers\fP option.

If --tls13-ciphers is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Example:
.nf
curl --tls13-ciphers TLS_AES_128_GCM_SHA256 https://example.com
.fi

Added in 7.61.0. See also \fI\-\-ciphers\fP, \fI\-\-proxy\-tls13\-ciphers\fP and \fI\-\-curves\fP.
.IP "\-\-tlsauthtype <type>"
(TLS) Set TLS authentication type. Currently, the only supported option is "SRP",
for TLS\-SRP (RFC 5054). If \fI\-\-tlsuser\fP and \fI\-\-tlspassword\fP are specified but
\fI\-\-tlsauthtype\fP is not, then this option defaults to "SRP". This option works
only if the underlying libcurl is built with TLS\-SRP support, which requires
OpenSSL or GnuTLS with TLS\-SRP support.

If --tlsauthtype is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Example:
.nf
curl --tlsauthtype SRP https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI\-\-tlsuser\fP.
.IP "\-\-tlspassword <string>"
(TLS) Set password to use with the TLS authentication method specified with
\fI\-\-tlsauthtype\fP. Requires that \fI\-\-tlsuser\fP is set.

This option does not work with TLS 1.3.

If --tlspassword is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Example:
.nf
curl --tlspassword pwd --tlsuser user https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI\-\-tlsuser\fP.
.IP "\-\-tlsuser <name>"
(TLS) Set username for use with the TLS authentication method specified with
\fI\-\-tlsauthtype\fP. Requires that \fI\-\-tlspassword\fP also is set.

This option does not work with TLS 1.3.

If --tlsuser is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Example:
.nf
curl --tlspassword pwd --tlsuser user https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI\-\-tlspassword\fP.
.IP "\-1, \-\-tlsv1"
(TLS) Use at least TLS version 1.x when negotiating with a remote TLS server. That
means TLS version 1.0 or higher

Providing --tlsv1 multiple times has no extra effect.

Example:
.nf
curl --tlsv1 https://example.com
.fi

\fI-1, \-\-tlsv1\fP requires that libcurl is built to support TLS.
This option is mutually exclusive with \fI\-\-tlsv1.1\fP, \fI\-\-tlsv1.2\fP and \fI\-\-tlsv1.3\fP.
See also \fI\-\-http1.1\fP and \fI\-\-http2\fP.
.IP "\-\-tlsv1.0"
(TLS) Force curl to use TLS version 1.0 or later when connecting to a remote TLS server.

In old versions of curl this option was documented to allow _only_ TLS 1.0.
That behavior was inconsistent depending on the TLS library. Use \fI\-\-tls\-max\fP if
you want to set a maximum TLS version.

Providing --tlsv1.0 multiple times has no extra effect.

Example:
.nf
curl --tlsv1.0 https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI\-\-tlsv1.3\fP.
.IP "\-\-tlsv1.1"
(TLS) Force curl to use TLS version 1.1 or later when connecting to a remote TLS server.

In old versions of curl this option was documented to allow _only_ TLS 1.1.
That behavior was inconsistent depending on the TLS library. Use \fI\-\-tls\-max\fP if
you want to set a maximum TLS version.

Providing --tlsv1.1 multiple times has no extra effect.

Example:
.nf
curl --tlsv1.1 https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI\-\-tlsv1.3\fP and \fI\-\-tls\-max\fP.
.IP "\-\-tlsv1.2"
(TLS) Force curl to use TLS version 1.2 or later when connecting to a remote TLS server.

In old versions of curl this option was documented to allow _only_ TLS 1.2.
That behavior was inconsistent depending on the TLS library. Use \fI\-\-tls\-max\fP if
you want to set a maximum TLS version.

Providing --tlsv1.2 multiple times has no extra effect.

Example:
.nf
curl --tlsv1.2 https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI\-\-tlsv1.3\fP and \fI\-\-tls\-max\fP.
.IP "\-\-tlsv1.3"
(TLS) Force curl to use TLS version 1.3 or later when connecting to a remote TLS
server.

If the connection is done without TLS, this option has no effect. This
includes QUIC\-using (HTTP/3) transfers.

Note that TLS 1.3 is not supported by all TLS backends.

Providing --tlsv1.3 multiple times has no extra effect.

Example:
.nf
curl --tlsv1.3 https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI\-\-tlsv1.2\fP and \fI\-\-tls\-max\fP.
.IP "\-\-tr\-encoding"
(HTTP) Request a compressed Transfer\-Encoding response using one of the algorithms
curl supports, and uncompress the data while receiving it.

Providing --tr-encoding multiple times has no extra effect.
Disable it again with \-\-no-tr-encoding.

Example:
.nf
curl --tr-encoding https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI\-\-compressed\fP.
.IP "\-\-trace <file>"
Save a full trace dump of all incoming and outgoing data, including
descriptive information, in the given output file. Use "\-" as filename to have
the output sent to stdout. Use "%" as filename to have the output sent to
stderr.

Note that verbose output of curl activities and network traffic might contain
sensitive data, including usernames, credentials or secret data content. Be
aware and be careful when sharing trace logs with others.

This option is global and does not need to be specified for each use of --next.

If --trace is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Example:
.nf
curl --trace log.txt https://example.com
.fi

This option is mutually exclusive with \fI-v, \-\-verbose\fP and \fI\-\-trace\-ascii\fP.
See also \fI\-\-trace\-ascii\fP, \fI\-\-trace\-config\fP, \fI\-\-trace\-ids\fP and \fI\-\-trace\-time\fP.
.IP "\-\-trace\-ascii <file>"
Save a full trace dump of all incoming and outgoing data, including
descriptive information, in the given output file. Use "\-" as filename to have
the output sent to stdout. Use "%" as filename to send the output to stderr.

This is similar to \fI\-\-trace\fP, but leaves out the hex part and only shows the
ASCII part of the dump. It makes smaller output that might be easier to read
for untrained humans.

Note that verbose output of curl activities and network traffic might contain
sensitive data, including usernames, credentials or secret data content. Be
aware and be careful when sharing trace logs with others.

This option is global and does not need to be specified for each use of --next.

If --trace-ascii is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Example:
.nf
curl --trace-ascii log.txt https://example.com
.fi

This option is mutually exclusive with \fI\-\-trace\fP and \fI-v, \-\-verbose\fP.
See also \fI-v, \-\-verbose\fP and \fI\-\-trace\fP.
.IP "\-\-trace\-config <string>"
Set configuration for trace output. A comma\-separated list of components where
detailed output can be made available from. Names are case\-insensitive.
Specify \(aqall\(aq to enable all trace components.

In addition to trace component names, specify "ids" and "time" to avoid extra
\fI\-\-trace\-ids\fP or \fI\-\-trace\-time\fP parameters.

See the \fIcurl_global_trace(3)\fP man page for more details.

This option is global and does not need to be specified for each use of --next.

--trace-config can be used several times in a command line

Example:
.nf
curl --trace-config ids,http/2 https://example.com
.fi

Added in 8.3.0. See also \fI-v, \-\-verbose\fP and \fI\-\-trace\fP.
.IP "\-\-trace\-ids"
Prepend the transfer and connection identifiers to each trace or verbose line
that curl displays.

This option is global and does not need to be specified for each use of --next.

Providing --trace-ids multiple times has no extra effect.
Disable it again with \-\-no-trace-ids.

Example:
.nf
curl --trace-ids --trace-ascii output https://example.com
.fi

Added in 8.2.0. See also \fI\-\-trace\fP and \fI-v, \-\-verbose\fP.
.IP "\-\-trace\-time"
Prepend a time stamp to each trace or verbose line that curl displays.

This option is global and does not need to be specified for each use of --next.

Providing --trace-time multiple times has no extra effect.
Disable it again with \-\-no-trace-time.

Example:
.nf
curl --trace-time --trace-ascii output https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI\-\-trace\fP and \fI-v, \-\-verbose\fP.
.IP "\-\-unix\-socket <path>"
(HTTP) Connect through this Unix domain socket, instead of using the network.

If --unix-socket is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Example:
.nf
curl --unix-socket socket-path https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI\-\-abstract\-unix\-socket\fP.
.IP "\-T, \-\-upload\-file <file>"
Upload the specified local file to the remote URL.

If there is no file part in the specified URL, curl appends the local file
name to the end of the URL before the operation starts. You must use a
trailing slash (/) on the last directory to prove to curl that there is no
filename or curl thinks that your last directory name is the remote filename
to use.

When putting the local filename at the end of the URL, curl ignores what is on
the left side of any slash (/) or backslash (\\\\) used in the filename and only
appends what is on the right side of the rightmost such character.

Use the filename "\-" (a single dash) to use stdin instead of a given file.
Alternately, the filename "." (a single period) may be specified instead of
\&"\-" to use stdin in non\-blocking mode to allow reading server output while
stdin is being uploaded.

If this option is used with an HTTP(S) URL, the PUT method is used.

You can specify one \fI\-T, \-\-upload\-file\fP for each URL on the command line. Each
\fI\-T, \-\-upload\-file\fP + URL pair specifies what to upload and to where. curl also
supports globbing of the \fI\-T, \-\-upload\-file\fP argument, meaning that you can upload
multiple files to a single URL by using the same URL globbing style supported
in the URL.

When uploading to an SMTP server: the uploaded data is assumed to be RFC 5322
formatted. It has to feature the necessary set of headers and mail body
formatted correctly by the user as curl does not transcode nor encode it
further in any way.

--upload-file is associated with a single URL. Use it once per URL when you use several URLs in a command line.

Examples:
.nf
curl -T file https://example.com
curl -T "img[1-1000].png" ftp://ftp.example.com/
curl --upload-file "{file1,file2}" https://example.com
curl -T file -T file2 https://example.com https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI-G, \-\-get\fP, \fI-I, \-\-head\fP, \fI-X, \-\-request\fP and \fI-d, \-\-data\fP.
.IP "\-\-upload\-flags <flags>"
Specify additional behavior to apply to uploaded files. Flags are
specified as either a single flag value or a comma\-separated list
of flag values. These values are case\-sensitive and may be negated
by prepending them with a \(aq\-\(aq character. Currently the following
flag values are accepted: answered, deleted, draft, flagged, and
seen. The currently\-accepted flag values are used to set flags on
IMAP uploads.

If --upload-flags is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Example:
.nf
curl --upload-flags Flagged,!Seen --upload-file local/dir/file https://example.com
.fi

Added in 8.13.0. See also \fI-T, \-\-upload\-file\fP.
.IP "\-\-url <url/file>"
Specify a URL to fetch or send data to.

If the given URL is missing a scheme (such as "http://" or "ftp://" etc) curl
guesses which scheme to use based on the hostname. If the outermost subdomain
name matches DICT, FTP, IMAP, LDAP, POP3 or SMTP case insensitively, then that
protocol is used, otherwise it assumes HTTP. Scheme guessing can be avoided by
providing a full URL including the scheme, or disabled by setting a default
protocol, see \fI\-\-proto\-default\fP for details.

To control where the contents of a retrieved URL is written instead of the
default stdout, use the \fI\-o, \-\-output\fP or the \fI\-O, \-\-remote\-name\fP options. When retrieving
multiple URLs in a single invoke, each provided URL needs its own dedicated
destination option unless \fI\-\-remote\-name\-all\fP is used.

On Windows, "file://" accesses can be converted to network accesses by the
operating system.

Starting in curl 8.13.0, curl can be told to download URLs provided in a text
file, one URL per line. It is done with "\fI\-\-url\fP @filename": so instead of a
URL, you specify a filename prefixed with the "@" symbol. It can be told to
load the list of URLs from stdin by providing an argument like "@\-".

When downloading URLs given in a file, it implies using \fI\-O, \-\-remote\-name\fP for each
provided URL. The URLs are full, there is no globbing applied or done on
these. Features such as \fI\-\-skip\-existing\fP work fine in combination with this.

Lines in the URL file that start with "#" are treated as comments and are
skipped.

--url can be used several times in a command line

Examples:
.nf
curl --url https://example.com
curl --url @file
.fi

See also \fI-:, \-\-next\fP, \fI-K, \-\-config\fP, \fI\-\-path\-as\-is\fP and \fI\-\-disallow\-username\-in\-url\fP.
.IP "\-\-url\-query <data>"
(all) Add a piece of data, usually a name + value pair, to the end of the URL query
part. The syntax is identical to that used for \fI\-\-data\-urlencode\fP with one
extension:

If the argument starts with a \(aq+\(aq (plus), the rest of the string is provided
as\-is unencoded.

The query part of a URL is the one following the question mark on the right
end.

--url-query can be used several times in a command line

Examples:
.nf
curl --url-query name=val https://example.com
curl --url-query =encodethis http://example.net/foo
curl --url-query name@file https://example.com
curl --url-query @fileonly https://example.com
curl --url-query "+name=%20foo" https://example.com
.fi

Added in 7.87.0. See also \fI\-\-data\-urlencode\fP and \fI-G, \-\-get\fP.
.IP "\-B, \-\-use\-ascii"
(FTP LDAP) Enable ASCII transfer mode. For FTP, this can also be enforced by using a URL
that ends with ";type=A". This option causes data sent to stdout to be in text
mode for Win32 systems.

Providing --use-ascii multiple times has no extra effect.
Disable it again with \-\-no-use-ascii.

Example:
.nf
curl -B ftp://example.com/README
.fi

See also \fI\-\-crlf\fP and \fI\-\-data\-ascii\fP.
.IP "\-u, \-\-user <user:password>"
Specify the username and password to use for server authentication. Overrides
\fI\-n, \-\-netrc\fP and \fI\-\-netrc\-optional\fP.

If you simply specify the username, curl prompts for a password.

The username and passwords are split up on the first colon, which makes it
impossible to use a colon in the username with this option. The password can,
still.

On systems where it works, curl hides the given option argument from process
listings. This is not enough to protect credentials from possibly getting seen
by other users on the same system as they still are visible for a moment
before being cleared. Such sensitive data should be retrieved from a file
instead or similar and never used in clear text in a command line.

When using Kerberos V5 with a Windows based server you should include the
Windows domain name in the username, in order for the server to successfully
obtain a Kerberos Ticket. If you do not, then the initial authentication
handshake may fail.

When using NTLM, the username can be specified simply as the username, without
the domain, if there is a single domain and forest in your setup for example.

To specify the domain name use either Down\-Level Logon Name or UPN (User
Principal Name) formats. For example, EXAMPLE\\user and user@example.com
respectively.

If you use a Windows SSPI\-enabled curl binary and perform Kerberos V5,
Negotiate, NTLM or Digest authentication then you can tell curl to select the
username and password from your environment by specifying a single colon with
this option: "\-u :".

If --user is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Example:
.nf
curl -u user:secret https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI-n, \-\-netrc\fP and \fI-K, \-\-config\fP.
.IP "\-A, \-\-user\-agent <name>"
(HTTP) Specify the User\-Agent string to send to the HTTP server. To encode blanks in
the string, surround the string with single quote marks. This header can also
be set with the \fI\-H, \-\-header\fP or the \fI\-\-proxy\-header\fP options.

If you give an empty argument to \fI\-A, \-\-user\-agent\fP (""), it removes the header
completely from the request. If you prefer a blank header, you can set it to a
single space (" ").

By default, curl uses curl/VERSION, such as User\-Agent: curl/8.14.1.

If --user-agent is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Example:
.nf
curl -A "Agent 007" https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI-H, \-\-header\fP and \fI\-\-proxy\-header\fP.
.IP "\-\-variable <[%]name=text/@file>"
Set a variable with "name=content" or "name@file" (where "file" can be stdin
if set to a single dash ("\-")). The name is a case sensitive identifier that
must consist of no other letters than a\-z, A\-Z, 0\-9 or underscore. The
specified content is then associated with this identifier.

Setting the same variable name again overwrites the old contents with the new.

The contents of a variable can be referenced in a later command line option
when that option name is prefixed with "\fI\-\-expand\-\fP", and the name is used as
\&"{{name}}".

\fI\-\-variable\fP can import environment variables into the name space. Opt to either
require the environment variable to be set or provide a default value for the
variable in case it is not already set.

\fI\-\-variable\fP %name imports the variable called "name" but exits with an error if
that environment variable is not already set. To provide a default value if
the environment variable is not set, use \fI\-\-variable\fP %name=content or
\fI\-\-variable\fP %name@content. Note that on some systems \- but not all \-
environment variables are case insensitive.

Added in curl 8.12.0: you can get a byte range from the source by appending
\&"[start\-end]" to the variable name, where \fIstart\fP and \fIend\fP are byte offsets
to include from the contents. For example, asking for offset "2\-10" means
offset two to offset ten, inclusive, resulting in 9 bytes in total. "2\-2"
means a single byte at offset 2. Not providing a second number implies to the
end of data. The start offset cannot be larger than the end offset. Asking for
a range that is outside of the file size makes the variable contents empty.
For example, getting the first one hundred bytes from a given file:

.nf
curl \--variable "fraction[0\-99]@filename"
.fi

Given a byte range that has no data results in an empty string. Asking for a
range that is larger than the content makes curl use the piece of the data
that exists.

To assign a variable using contents from another variable, use
\fI\-\-expand\-variable\fP. Like for example assigning a new variable using contents
from two other:

.nf
curl \--expand\-variable "user={{firstname}} {{lastname}}"
.fi

When expanding variables, curl supports a set of functions that can make the
variable contents more convenient to use. You apply a function to a variable
expansion by adding a colon and then list the desired functions in a
comma\-separated list that is evaluated in a left\-to\-right order. Variable
content holding null bytes that are not encoded when expanded causes an
error.

Available functions:
.RS
.IP trim
removes all leading and trailing white space.

Example:

.nf
curl \--expand\-url https://example.com/{{var:trim}}
.fi
.IP json
outputs the content using JSON string quoting rules.

Example:

.nf
curl \--expand\-data {{data:json}} https://example.com
.fi
.IP url
shows the content URL (percent) encoded.

Example:

.nf
curl \--expand\-url https://example.com/{{path:url}}
.fi
.IP b64
expands the variable base64 encoded

Example:

.nf
curl \--expand\-url https://example.com/{{var:b64}}
.fi
.IP 64dec
decodes a base64 encoded character sequence. If the sequence is not possible
to decode, it instead outputs "[64dec\-fail]"

Example:

.nf
curl \--expand\-url https://example.com/{{var:64dec}}
.fi

(Added in 8.13.0)
.RE
.IP

--variable can be used several times in a command line

Example:
.nf
curl --variable name=smith --expand-url "https://example.com/{{name}}"
.fi

Added in 8.3.0. See also \fI-K, \-\-config\fP.
.IP "\-v, \-\-verbose"
Make curl output verbose information during the operation. Useful for
debugging and seeing what\(aqs going on under the hood. A line starting with >
means header data sent by curl, < means header data received by curl that is
hidden in normal cases, and a line starting with * means additional info
provided by curl.

If you only want HTTP headers in the output, \fI\-i, \-\-show\-headers\fP or \fI\-D, \-\-dump\-header\fP
might be more suitable options.

Since curl 8.10, mentioning this option several times in the same argument
increases the level of the trace output. However, as before, a single
\fI\-v, \-\-verbose\fP or \fI\-\-no\-verbose\fP reverts any additions by previous "\-vv" again. This
means that "\-vv \-v" is equivalent to a single \-v. This avoids unwanted
verbosity when the option is mentioned in the command line \fIand\fP curl config
files.

Using it twice, e.g. "\-vv", outputs time (\fI\-\-trace\-time\fP) and transfer ids
(\fI\-\-trace\-ids\fP), as well as enabling tracing for all protocols (\fI\-\-trace\-config\fP
protocol).

Adding a third verbose outputs transfer content (\fI\-\-trace\-ascii\fP %) and enables
tracing of more components (\fI\-\-trace\-config\fP read,write,ssl).

A fourth time adds tracing of all network components. (\fI\-\-trace\-config\fP network).

Any addition of the verbose option after that has no effect.

If you think this option does not give you the right details, consider using
\fI\-\-trace\fP or \fI\-\-trace\-ascii\fP instead. Or use it only once and use \fI\-\-trace\-config\fP
to trace the specific components you wish to see.

Note that verbose output of curl activities and network traffic might contain
sensitive data, including usernames, credentials or secret data content. Be
aware and be careful when sharing trace logs with others.

When the output contains protocol headers, those lines might include carriage
return (ASCII code 13) characters, even on platforms that otherwise normally
only use linefeed to signify line separations \- as curl shows the exact
contents arriving from the server.

This option is global and does not need to be specified for each use of --next.

Providing --verbose multiple times has no extra effect.
Disable it again with \-\-no-verbose.

Example:
.nf
curl --verbose https://example.com
.fi

This option is mutually exclusive with \fI\-\-trace\fP and \fI\-\-trace\-ascii\fP.
See also \fI-i, \-\-show\-headers\fP, \fI-s, \-\-silent\fP, \fI\-\-trace\fP and \fI\-\-trace\-ascii\fP.
.IP "\-V, \-\-version"
Display information about curl and the libcurl version it uses.

The first line includes the full version of curl, libcurl and other 3rd party
libraries linked with the executable.

This line may contain one or more TLS libraries. curl can be built to support
more than one TLS library which then makes curl \- at start\-up \- select which
particular backend to use for this invocation.

If curl supports more than one TLS library like this, the ones that are \fInot\fP
selected by default are listed within parentheses. Thus, if you do not specify
which backend to use (with the "CURL_SSL_BACKEND" environment variable) the
one listed without parentheses is used. Such builds also have "MultiSSL" set as
a feature.

The second line (starts with "Release\-Date:") shows the release date.

The third line (starts with "Protocols:") shows all protocols that libcurl
reports to support.

The fourth line (starts with "Features:") shows specific features libcurl
reports to offer. Available features include:
.RS
.IP alt-svc
Support for the Alt\-Svc: header is provided.
.IP AsynchDNS
This curl uses asynchronous name resolves. Asynchronous name resolves can be
done using either the c\-ares or the threaded resolver backends.
.IP brotli
Support for automatic brotli compression over HTTP(S).
.IP CharConv
curl was built with support for character set conversions (like EBCDIC)
.IP Debug
This curl uses a libcurl built with Debug. This enables more error\-tracking
and memory debugging etc. For curl\-developers only.
.IP ECH
ECH support is present.
.IP gsasl
The built\-in SASL authentication includes extensions to support SCRAM because
libcurl was built with libgsasl.
.IP GSS-API
GSS\-API is supported.
.IP HSTS
HSTS support is present.
.IP HTTP2
HTTP/2 support has been built\-in.
.IP HTTP3
HTTP/3 support has been built\-in.
.IP HTTPS-proxy
This curl is built to support HTTPS proxy.
.IP IDN
This curl supports IDN \- international domain names.
.IP IPv6
You can use IPv6 with this.
.IP Kerberos
Kerberos V5 authentication is supported.
.IP Largefile
This curl supports transfers of large files, files larger than 2GB.
.IP libz
Automatic decompression (via gzip, deflate) of compressed files over HTTP is
supported.
.IP MultiSSL
This curl supports multiple TLS backends.
.IP NTLM
NTLM authentication is supported.
.IP NTLM_WB
NTLM delegation to winbind helper is supported.
This feature was removed from curl in 8.8.0.
.IP PSL
PSL is short for Public Suffix List and means that this curl has been built
with knowledge about "public suffixes".
.IP SPNEGO
SPNEGO authentication is supported.
.IP SSL
SSL versions of various protocols are supported, such as HTTPS, FTPS, POP3S
and so on.
.IP SSLS-EXPORT
This build supports TLS session export/import, like with the \fI\-\-ssl\-sessions\fP.
.IP SSPI
SSPI is supported.
.IP TLS-SRP
SRP (Secure Remote Password) authentication is supported for TLS.
.IP TrackMemory
Debug memory tracking is supported.
.IP Unicode
Unicode support on Windows.
.IP UnixSockets
Unix sockets support is provided.
.IP zstd
Automatic decompression (via zstd) of compressed files over HTTP is supported.
.RE
.IP

Example:
.nf
curl --version
.fi

See also \fI-h, \-\-help\fP and \fI-M, \-\-manual\fP.
.IP "\-\-vlan\-priority <priority>"
(All) Set VLAN priority as defined in IEEE 802.1Q.

This field is set on Ethernet level, and only works within a local network.

The valid range for <priority> is 0 to 7.

If --vlan-priority is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Example:
.nf
curl --vlan-priority 4 https://example.com
.fi

Added in 8.9.0. See also \fI\-\-ip\-tos\fP.
.IP "\-w, \-\-write\-out <format>"
Make curl display information on stdout after a completed transfer. The format
is a string that may contain plain text mixed with any number of variables.
The format can be specified as a literal "string", or you can have curl read
the format from a file with "@filename" and to tell curl to read the format
from stdin you write "@\-".

The variables present in the output format are substituted by the value or
text that curl thinks fit, as described below. All variables are specified as
%{variable_name} and to output a normal % you just write them as %%. You can
output a newline by using \\n, a carriage return with \\r and a tab space with
\\t.

The output is by default written to standard output, but can be changed with
%{stderr} and %output{}.

Output HTTP header values from the transfer\(aqs most recent server response by
using \fI%header{name}\fP where \fIname\fP is the case insensitive name of the header
(without the trailing colon). The header contents are exactly as delivered over
the network but with leading and trailing whitespace and newlines stripped off
(added in 7.84.0).

Select a specific target destination file to write the output to, by using
\fI%output{name}\fP (added in curl 8.3.0) where \fIname\fP is the full filename. The
output following that instruction is then written to that file. More than one
\fI%output{}\fP instruction can be specified in the same write\-out argument. If
the filename cannot be created, curl leaves the output destination to the one
used prior to the \fI%output{}\fP instruction. Use \fI%output{>>name}\fP to append
data to an existing file.

This output is done independently of if the file transfer was successful or
not.

If the specified action or output specified with this option fails in any way,
it does not make curl return a (different) error.

\fBNOTE:\fP On Windows, the %\-symbol is a special symbol used to expand
environment variables. In batch files, all occurrences of % must be doubled
when using this option to properly escape. If this option is used at the
command prompt then the % cannot be escaped and unintended expansion is
possible.

The variables available are:
.RS
.IP certs
Output the certificate chain with details. Supported only by the OpenSSL,
GnuTLS, Schannel, Rustls, and Secure Transport backends. (Added in 7.88.0)
.IP conn_id
The connection identifier last used by the transfer. The connection id is
unique number among all connections using the same connection cache.
(Added in 8.2.0)
.IP content_type
The Content\-Type of the requested document, if there was any.
.IP errormsg
The error message. (Added in 7.75.0)
.IP exitcode
The numerical exit code of the transfer. (Added in 7.75.0)
.IP filename_effective
The ultimate filename that curl writes out to. This is only meaningful if curl
is told to write to a file with the \fI\-O, \-\-remote\-name\fP or \fI\-o, \-\-output\fP option. It is
most useful in combination with the \fI\-J, \-\-remote\-header\-name\fP option.

.IP ftp_entry_path
The initial path curl ended up in when logging on to the remote FTP
server.
.IP header{name}
The value of header "name" from the transfer\(aqs most recent server response.
Unlike other variables, the variable name "header" is not in braces. For
example "%header{date}". Refer to \fI\-w, \-\-write\-out\fP remarks. (Added in 7.84.0)
.IP header_json
A JSON object with all HTTP response headers from the recent transfer. Values
are provided as arrays, since in the case of multiple headers there can be
multiple values. (Added in 7.83.0)

The header names provided in lowercase, listed in order of appearance over the
wire. Except for duplicated headers. They are grouped on the first occurrence
of that header, each value is presented in the JSON array.
.IP http_code
The numerical response code that was found in the last retrieved HTTP(S) or
FTP(s) transfer.
.IP http_connect
The numerical code that was found in the last response (from a proxy) to a
curl CONNECT request.
.IP http_version
The http version that was effectively used.
.IP json
A JSON object with all available keys. (Added in 7.70.0)
.IP local_ip
The IP address of the local end of the most recently done connection \- can be
either IPv4 or IPv6.
.IP local_port
The local port number of the most recently done connection.
.IP method
The http method used in the most recent HTTP request. (Added in 7.72.0)
.IP num_certs
Number of server certificates received in the TLS handshake. Supported only by
the OpenSSL, GnuTLS, Schannel, Rustls and Secure Transport backends.
(Added in 7.88.0)
.IP num_connects
Number of new connects made in the recent transfer.
.IP num_headers
The number of response headers in the most recent request (restarted at each
redirect). Note that the status line IS NOT a header. (Added in 7.73.0)
.IP num_redirects
Number of redirects that were followed in the request.
.IP num_retries
Number of retries actually performed when "\fI\-\-retry\fP" has been used.
(Added in 8.9.0)
.IP onerror
The rest of the output is only shown if the transfer returned a non\-zero error.
(Added in 7.75.0)
.IP output{filename}
From this point on, the \fI\-w, \-\-write\-out\fP output is written to the filename specified
in braces. The filename can be prefixed with ">>" to append to the file. Unlike
other variables, the variable name "output" is not in braces. For example
\&"%output{>>stats.txt}". Refer to \fI\-w, \-\-write\-out\fP remarks. (Added in 8.3.0)
.IP proxy_ssl_verify_result
The result of the HTTPS proxy\(aqs SSL peer certificate verification that was
requested. 0 means the verification was successful.
.IP proxy_used
Returns 1 if the previous transfer used a proxy, otherwise 0. Useful to for
example determine if a "NOPROXY" pattern matched the hostname or not. (Added
in 8.7.0)
.IP redirect_url
When an HTTP request was made without \fI\-L, \-\-location\fP to follow redirects (or when
\fI\-\-max\-redirs\fP is met), this variable shows the actual URL a redirect
\fIwould\fP have gone to.
.IP referer
The Referer: header, if there was any. (Added in 7.76.0)
.IP remote_ip
The remote IP address of the most recently done connection \- can be either
IPv4 or IPv6.
.IP remote_port
The remote port number of the most recently done connection.
.IP response_code
The numerical response code that was found in the last transfer (formerly
known as "http_code").
.IP scheme
The URL scheme (sometimes called protocol) that was effectively used.
.IP size_download
The total amount of bytes that were downloaded. This is the size of the
body/data that was transferred, excluding headers.
.IP size_header
The total amount of bytes of the downloaded headers.
.IP size_request
The total amount of bytes that were sent in the HTTP request.
.IP size_upload
The total amount of bytes that were uploaded. This is the size of the
body/data that was transferred, excluding headers.
.IP speed_download
The average download speed that curl measured for the complete download. Bytes
per second.
.IP speed_upload
The average upload speed that curl measured for the complete upload. Bytes per
second.
.IP ssl_verify_result
The result of the SSL peer certificate verification that was requested. 0
means the verification was successful.
.IP stderr
From this point on, the \fI\-w, \-\-write\-out\fP output is written to standard
error. (Added in 7.63.0)
.IP stdout
From this point on, the \fI\-w, \-\-write\-out\fP output is written to standard output.
This is the default, but can be used to switch back after switching to stderr.
(Added in 7.63.0)
.IP time_appconnect
The time, in seconds, it took from the start until the SSL/SSH/etc
connect/handshake to the remote host was completed.
.IP time_connect
The time, in seconds, it took from the start until the TCP connect to the
remote host (or proxy) was completed.
.IP time_namelookup
The time, in seconds, it took from the start until the name resolving was
completed.
.IP time_posttransfer
The time it took from the start until the last byte is sent by libcurl.
In microseconds. (Added in 8.10.0)
.IP time_pretransfer
The time, in seconds, it took from the start until the file transfer was just
about to begin. This includes all pre\-transfer commands and negotiations that
are specific to the particular protocol(s) involved.
.IP time_queue
The time, in seconds, the transfer was queued during its run. This adds
the queue time for each redirect step that may have happened. Transfers
may be queued for significant amounts of time when connection or parallel
limits are in place. (Added in 8.12.0)
.IP time_redirect
The time, in seconds, it took for all redirection steps including name lookup,
connect, pretransfer and transfer before the final transaction was
started. "time_redirect" shows the complete execution time for multiple
redirections.
.IP time_starttransfer
The time, in seconds, it took from the start until the first byte was received.
This includes time_pretransfer and also the time the server needed to calculate
the result.
.IP time_total
The total time, in seconds, that the full operation lasted.
.IP tls_earlydata
The amount of bytes that were sent as TLSv1.3 early data. This is 0
if this TLS feature was not used and negative if the data sent had
been rejected by the server. The use of early data is enabled via
the command line option "\fI\-\-tls\-earlydata\fP". (Added in 8.12.0)
.IP url
The URL that was fetched. (Added in 7.75.0)
.IP url.scheme
The scheme part of the URL that was fetched. (Added in 8.1.0)
.IP url.user
The user part of the URL that was fetched. (Added in 8.1.0)
.IP url.password
The password part of the URL that was fetched. (Added in 8.1.0)
.IP url.options
The options part of the URL that was fetched. (Added in 8.1.0)
.IP url.host
The host part of the URL that was fetched. (Added in 8.1.0)
.IP url.port
The port number of the URL that was fetched. If no port number was specified
and the URL scheme is known, that scheme\(aqs default port number is
shown. (Added in 8.1.0)
.IP url.path
The path part of the URL that was fetched. (Added in 8.1.0)
.IP url.query
The query part of the URL that was fetched. (Added in 8.1.0)
.IP url.fragment
The fragment part of the URL that was fetched. (Added in 8.1.0)
.IP url.zoneid
The zone id part of the URL that was fetched. (Added in 8.1.0)
.IP urle.scheme
The scheme part of the effective (last) URL that was fetched. (Added in 8.1.0)
.IP urle.user
The user part of the effective (last) URL that was fetched. (Added in 8.1.0)
.IP urle.password
The password part of the effective (last) URL that was fetched. (Added in 8.1.0)
.IP urle.options
The options part of the effective (last) URL that was fetched. (Added in 8.1.0)
.IP urle.host
The host part of the effective (last) URL that was fetched. (Added in 8.1.0)
.IP urle.port
The port number of the effective (last) URL that was fetched. If no port
number was specified, but the URL scheme is known, that scheme\(aqs default port
number is shown. (Added in 8.1.0)
.IP urle.path
The path part of the effective (last) URL that was fetched. (Added in 8.1.0)
.IP urle.query
The query part of the effective (last) URL that was fetched. (Added in 8.1.0)
.IP urle.fragment
The fragment part of the effective (last) URL that was fetched. (Added in 8.1.0)
.IP urle.zoneid
The zone id part of the effective (last) URL that was fetched. (Added in 8.1.0)
.IP urlnum
The URL index number of this transfer, 0\-indexed. Unglobbed URLs share the
same index number as the origin globbed URL. (Added in 7.75.0)
.IP url_effective
The URL that was fetched last. This is most meaningful if you have told curl
to follow location: headers.
.IP xfer_id
The numerical identifier of the last transfer done. \-1 if no transfer has been
started yet for the handle. The transfer id is unique among all transfers
performed using the same connection cache.
(Added in 8.2.0)
.RE
.IP

If --write-out is provided several times, the last set value is used.

Example:
.nf
curl -w '%{response_code}\\n' https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI-v, \-\-verbose\fP and \fI-I, \-\-head\fP.
.IP "\-\-xattr"
Store metadata in the extended file attributes.

When saving output to a file, tell curl to store file metadata in extended
file attributes. Currently, "curl" is stored in the "creator" attribute,
the URL is stored in the "xdg.origin.url" attribute and, for HTTP, the content
type is stored in the "mime_type" attribute. If the file system does not
support extended attributes, a warning is issued.

Providing --xattr multiple times has no extra effect.
Disable it again with \-\-no-xattr.

Example:
.nf
curl --xattr -o storage https://example.com
.fi

See also \fI-R, \-\-remote\-time\fP, \fI-w, \-\-write\-out\fP and \fI-v, \-\-verbose\fP.
.SH FILES
\fI~/.curlrc\fP

Default config file, see \fI\-K, \-\-config\fP for details.
.SH ENVIRONMENT
The environment variables can be specified in lower case or upper case. The
lower case version has precedence. "http_proxy" is an exception as it is only
available in lower case.

Using an environment variable to set the proxy has the same effect as using
the \fI\-x, \-\-proxy\fP option.
.IP "http_proxy [protocol://]<host>[:port]"
Sets the proxy server to use for HTTP.
.IP "HTTPS_PROXY [protocol://]<host>[:port]"
Sets the proxy server to use for HTTPS.
.IP "[url-protocol]_PROXY [protocol://]<host>[:port]"
Sets the proxy server to use for [url\-protocol], where the protocol is a
protocol that curl supports and as specified in a URL. FTP, FTPS, POP3, IMAP,
SMTP, LDAP, etc.
.IP "ALL_PROXY [protocol://]<host>[:port]"
Sets the proxy server to use if no protocol\-specific proxy is set.
.IP "NO_PROXY <comma-separated list of hosts/domains>"
list of hostnames that should not go through any proxy. If set to an asterisk
\(aq*\(aq only, it matches all hosts. Each name in this list is matched as either a
domain name which contains the hostname, or the hostname itself.

This environment variable disables use of the proxy even when specified with
the \fI\-x, \-\-proxy\fP option. That is

.nf
NO_PROXY=direct.example.com curl \-x http://proxy.example.com
http://direct.example.com
.fi

accesses the target URL directly, and

.nf
NO_PROXY=direct.example.com curl \-x http://proxy.example.com
http://somewhere.example.com
.fi

accesses the target URL through the proxy.

The list of hostnames can also include numerical IP addresses, and IPv6
versions should then be given without enclosing brackets.

IP addresses can be specified using CIDR notation: an appended slash and
number specifies the number of "network bits" out of the address to use in the
comparison (added in 7.86.0). For example "192.168.0.0/16" would match all
addresses starting with "192.168".
.IP "APPDATA <dir>"
On Windows, this variable is used when trying to find the home directory. If
the primary home variables are all unset.
.IP "COLUMNS <terminal width>"
If set, the specified number of characters is used as the terminal width when
the alternative progress\-bar is shown. If not set, curl tries to figure it out
using other ways.
.IP "CURL_CA_BUNDLE <file>"
If set, it is used as the \fI\-\-cacert\fP value. This environment variable is ignored
if Schannel is used as the TLS backend.
.IP "CURL_HOME <dir>"
If set, is the first variable curl checks when trying to find its home
directory. If not set, it continues to check \fIXDG_CONFIG_HOME\fP
.IP "CURL_SSL_BACKEND <TLS backend>"
If curl was built with support for "MultiSSL", meaning that it has built\-in
support for more than one TLS backend, this environment variable can be set to
the case insensitive name of the particular backend to use when curl is
invoked. Setting a name that is not a built\-in alternative makes curl stay
with the default.

SSL backend names (case\-insensitive): \fBbearssl\fP, \fBgnutls\fP, \fBmbedtls\fP,
\fBopenssl\fP, \fBrustls\fP, \fBschannel\fP, \fBsecure\-transport\fP, \fBwolfssl\fP
.IP "HOME <dir>"
If set, this is used to find the home directory when that is needed. Like when
looking for the default .curlrc. \fICURL_HOME\fP and \fIXDG_CONFIG_HOME\fP
have preference.
.IP "QLOGDIR <directory name>"
If curl was built with HTTP/3 support, setting this environment variable to a
local directory makes curl produce \fBqlogs\fP in that directory, using file
names named after the destination connection id (in hex). Do note that these
files can become rather large. Works with the ngtcp2 and quiche QUIC backends.
.IP SHELL
Used on VMS when trying to detect if using a \fBDCL\fP or a \fBUnix\fP shell.
.IP "SSL_CERT_DIR <dir>"
If set, it is used as the \fI\-\-capath\fP value. This environment variable is ignored
if Schannel is used as the TLS backend.
.IP "SSL_CERT_FILE <path>"
If set, it is used as the \fI\-\-cacert\fP value. This environment variable is ignored
if Schannel is used as the TLS backend.
.IP "SSLKEYLOGFILE <filename>"
If you set this environment variable to a filename, curl stores TLS secrets
from its connections in that file when invoked to enable you to analyze the
TLS traffic in real time using network analyzing tools such as Wireshark. This
works with the following TLS backends: OpenSSL, LibreSSL (TLS 1.2 max),
BoringSSL, GnuTLS, wolfSSL and Rustls.
.IP "USERPROFILE <dir>"
On Windows, this variable is used when trying to find the home directory. If
the other, primary, variables are all unset. If set, curl uses the path
\fB"$USERPROFILE\\Application Data"\fP.
.IP "XDG_CONFIG_HOME <dir>"
If \fICURL_HOME\fP is not set, this variable is checked when looking for a
default .curlrc file.
.SH PROXY PROTOCOL PREFIXES
The proxy string may be specified with a protocol:// prefix to specify
alternative proxy protocols.

If no protocol is specified in the proxy string or if the string does not
match a supported one, the proxy is treated as an HTTP proxy.

The supported proxy protocol prefixes are as follows:
.IP http://
Makes it use it as an HTTP proxy. The default if no scheme prefix is used.
.IP https://
Makes it treated as an \fBHTTPS\fP proxy.
.IP socks4://
Makes it the equivalent of \fI\-\-socks4\fP
.IP socks4a://
Makes it the equivalent of \fI\-\-socks4a\fP
.IP socks5://
Makes it the equivalent of \fI\-\-socks5\fP
.IP socks5h://
Makes it the equivalent of \fI\-\-socks5\-hostname\fP
.SH EXIT CODES
There are a bunch of different error codes and their corresponding error
messages that may appear under error conditions. At the time of this writing,
the exit codes are:
.IP 0
Success. The operation completed successfully according to the instructions.
.IP 1
Unsupported protocol. This build of curl has no support for this protocol.
.IP 2
Failed to initialize.
.IP 3
URL malformed. The syntax was not correct.
.IP 4
A feature or option that was needed to perform the desired request was not
enabled or was explicitly disabled at build\-time. To make curl able to do
this, you probably need another build of libcurl.
.IP 5
Could not resolve proxy. The given proxy host could not be resolved.
.IP 6
Could not resolve host. The given remote host could not be resolved.
.IP 7
Failed to connect to host.
.IP 8
Weird server reply. The server sent data curl could not parse.
.IP 9
FTP access denied. The server denied login or denied access to the particular
resource or directory you wanted to reach. Most often you tried to change to a
directory that does not exist on the server.
.IP 10
FTP accept failed. While waiting for the server to connect back when an active
FTP session is used, an error code was sent over the control connection or
similar.
.IP 11
FTP weird PASS reply. curl could not parse the reply sent to the PASS request.
.IP 12
During an active FTP session while waiting for the server to connect back to
curl, the timeout expired.
.IP 13
FTP weird PASV reply, curl could not parse the reply sent to the PASV request.
.IP 14
FTP weird 227 format. curl could not parse the 227\-line the server sent.
.IP 15
FTP cannot use host. Could not resolve the host IP we got in the 227\-line.
.IP 16
HTTP/2 error. A problem was detected in the HTTP2 framing layer. This is
somewhat generic and can be one out of several problems, see the error message
for details.
.IP 17
FTP could not set binary. Could not change transfer method to binary.
.IP 18
Partial file. Only a part of the file was transferred.
.IP 19
FTP could not download/access the given file, the RETR (or similar) command
failed.
.IP 21
FTP quote error. A quote command returned error from the server.
.IP 22
HTTP page not retrieved. The requested URL was not found or returned another
error with the HTTP error code being 400 or above. This return code only
appears if \fI\-f, \-\-fail\fP is used.
.IP 23
Write error. curl could not write data to a local filesystem or similar.
.IP 25
Failed starting the upload. For FTP, the server typically denied the STOR
command.
.IP 26
Read error. Various reading problems.
.IP 27
Out of memory. A memory allocation request failed.
.IP 28
Operation timeout. The specified time\-out period was reached according to the
conditions.
.IP 30
FTP PORT failed. The PORT command failed. Not all FTP servers support the PORT
command, try doing a transfer using PASV instead.
.IP 31
FTP could not use REST. The REST command failed. This command is used for
resumed FTP transfers.
.IP 33
HTTP range error. The range "command" did not work.
.IP 34
HTTP post error. Internal post\-request generation error.
.IP 35
SSL connect error. The SSL handshaking failed.
.IP 36
Bad download resume. Could not continue an earlier aborted download.
.IP 37
FILE could not read file. Failed to open the file. Permissions?
.IP 38
LDAP cannot bind. LDAP bind operation failed.
.IP 39
LDAP search failed.
.IP 41
Function not found. A required LDAP function was not found.
.IP 42
Aborted by callback. An application told curl to abort the operation.
.IP 43
Internal error. A function was called with a bad parameter.
.IP 45
Interface error. A specified outgoing interface could not be used.
.IP 47
Too many redirects. When following redirects, curl hit the maximum amount.
.IP 48
Unknown option specified to libcurl. This indicates that you passed a weird
option to curl that was passed on to libcurl and rejected. Read up in the
manual.
.IP 49
Malformed telnet option.
.IP 52
The server did not reply anything, which here is considered an error.
.IP 53
SSL crypto engine not found.
.IP 54
Cannot set SSL crypto engine as default.
.IP 55
Failed sending network data.
.IP 56
Failure in receiving network data.
.IP 58
Problem with the local certificate.
.IP 59
Could not use specified SSL cipher.
.IP 60
Peer certificate cannot be authenticated with known CA certificates.
.IP 61
Unrecognized transfer encoding.
.IP 63
Maximum file size exceeded.
.IP 64
Requested FTP SSL level failed.
.IP 65
Sending the data requires a rewind that failed.
.IP 66
Failed to initialize SSL Engine.
.IP 67
The username, password, or similar was not accepted and curl failed to log in.
.IP 68
File not found on TFTP server.
.IP 69
Permission problem on TFTP server.
.IP 70
Out of disk space on TFTP server.
.IP 71
Illegal TFTP operation.
.IP 72
Unknown TFTP transfer ID.
.IP 73
File already exists (TFTP).
.IP 74
No such user (TFTP).
.IP 77
Problem reading the SSL CA cert (path? access rights?).
.IP 78
The resource referenced in the URL does not exist.
.IP 79
An unspecified error occurred during the SSH session.
.IP 80
Failed to shut down the SSL connection.
.IP 82
Could not load CRL file, missing or wrong format.
.IP 83
Issuer check failed.
.IP 84
The FTP PRET command failed.
.IP 85
Mismatch of RTSP CSeq numbers.
.IP 86
Mismatch of RTSP Session Identifiers.
.IP 87
Unable to parse FTP file list.
.IP 88
FTP chunk callback reported error.
.IP 89
No connection available, the session is queued.
.IP 90
SSL public key does not match pinned public key.
.IP 91
Invalid SSL certificate status.
.IP 92
Stream error in HTTP/2 framing layer.
.IP 93
An API function was called from inside a callback.
.IP 94
An authentication function returned an error.
.IP 95
A problem was detected in the HTTP/3 layer. This is somewhat generic and can
be one out of several problems, see the error message for details.
.IP 96
QUIC connection error. This error may be caused by an SSL library error. QUIC
is the protocol used for HTTP/3 transfers.
.IP 97
Proxy handshake error.
.IP 98
A client\-side certificate is required to complete the TLS handshake.
.IP 99
Poll or select returned fatal error.
.IP 100
A value or data field grew larger than allowed.
.IP XX
More error codes might appear here in future releases. The existing ones are
meant to never change.
.SH BUGS
If you experience any problems with curl, submit an issue in the project\(aqs bug
tracker on GitHub: https://github.com/curl/curl/issues
.SH AUTHORS
Daniel Stenberg is the main author, but the whole list of contributors is
found in the separate THANKS file.
.SH WWW
https://curl.se
.SH SEE ALSO
\fBftp(1)\fP, \fBwget(1)\fP
usr/share/doc/alt-curlssl11/FEATURES.md000064400000014023150404430250013370 0ustar00<!--
Copyright (C) Daniel Stenberg, <daniel@haxx.se>, et al.

SPDX-License-Identifier: curl
-->

# Features -- what curl can do

## curl tool

 - config file support
 - multiple URLs in a single command line
 - range "globbing" support: [0-13], {one,two,three}
 - multiple file upload on a single command line
 - redirect stderr
 - parallel transfers

## libcurl

 - URL RFC 3986 syntax
 - custom maximum download time
 - custom lowest download speed acceptable
 - custom output result after completion
 - guesses protocol from hostname unless specified
 - supports .netrc
 - progress bar with time statistics while downloading
 - standard proxy environment variables support
 - have run on 101 operating systems and 28 CPU architectures
 - selectable network interface for outgoing traffic
 - IPv6 support on Unix and Windows
 - happy eyeballs dual-stack IPv4 + IPv6 connects
 - persistent connections
 - SOCKS 4 + 5 support, with or without local name resolving
 - *pre-proxy* support, for *proxy chaining*
 - supports username and password in proxy environment variables
 - operations through HTTP proxy "tunnel" (using CONNECT)
 - replaceable memory functions (malloc, free, realloc, etc)
 - asynchronous name resolving
 - both a push and a pull style interface
 - international domain names (IDN)
 - transfer rate limiting
 - stable API and ABI
 - TCP keep alive
 - TCP Fast Open
 - DNS cache (that can be shared between transfers)
 - non-blocking single-threaded parallel transfers
 - Unix domain sockets to server or proxy
 - DNS-over-HTTPS
 - uses non-blocking name resolves
 - selectable name resolver backend

## URL API

 - parses RFC 3986 URLs
 - generates URLs from individual components
 - manages "redirects"

## Header API

 - easy access to HTTP response headers, from all contexts
 - named headers
 - iterate over headers

## TLS

 - selectable TLS backend(s)
 - TLS False Start
 - TLS version control
 - TLS session resumption
 - key pinning
 - mutual authentication
 - Use dedicated CA cert bundle
 - Use OS-provided CA store
 - separate TLS options for HTTPS proxy

## HTTP

 - HTTP/0.9 responses are optionally accepted
 - HTTP/1.0
 - HTTP/1.1
 - HTTP/2, including multiplexing and server push
 - GET
 - PUT
 - HEAD
 - POST
 - multipart formpost (RFC 1867-style)
 - authentication: Basic, Digest, NTLM (9) and Negotiate (SPNEGO)
   to server and proxy
 - resume transfers
 - follow redirects
 - maximum amount of redirects to follow
 - custom HTTP request
 - cookie get/send fully parsed
 - reads/writes the Netscape cookie file format
 - custom headers (replace/remove internally generated headers)
 - custom user-agent string
 - custom referrer string
 - range
 - proxy authentication
 - time conditions
 - via HTTP proxy, HTTPS proxy or SOCKS proxy
 - HTTP/2 or HTTP/1.1 to HTTPS proxy
 - retrieve file modification date
 - Content-Encoding support for deflate, gzip, brotli and zstd
 - "Transfer-Encoding: chunked" support in uploads
 - HSTS
 - alt-svc
 - ETags
 - HTTP/1.1 trailers, both sending and getting

## HTTPS

 - HTTP/3
 - using client certificates
 - verify server certificate
 - via HTTP proxy, HTTPS proxy or SOCKS proxy
 - select desired encryption
 - select usage of a specific TLS version
 - ECH

## FTP

 - download
 - authentication
 - Kerberos 5
 - active/passive using PORT, EPRT, PASV or EPSV
 - single file size information (compare to HTTP HEAD)
 - 'type=' URL support
 - directory listing
 - directory listing names-only
 - upload
 - upload append
 - upload via http-proxy as HTTP PUT
 - download resume
 - upload resume
 - custom ftp commands (before and/or after the transfer)
 - simple "range" support
 - via HTTP proxy, HTTPS proxy or SOCKS proxy
 - all operations can be tunneled through proxy
 - customizable to retrieve file modification date
 - no directory depth limit

## FTPS

 - implicit `ftps://` support that use SSL on both connections
 - explicit "AUTH TLS" and "AUTH SSL" usage to "upgrade" plain `ftp://`
   connection to use SSL for both or one of the connections

## SSH (both SCP and SFTP)

 - selectable SSH backend
 - known hosts support
 - public key fingerprinting
 - both password and public key auth

## SFTP

 - both password and public key auth
 - with custom commands sent before/after the transfer
 - directory listing

## TFTP

 - download
 - upload

## TELNET

 - connection negotiation
 - custom telnet options
 - stdin/stdout I/O

## LDAP

 - full LDAP URL support

## DICT

 - extended DICT URL support

## FILE

 - URL support
 - upload
 - resume

## SMB

 - SMBv1 over TCP and SSL
 - download
 - upload
 - authentication with NTLMv1

## SMTP

 - authentication: Plain, Login, CRAM-MD5, Digest-MD5, NTLM, Kerberos 5 and
   External
 - send emails
 - mail from support
 - mail size support
 - mail auth support for trusted server-to-server relaying
 - multiple recipients
 - via http-proxy

## SMTPS

 - implicit `smtps://` support
 - explicit "STARTTLS" usage to "upgrade" plain `smtp://` connections to use SSL
 - via http-proxy

## POP3

 - authentication: Clear Text, APOP and SASL
 - SASL based authentication: Plain, Login, CRAM-MD5, Digest-MD5, NTLM,
   Kerberos 5 and External
 - list emails
 - retrieve emails
 - enhanced command support for: CAPA, DELE, TOP, STAT, UIDL and NOOP via
   custom requests
 - via http-proxy

## POP3S

 - implicit `pop3s://` support
 - explicit `STLS` usage to "upgrade" plain `pop3://` connections to use SSL
 - via http-proxy

## IMAP

 - authentication: Clear Text and SASL
 - SASL based authentication: Plain, Login, CRAM-MD5, Digest-MD5, NTLM,
   Kerberos 5 and External
 - list the folders of a mailbox
 - select a mailbox with support for verifying the `UIDVALIDITY`
 - fetch emails with support for specifying the UID and SECTION
 - upload emails via the append command
 - enhanced command support for: EXAMINE, CREATE, DELETE, RENAME, STATUS,
   STORE, COPY and UID via custom requests
 - via http-proxy

## IMAPS

 - implicit `imaps://` support
 - explicit "STARTTLS" usage to "upgrade" plain `imap://` connections to use SSL
 - via http-proxy

## MQTT

 - Subscribe to and publish topics using URL scheme `mqtt://broker/topic`
usr/share/doc/alt-curlssl11/BUGS.md000064400000027246150404430250012725 0ustar00<!--
Copyright (C) Daniel Stenberg, <daniel@haxx.se>, et al.

SPDX-License-Identifier: curl
-->

# BUGS

## There are still bugs

 curl and libcurl keep being developed. Adding features and changing code
 means that bugs sneak in, no matter how hard we try to keep them out.

 Of course there are lots of bugs left. Not to mention misfeatures.

 To help us make curl the stable and solid product we want it to be, we need
 bug reports and bug fixes.

## Where to report

 If you cannot fix a bug yourself and submit a fix for it, try to report an as
 detailed report as possible to a curl mailing list to allow one of us to have
 a go at a solution. You can optionally also submit your problem in [curl's
 bug tracking system](https://github.com/curl/curl/issues).

 Please read the rest of this document below first before doing that.

 If you feel you need to ask around first, find a suitable [mailing
 list](https://curl.se/mail/) and post your questions there.

## Security bugs

 If you find a bug or problem in curl or libcurl that you think has a security
 impact, for example a bug that can put users in danger or make them
 vulnerable if the bug becomes public knowledge, then please report that bug
 using our security development process.

 Security related bugs or bugs that are suspected to have a security impact,
 should be reported on the [curl security tracker at
 HackerOne](https://hackerone.com/curl).

 This ensures that the report reaches the curl security team so that they
 first can deal with the report away from the public to minimize the harm and
 impact it has on existing users out there who might be using the vulnerable
 versions.

 The curl project's process for handling security related issues is
 [documented separately](https://curl.se/dev/secprocess.html).

## What to report

 When reporting a bug, you should include all information to help us
 understand what is wrong, what you expected to happen and how to repeat the
 bad behavior. You therefore need to tell us:

 - your operating system's name and version number

 - what version of curl you are using (`curl -V` is fine)

 - versions of the used libraries that libcurl is built to use

 - what URL you were working with (if possible), at least which protocol

 and anything and everything else you think matters. Tell us what you expected
 to happen, tell use what did happen, tell us how you could make it work
 another way. Dig around, try out, test. Then include all the tiny bits and
 pieces in your report. You benefit from this yourself, as it enables us to
 help you quicker and more accurately.

 Since curl deals with networks, it often helps us if you include a protocol
 debug dump with your bug report. The output you get by using the `-v` or
 `--trace` options.

 If curl crashed, causing a core dump (in Unix), there is hardly any use to
 send that huge file to anyone of us. Unless we have the same system setup as
 you, we cannot do much with it. Instead, we ask you to get a stack trace and
 send that (much smaller) output to us instead.

 The address and how to subscribe to the mailing lists are detailed in the
 `MANUAL.md` file.

## libcurl problems

 When you have written your own application with libcurl to perform transfers,
 it is even more important to be specific and detailed when reporting bugs.

 Tell us the libcurl version and your operating system. Tell us the name and
 version of all relevant sub-components like for example the SSL library
 you are using and what name resolving your libcurl uses. If you use SFTP or
 SCP, the libssh2 version is relevant etc.

 Showing us a real source code example repeating your problem is the best way
 to get our attention and it greatly increases our chances to understand your
 problem and to work on a fix (if we agree it truly is a problem).

 Lots of problems that appear to be libcurl problems are actually just abuses
 of the libcurl API or other malfunctions in your applications. It is advised
 that you run your problematic program using a memory debug tool like valgrind
 or similar before you post memory-related or "crashing" problems to us.

## Who fixes the problems

 If the problems or bugs you describe are considered to be bugs, we want to
 have the problems fixed.

 There are no developers in the curl project that are paid to work on bugs.
 All developers that take on reported bugs do this on a voluntary basis. We do
 it out of an ambition to keep curl and libcurl excellent products and out of
 pride.

 Please do not assume that you can just lump over something to us and it then
 magically gets fixed after some given time. Most often we need feedback and
 help to understand what you have experienced and how to repeat a problem.
 Then we may only be able to assist YOU to debug the problem and to track down
 the proper fix.

 We get reports from many people every month and each report can take a
 considerable amount of time to really go to the bottom with.

## How to get a stack trace

 First, you must make sure that you compile all sources with `-g` and that you
 do not 'strip' the final executable. Try to avoid optimizing the code as well,
 remove `-O`, `-O2` etc from the compiler options.

 Run the program until it cores.

 Run your debugger on the core file, like `<debugger> curl core`. `<debugger>`
 should be replaced with the name of your debugger, in most cases that is
 `gdb`, but `dbx` and others also occur.

 When the debugger has finished loading the core file and presents you a
 prompt, enter `where` (without quotes) and press return.

 The list that is presented is the stack trace. If everything worked, it is
 supposed to contain the chain of functions that were called when curl
 crashed. Include the stack trace with your detailed bug report, it helps a
 lot.

## Bugs in libcurl bindings

 There are of course bugs in libcurl bindings. You should then primarily
 approach the team that works on that particular binding and see what you can
 do to help them fix the problem.

 If you suspect that the problem exists in the underlying libcurl, then please
 convert your program over to plain C and follow the steps outlined above.

## Bugs in old versions

 The curl project typically releases new versions every other month, and we
 fix several hundred bugs per year. For a huge table of releases, number of
 bug fixes and more, see: https://curl.se/docs/releases.html

 The developers in the curl project do not have bandwidth or energy enough to
 maintain several branches or to spend much time on hunting down problems in
 old versions when chances are we already fixed them or at least that they have
 changed nature and appearance in later versions.

 When you experience a problem and want to report it, you really SHOULD
 include the version number of the curl you are using when you experience the
 issue. If that version number shows us that you are using an out-of-date curl,
 you should also try out a modern curl version to see if the problem persists
 or how/if it has changed in appearance.

 Even if you cannot immediately upgrade your application/system to run the
 latest curl version, you can most often at least run a test version or
 experimental build or similar, to get this confirmed or not.

 At times people insist that they cannot upgrade to a modern curl version, but
 instead, they "just want the bug fixed". That is fine, just do not count on us
 spending many cycles on trying to identify which single commit, if that is
 even possible, that at some point in the past fixed the problem you are now
 experiencing.

 Security wise, it is almost always a bad idea to lag behind the current curl
 versions by a lot. We keep discovering and reporting security problems
 over time see you can see in [this
 table](https://curl.se/docs/vulnerabilities.html)

# Bug fixing procedure

## What happens on first filing

 When a new issue is posted in the issue tracker or on the mailing list, the
 team of developers first needs to see the report. Maybe they took the day off,
 maybe they are off in the woods hunting. Have patience. Allow at least a few
 days before expecting someone to have responded.

 In the issue tracker, you can expect that some labels are set on the issue to
 help categorize it.

## First response

 If your issue/bug report was not perfect at once (and few are), chances are
 that someone asks follow-up questions. Which version did you use? Which
 options did you use? How often does the problem occur? How can we reproduce
 this problem? Which protocols does it involve? Or perhaps much more specific
 and deep diving questions. It all depends on your specific issue.

 You should then respond to these follow-up questions and provide more info
 about the problem, so that we can help you figure it out. Or maybe you can
 help us figure it out. An active back-and-forth communication is important
 and the key for finding a cure and landing a fix.

## Not reproducible

 We may require further work from you who actually see or experience the
 problem if we cannot reproduce it and cannot understand it even after having
 gotten all the info we need and having studied the source code over again.

## Unresponsive

 If the problem have not been understood or reproduced, and there is nobody
 responding to follow-up questions or questions asking for clarifications or
 for discussing possible ways to move forward with the task, we take that as a
 strong suggestion that the bug is unimportant.

 Unimportant issues are closed as inactive sooner or later as they cannot be
 fixed. The inactivity period (waiting for responses) should not be shorter
 than two weeks but may extend months.

## Lack of time/interest

 Bugs that are filed and are understood can unfortunately end up in the
 "nobody cares enough about it to work on it" category. Such bugs are
 perfectly valid problems that *should* get fixed but apparently are not. We
 try to mark such bugs as `KNOWN_BUGS material` after a time of inactivity and
 if no activity is noticed after yet some time those bugs are added to the
 `KNOWN_BUGS` document and are closed in the issue tracker.

## `KNOWN_BUGS`

 This is a list of known bugs. Bugs we know exist and that have been pointed
 out but that have not yet been fixed. The reasons for why they have not been
 fixed can involve anything really, but the primary reason is that nobody has
 considered these problems to be important enough to spend the necessary time
 and effort to have them fixed.

 The `KNOWN_BUGS` items are always up for grabs and we love the ones who bring
 one of them back to life and offer solutions to them.

 The `KNOWN_BUGS` document has a sibling document known as `TODO`.

## `TODO`

 Issues that are filed or reported that are not really bugs but more missing
 features or ideas for future improvements and so on are marked as
 *enhancement* or *feature-request* and get added to the `TODO` document and
 the issues are closed. We do not keep TODO items open in the issue tracker.

 The `TODO` document is full of ideas and suggestions of what we can add or
 fix one day. You are always encouraged and free to grab one of those items and
 take up a discussion with the curl development team on how that could be
 implemented or provided in the project so that you can work on ticking it odd
 that document.

 If an issue is rather a bug and not a missing feature or functionality, it is
 listed in `KNOWN_BUGS` instead.

## Closing off stalled bugs

 The [issue and pull request trackers](https://github.com/curl/curl) only hold
 "active" entries open (using a non-precise definition of what active actually
 is, but they are at least not completely dead). Those that are abandoned or
 in other ways dormant are closed and sometimes added to `TODO` and
 `KNOWN_BUGS` instead.

 This way, we only have "active" issues open on GitHub. Irrelevant issues and
 pull requests do not distract developers or casual visitors.
usr/share/doc/alt-curlssl11/TODO000064400000141660150404430250012330 0ustar00                                  _   _ ____  _
                              ___| | | |  _ \| |
                             / __| | | | |_) | |
                            | (__| |_| |  _ <| |___
                             \___|\___/|_| \_\_____|

                Things that could be nice to do in the future

 Things to do in project curl. Please tell us what you think, contribute and
 send us patches that improve things.

 Be aware that these are things that we could do, or have once been considered
 things we could do. If you want to work on any of these areas, please
 consider bringing it up for discussions first on the mailing list so that we
 all agree it is still a good idea for the project.

 All bugs documented in the KNOWN_BUGS document are subject for fixing.

 1. libcurl
 1.1 TFO support on Windows
 1.2 Consult %APPDATA% also for .netrc
 1.3 struct lifreq
 1.4 alt-svc sharing
 1.5 get rid of PATH_MAX
 1.6 thread-safe sharing
 1.8 CURLOPT_RESOLVE for any port number
 1.9 Cache negative name resolves
 1.10 auto-detect proxy
 1.11 minimize dependencies with dynamically loaded modules
 1.12 updated DNS server while running
 1.13 c-ares and CURLOPT_OPENSOCKETFUNCTION
 1.14 connect to multiple IPs in parallel
 1.15 Monitor connections in the connection pool
 1.16 Try to URL encode given URL
 1.17 Add support for IRIs
 1.18 try next proxy if one does not work
 1.19 provide timing info for each redirect
 1.20 SRV and URI DNS records
 1.21 netrc caching and sharing
 1.22 CURLINFO_PAUSE_STATE
 1.23 Offer API to flush the connection pool
 1.25 Expose tried IP addresses that failed
 1.28 FD_CLOEXEC
 1.29 WebSocket read callback
 1.30 config file parsing
 1.31 erase secrets from heap/stack after use
 1.32 add asynch getaddrinfo support
 1.33 make DoH inherit more transfer properties

 2. libcurl - multi interface
 2.1 More non-blocking
 2.2 Better support for same name resolves
 2.3 Non-blocking curl_multi_remove_handle()
 2.4 Split connect and authentication process
 2.5 Edge-triggered sockets should work
 2.6 multi upkeep
 2.7 Virtual external sockets
 2.8 dynamically decide to use socketpair

 3. Documentation
 3.1 Improve documentation about fork safety

 4. FTP
 4.1 HOST
 4.4 Support CURLOPT_PREQUOTE for directories listings
 4.6 GSSAPI via Windows SSPI
 4.7 STAT for LIST without data connection
 4.8 Passive transfer could try other IP addresses

 5. HTTP
 5.1 Provide the error body from a CONNECT response
 5.2 Obey Retry-After in redirects
 5.3 Rearrange request header order
 5.4 Allow SAN names in HTTP/2 server push
 5.5 auth= in URLs
 5.6 alt-svc should fallback if alt-svc does not work
 5.7 Require HTTP version X or higher

 6. TELNET
 6.1 ditch stdin
 6.2 ditch telnet-specific select
 6.3 feature negotiation debug data
 6.4 exit immediately upon connection if stdin is /dev/null

 7. SMTP
 7.1 Passing NOTIFY option to CURLOPT_MAIL_RCPT
 7.2 Enhanced capability support
 7.3 Add CURLOPT_MAIL_CLIENT option

 8. POP3
 8.2 Enhanced capability support

 9. IMAP
 9.1 Enhanced capability support

 10. LDAP
 10.1 SASL based authentication mechanisms
 10.2 CURLOPT_SSL_CTX_FUNCTION for LDAPS
 10.3 Paged searches on LDAP server
 10.4 Certificate-Based Authentication

 11. SMB
 11.1 File listing support
 11.2 Honor file timestamps
 11.3 Use NTLMv2
 11.4 Create remote directories

 12. FILE
 12.1 Directory listing on non-POSIX

 13. TLS
 13.1 TLS-PSK with OpenSSL
 13.2 TLS channel binding
 13.3 Defeat TLS fingerprinting
 13.4 Consider OCSP stapling by default
 13.5 Export session ids
 13.6 Provide callback for cert verification
 13.7 Less memory massaging with Schannel
 13.8 Support DANE
 13.9 TLS record padding
 13.10 Support Authority Information Access certificate extension (AIA)
 13.11 Some TLS options are not offered for HTTPS proxies
 13.13 Make sure we forbid TLS 1.3 post-handshake authentication
 13.14 Support the clienthello extension
 13.16 Share the CA cache
 13.17 Add missing features to TLS backends

 14. Proxy
 14.1 Retry SOCKS handshake on address type not supported

 15. Schannel
 15.1 Extend support for client certificate authentication
 15.2 Extend support for the --ciphers option
 15.4 Add option to allow abrupt server closure

 16. SASL
 16.1 Other authentication mechanisms
 16.2 Add QOP support to GSSAPI authentication

 17. SSH protocols
 17.1 Multiplexing
 17.2 Handle growing SFTP files
 17.3 Read keys from ~/.ssh/id_ecdsa, id_ed25519
 17.4 Support CURLOPT_PREQUOTE
 17.5 SSH over HTTPS proxy with more backends
 17.6 SFTP with SCP://

 18. Command line tool
 18.1 sync
 18.2 glob posts
 18.4 --proxycommand
 18.5 UTF-8 filenames in Content-Disposition
 18.6 Option to make -Z merge lined based outputs on stdout
 18.7 specify which response codes that make -f/--fail return error
 18.9 Choose the name of file in braces for complex URLs
 18.10 improve how curl works in a Windows console window
 18.11 Windows: set attribute 'archive' for completed downloads
 18.12 keep running, read instructions from pipe/socket
 18.13 Acknowledge Ratelimit headers
 18.14 --dry-run
 18.15 --retry should resume
 18.17 consider filename from the redirected URL with -O ?
 18.18 retry on network is unreachable
 18.19 expand ~/ in config files
 18.20 hostname sections in config files
 18.21 retry on the redirected-to URL
 18.23 Set the modification date on an uploaded file
 18.24 Use multiple parallel transfers for a single download
 18.25 Prevent terminal injection when writing to terminal
 18.26 Custom progress meter update interval
 18.27 -J and -O with %-encoded filenames
 18.28 -J with -C -
 18.29 --retry and transfer timeouts

 19. Build
 19.2 Enable PIE and RELRO by default
 19.3 Do not use GNU libtool on OpenBSD
 19.4 Package curl for Windows in a signed installer
 19.5 make configure use --cache-file more and better

 20. Test suite
 20.1 SSL tunnel
 20.2 more protocols supported
 20.3 more platforms supported
 20.4 write an SMB test server to replace impacket
 20.5 Use the RFC 6265 test suite
 20.6 Run web-platform-tests URL tests

 21. MQTT
 21.1 Support rate-limiting
 21.2 Support MQTTS
 21.3 Handle network blocks

 22. TFTP
 22.1 TFTP does not convert LF to CRLF for mode=netascii

 23. Gopher
 23.1 Handle network blocks

==============================================================================

1. libcurl

1.1 TFO support on Windows

 libcurl supports the CURLOPT_TCP_FASTOPEN option since 7.49.0 for Linux and
 macOS. Windows supports TCP Fast Open starting with Windows 10, version 1607
 and we should add support for it.

 TCP Fast Open is supported on several platforms but not on Windows. Work on
 this was once started but never finished.

 See https://github.com/curl/curl/pull/3378

1.2 Consult %APPDATA% also for .netrc

 %APPDATA%\.netrc is not considered when running on Windows. should not it?

 See https://github.com/curl/curl/issues/4016

1.3 struct lifreq

 Use 'struct lifreq' and SIOCGLIFADDR instead of 'struct ifreq' and
 SIOCGIFADDR on newer Solaris versions as they claim the latter is obsolete.
 To support IPv6 interface addresses for network interfaces properly.

1.4 alt-svc sharing

 The share interface could benefit from allowing the alt-svc cache to be
 possible to share between easy handles.

 See https://github.com/curl/curl/issues/4476

 The share interface offers CURL_LOCK_DATA_CONNECT to have multiple easy
 handle share a connection cache, but due to how connections are used they are
 still not thread-safe when used shared.

 See https://github.com/curl/curl/issues/4915 and lib1541.c

 The share interface offers CURL_LOCK_DATA_HSTS to have multiple easy handle
 share an HSTS cache, but this is not thread-safe.

1.5 get rid of PATH_MAX

 Having code use and rely on PATH_MAX is not nice:
 https://insanecoding.blogspot.com/2007/11/pathmax-simply-isnt.html

 Currently the libssh2 SSH based code uses it, but to remove PATH_MAX from
 there we need libssh2 to properly tell us when we pass in a too small buffer
 and its current API (as of libssh2 1.2.7) does not.

1.6 thread-safe sharing

 Using the share interface users can share some data between easy handles but
 several of the sharing options are documented as not safe and supported to
 share between multiple concurrent threads. Fixing this would enable more
 users to share data in more powerful ways.

1.8 CURLOPT_RESOLVE for any port number

 This option allows applications to set a replacement IP address for a given
 host + port pair. Consider making support for providing a replacement address
 for the hostname on all port numbers.

 See https://github.com/curl/curl/issues/1264

1.9 Cache negative name resolves

 A name resolve that has failed is likely to fail when made again within a
 short period of time. Currently we only cache positive responses.

1.10 auto-detect proxy

 libcurl could be made to detect the system proxy setup automatically and use
 that. On Windows, macOS and Linux desktops for example.

 The pull-request to use libproxy for this was deferred due to doubts on the
 reliability of the dependency and how to use it:
 https://github.com/curl/curl/pull/977

 libdetectproxy is a (C++) library for detecting the proxy on Windows
 https://github.com/paulharris/libdetectproxy

1.11 minimize dependencies with dynamically loaded modules

 We can create a system with loadable modules/plug-ins, where these modules
 would be the ones that link to 3rd party libs. That would allow us to avoid
 having to load ALL dependencies since only the necessary ones for this
 app/invoke/used protocols would be necessary to load. See
 https://github.com/curl/curl/issues/349

1.12 updated DNS server while running

 If /etc/resolv.conf gets updated while a program using libcurl is running, it
 is may cause name resolves to fail unless res_init() is called. We should
 consider calling res_init() + retry once unconditionally on all name resolve
 failures to mitigate against this. Firefox works like that. Note that Windows
 does not have res_init() or an alternative.

 https://github.com/curl/curl/issues/2251

1.13 c-ares and CURLOPT_OPENSOCKETFUNCTION

 curl creates most sockets via the CURLOPT_OPENSOCKETFUNCTION callback and
 close them with the CURLOPT_CLOSESOCKETFUNCTION callback. However, c-ares
 does not use those functions and instead opens and closes the sockets itself.
 This means that when curl passes the c-ares socket to the
 CURLMOPT_SOCKETFUNCTION it is not owned by the application like other
 sockets.

 See https://github.com/curl/curl/issues/2734

1.14 connect to multiple IPs in parallel

 curl currently implements the happy eyeball algorithm for connecting to the
 IPv4 and IPv6 alternatives for a host in parallel, sticking with the
 connection that "wins". We could implement a similar algorithm per individual
 IP family as well when there are multiple available addresses: start with the
 first address, then start a second attempt N milliseconds after and then a
 third another N milliseconds later. That way there would be less waiting when
 the first IP has problems. It also improves the connection timeout value
 handling for multiple address situations.

1.15 Monitor connections in the connection pool

 libcurl's connection cache or pool holds a number of open connections for the
 purpose of possible subsequent connection reuse. It may contain a few up to a
 significant amount of connections. Currently, libcurl leaves all connections
 as they are and first when a connection is iterated over for matching or
 reuse purpose it is verified that it is still alive.

 Those connections may get closed by the server side for idleness or they may
 get an HTTP/2 ping from the peer to verify that they are still alive. By
 adding monitoring of the connections while in the pool, libcurl can detect
 dead connections (and close them) better and earlier, and it can handle
 HTTP/2 pings to keep such ones alive even when not actively doing transfers
 on them.

1.16 Try to URL encode given URL

 Given a URL that for example contains spaces, libcurl could have an option
 that would try somewhat harder than it does now and convert spaces to %20 and
 perhaps URL encoded byte values over 128 etc (basically do what the redirect
 following code already does).

 https://github.com/curl/curl/issues/514

1.17 Add support for IRIs

 IRIs (RFC 3987) allow localized, non-ASCII, names in the URL. To properly
 support this, curl/libcurl would need to translate/encode the given input
 from the input string encoding into percent encoded output "over the wire".

 To make that work smoothly for curl users even on Windows, curl would
 probably need to be able to convert from several input encodings.

1.18 try next proxy if one does not work

 Allow an application to specify a list of proxies to try, and failing to
 connect to the first go on and try the next instead until the list is
 exhausted. Browsers support this feature at least when they specify proxies
 using PACs.

 https://github.com/curl/curl/issues/896

1.19 provide timing info for each redirect

 curl and libcurl provide timing information via a set of different
 time-stamps (CURLINFO_*_TIME). When curl is following redirects, those
 returned time value are the accumulated sums. An improvement could be to
 offer separate timings for each redirect.

 https://github.com/curl/curl/issues/6743

1.20 SRV and URI DNS records

 Offer support for resolving SRV and URI DNS records for libcurl to know which
 server to connect to for various protocols (including HTTP).

1.21 netrc caching and sharing

 The netrc file is read and parsed each time a connection is setup, which
 means that if a transfer needs multiple connections for authentication or
 redirects, the file might be reread (and parsed) multiple times. This makes
 it impossible to provide the file as a pipe.

1.22 CURLINFO_PAUSE_STATE

 Return information about the transfer's current pause state, in both
 directions. https://github.com/curl/curl/issues/2588

1.23 Offer API to flush the connection pool

 Sometimes applications want to flush all the existing connections kept alive.
 An API could allow a forced flush or just a forced loop that would properly
 close all connections that have been closed by the server already.

1.25 Expose tried IP addresses that failed

 When libcurl fails to connect to a host, it could offer the application the
 addresses that were used in the attempt. Source + dest IP, source + dest port
 and protocol (UDP or TCP) for each failure. Possibly as a callback. Perhaps
 also provide "reason".

 https://github.com/curl/curl/issues/2126

1.28 FD_CLOEXEC

 It sets the close-on-exec flag for the file descriptor, which causes the file
 descriptor to be automatically (and atomically) closed when any of the
 exec-family functions succeed. Should probably be set by default?

 https://github.com/curl/curl/issues/2252

1.29 WebSocket read callback

 Call the read callback once the connection is established to allow sending
 the first message in the connection.

 https://github.com/curl/curl/issues/11402

1.30 config file parsing

 Consider providing an API, possibly in a separate companion library, for
 parsing a config file like curl's -K/--config option to allow applications to
 get the same ability to read curl options from files.

 See https://github.com/curl/curl/issues/3698

1.31 erase secrets from heap/stack after use

 Introducing a concept and system to erase secrets from memory after use, it
 could help mitigate and lessen the impact of (future) security problems etc.
 However: most secrets are passed to libcurl as clear text from the
 application and then clearing them within the library adds nothing...

 https://github.com/curl/curl/issues/7268

1.32 add asynch getaddrinfo support

 Use getaddrinfo_a() to provide an asynch name resolver backend to libcurl
 that does not use threads and does not depend on c-ares. The getaddrinfo_a
 function is (probably?) glibc specific but that is a widely used libc among
 our users.

 https://github.com/curl/curl/pull/6746

1.33 make DoH inherit more transfer properties

 Some options are not inherited because they are not relevant for the DoH SSL
 connections, or inheriting the option may result in unexpected behavior. For
 example the user's debug function callback is not inherited because it would
 be unexpected for internal handles (ie DoH handles) to be passed to that
 callback.

 If an option is not inherited then it is not possible to set it separately
 for DoH without a DoH-specific option. For example:
 CURLOPT_DOH_SSL_VERIFYHOST, CURLOPT_DOH_SSL_VERIFYPEER and
 CURLOPT_DOH_SSL_VERIFYSTATUS.

 See https://github.com/curl/curl/issues/6605

2. libcurl - multi interface

2.1 More non-blocking

 Make sure we do not ever loop because of non-blocking sockets returning
 EWOULDBLOCK or similar. Blocking cases include:

 - Name resolves on non-Windows unless c-ares or the threaded resolver is used.

 - The threaded resolver may block on cleanup:
 https://github.com/curl/curl/issues/4852

 - file:// transfers

 - TELNET transfers

 - GSSAPI authentication for FTP transfers

 - The "DONE" operation (post transfer protocol-specific actions) for the
 protocols SFTP, SMTP, FTP. Fixing multi_done() for this is a worthy task.

 - curl_multi_remove_handle for any of the above. See section 2.3.

 - Calling curl_ws_send() from a callback

2.2 Better support for same name resolves

 If a name resolve has been initiated for name NN and a second easy handle
 wants to resolve that name as well, make it wait for the first resolve to end
 up in the cache instead of doing a second separate resolve. This is
 especially needed when adding many simultaneous handles using the same host
 name when the DNS resolver can get flooded.

2.3 Non-blocking curl_multi_remove_handle()

 The multi interface has a few API calls that assume a blocking behavior, like
 add_handle() and remove_handle() which limits what we can do internally. The
 multi API need to be moved even more into a single function that "drives"
 everything in a non-blocking manner and signals when something is done. A
 remove or add would then only ask for the action to get started and then
 multi_perform() etc still be called until the add/remove is completed.

2.4 Split connect and authentication process

 The multi interface treats the authentication process as part of the connect
 phase. As such any failures during authentication does not trigger the
 relevant QUIT or LOGOFF for protocols such as IMAP, POP3 and SMTP.

2.5 Edge-triggered sockets should work

 The multi_socket API should work with edge-triggered socket events. One of
 the internal actions that need to be improved for this to work perfectly is
 the 'maxloops' handling in transfer.c:readwrite_data().

2.6 multi upkeep

 In libcurl 7.62.0 we introduced curl_easy_upkeep. It unfortunately only works
 on easy handles. We should introduces a version of that for the multi handle,
 and also consider doing "upkeep" automatically on connections in the
 connection pool when the multi handle is in used.

 See https://github.com/curl/curl/issues/3199

2.7 Virtual external sockets

 libcurl performs operations on the given file descriptor that presumes it is
 a socket and an application cannot replace them at the moment. Allowing an
 application to fully replace those would allow a larger degree of freedom and
 flexibility.

 See https://github.com/curl/curl/issues/5835

2.8 dynamically decide to use socketpair

 For users who do not use curl_multi_wait() or do not care for
 curl_multi_wakeup(), we could introduce a way to make libcurl NOT
 create a socketpair in the multi handle.

 See https://github.com/curl/curl/issues/4829

3. Documentation

3.1 Improve documentation about fork safety

 See https://github.com/curl/curl/issues/6968

4. FTP

4.1 HOST

 HOST is a command for a client to tell which hostname to use, to offer FTP
 servers named-based virtual hosting:

 https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7151

4.4 Support CURLOPT_PREQUOTE for directions listings

 The lack of support is mostly an oversight and requires the FTP state machine
 to get updated to get fixed.

 https://github.com/curl/curl/issues/8602

4.6 GSSAPI via Windows SSPI

 In addition to currently supporting the SASL GSSAPI mechanism (Kerberos V5)
 via third-party GSS-API libraries, such as Heimdal or MIT Kerberos, also add
 support for GSSAPI authentication via Windows SSPI.

4.7 STAT for LIST without data connection

 Some FTP servers allow STAT for listing directories instead of using LIST,
 and the response is then sent over the control connection instead of as the
 otherwise usedw data connection: https://www.nsftools.com/tips/RawFTP.htm#STAT

 This is not detailed in any FTP specification.

4.8 Passive transfer could try other IP addresses

 When doing FTP operations through a proxy at localhost, the reported spotted
 that curl only tried to connect once to the proxy, while it had multiple
 addresses and a failed connect on one address should make it try the next.

 After switching to passive mode (EPSV), curl could try all IP addresses for
 "localhost". Currently it tries ::1, but it should also try 127.0.0.1.

 See https://github.com/curl/curl/issues/1508

5. HTTP

5.1 Provide the error body from a CONNECT response

 When curl receives a body response from a CONNECT request to a proxy, it
 always just reads and ignores it. It would make some users happy if curl
 instead optionally would be able to make that responsible available. Via a
 new callback? Through some other means?

 See https://github.com/curl/curl/issues/9513

5.2 Obey Retry-After in redirects

 The Retry-After is said to dicate "the minimum time that the user agent is
 asked to wait before issuing the redirected request" and libcurl does not
 obey this.

 See https://github.com/curl/curl/issues/11447

5.3 Rearrange request header order

 Server implementers often make an effort to detect browser and to reject
 clients it can detect to not match. One of the last details we cannot yet
 control in libcurl's HTTP requests, which also can be exploited to detect
 that libcurl is in fact used even when it tries to impersonate a browser, is
 the order of the request headers. I propose that we introduce a new option in
 which you give headers a value, and then when the HTTP request is built it
 sorts the headers based on that number. We could then have internally created
 headers use a default value so only headers that need to be moved have to be
 specified.

5.4 Allow SAN names in HTTP/2 server push

 curl only allows HTTP/2 push promise if the provided :authority header value
 exactly matches the hostname given in the URL. It could be extended to allow
 any name that would match the Subject Alternative Names in the server's TLS
 certificate.

 See https://github.com/curl/curl/pull/3581

5.5 auth= in URLs

 Add the ability to specify the preferred authentication mechanism to use by
 using ;auth=<mech> in the login part of the URL.

 For example:

 http://test:pass;auth=NTLM@example.com would be equivalent to specifying
 --user test:pass;auth=NTLM or --user test:pass --ntlm from the command line.

 Additionally this should be implemented for proxy base URLs as well.

5.6 alt-svc should fallback if alt-svc does not work

 The alt-svc: header provides a set of alternative services for curl to use
 instead of the original. If the first attempted one fails, it should try the
 next etc and if all alternatives fail go back to the original.

 See https://github.com/curl/curl/issues/4908

5.7 Require HTTP version X or higher

 curl and libcurl provide options for trying higher HTTP versions (for example
 HTTP/2) but then still allows the server to pick version 1.1. We could
 consider adding a way to require a minimum version.

 See https://github.com/curl/curl/issues/7980

6. TELNET

6.1 ditch stdin

 Reading input (to send to the remote server) on stdin is a crappy solution
 for library purposes. We need to invent a good way for the application to be
 able to provide the data to send.

6.2 ditch telnet-specific select

 Move the telnet support's network select() loop go away and merge the code
 into the main transfer loop. Until this is done, the multi interface does not
 work for telnet.

6.3 feature negotiation debug data

 Add telnet feature negotiation data to the debug callback as header data.

6.4 exit immediately upon connection if stdin is /dev/null

 If it did, curl could be used to probe if there is an server there listening
 on a specific port. That is, the following command would exit immediately
 after the connection is established with exit code 0:

    curl -s --connect-timeout 2 telnet://example.com:80 </dev/null

7. SMTP

7.1 Passing NOTIFY option to CURLOPT_MAIL_RCPT

 Is there a way to pass the NOTIFY option to the CURLOPT_MAIL_RCPT option ?  I
 set a string that already contains a bracket. For instance something like
 that: curl_slist_append( recipients, "<foo@bar> NOTIFY=SUCCESS,FAILURE" );

 https://github.com/curl/curl/issues/8232

7.2 Enhanced capability support

 Add the ability, for an application that uses libcurl, to obtain the list of
 capabilities returned from the EHLO command.

7.3 Add CURLOPT_MAIL_CLIENT option

 Rather than use the URL to specify the mail client string to present in the
 HELO and EHLO commands, libcurl should support a new CURLOPT specifically for
 specifying this data as the URL is non-standard and to be honest a bit of a
 hack ;-)

 Please see the following thread for more information:
 https://curl.se/mail/lib-2012-05/0178.html


8. POP3

8.2 Enhanced capability support

 Add the ability, for an application that uses libcurl, to obtain the list of
 capabilities returned from the CAPA command.

9. IMAP

9.1 Enhanced capability support

 Add the ability, for an application that uses libcurl, to obtain the list of
 capabilities returned from the CAPABILITY command.

10. LDAP

10.1 SASL based authentication mechanisms

 Currently the LDAP module only supports ldap_simple_bind_s() in order to bind
 to an LDAP server. However, this function sends username and password details
 using the simple authentication mechanism (as clear text). However, it should
 be possible to use ldap_bind_s() instead specifying the security context
 information ourselves.

10.2 CURLOPT_SSL_CTX_FUNCTION for LDAPS

 CURLOPT_SSL_CTX_FUNCTION works perfectly for HTTPS and email protocols, but
 it has no effect for LDAPS connections.

 https://github.com/curl/curl/issues/4108

10.3 Paged searches on LDAP server

 https://github.com/curl/curl/issues/4452

10.4 Certificate-Based Authentication

 LDAPS not possible with macOS and Windows with Certificate-Based Authentication

 https://github.com/curl/curl/issues/9641

11. SMB

11.1 File listing support

 Add support for listing the contents of an SMB share. The output should
 probably be the same as/similar to FTP.

11.2 Honor file timestamps

 The timestamp of the transferred file should reflect that of the original
 file.

11.3 Use NTLMv2

 Currently the SMB authentication uses NTLMv1.

11.4 Create remote directories

 Support for creating remote directories when uploading a file to a directory
 that does not exist on the server, just like --ftp-create-dirs.


12. FILE

12.1 Directory listing on non-POSIX

 Listing the contents of a directory accessed with FILE only works on
 platforms with opendir. Support could be added for more systems, like
 Windows.

13. TLS

13.1 TLS-PSK with OpenSSL

 Transport Layer Security pre-shared key ciphersuites (TLS-PSK) is a set of
 cryptographic protocols that provide secure communication based on pre-shared
 keys (PSKs). These pre-shared keys are symmetric keys shared in advance among
 the communicating parties.

 https://github.com/curl/curl/issues/5081

13.2 TLS channel binding

 TLS 1.2 and 1.3 provide the ability to extract some secret data from the TLS
 connection and use it in the client request (usually in some sort of
 authentication) to ensure that the data sent is bound to the specific TLS
 connection and cannot be successfully intercepted by a proxy. This
 functionality can be used in a standard authentication mechanism such as
 GSS-API or SCRAM, or in custom approaches like custom HTTP Authentication
 headers.

 For TLS 1.2, the binding type is usually tls-unique, and for TLS 1.3 it is
 tls-exporter.

 https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5929
 https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9266
 https://github.com/curl/curl/issues/9226

13.3 Defeat TLS fingerprinting

 By changing the order of TLS extensions provided in the TLS handshake, it is
 sometimes possible to circumvent TLS fingerprinting by servers. The TLS
 extension order is of course not the only way to fingerprint a client.

13.4 Consider OCSP stapling by default

 Treat a negative response a reason for aborting the connection. Since OCSP
 stapling is presumed to get used much less in the future when Let's Encrypt
 drops the OCSP support, the benefit of this might however be limited.

 https://github.com/curl/curl/issues/15483

13.5 Export session ids

 Add an interface to libcurl that enables "session IDs" to get
 exported/imported. Cris Bailiff said: "OpenSSL has functions which can
 serialise the current SSL state to a buffer of your choice, and recover/reset
 the state from such a buffer at a later date - this is used by mod_ssl for
 apache to implement and SSL session ID cache".

13.6 Provide callback for cert verification

 OpenSSL supports a callback for customised verification of the peer
 certificate, but this does not seem to be exposed in the libcurl APIs. Could
 it be? There is so much that could be done if it were.

13.7 Less memory massaging with Schannel

 The Schannel backend does a lot of custom memory management we would rather
 avoid: the repeated alloc + free in sends and the custom memory + realloc
 system for encrypted and decrypted data. That should be avoided and reduced
 for 1) efficiency and 2) safety.

13.8 Support DANE

 DNS-Based Authentication of Named Entities (DANE) is a way to provide SSL
 keys and certs over DNS using DNSSEC as an alternative to the CA model.
 https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc6698.txt

 An initial patch was posted by Suresh Krishnaswamy on March 7th 2013
 (https://curl.se/mail/lib-2013-03/0075.html) but it was a too simple
 approach. See Daniel's comments:
 https://curl.se/mail/lib-2013-03/0103.html . libunbound may be the
 correct library to base this development on.

 Björn Stenberg wrote a separate initial take on DANE that was never
 completed.

13.9 TLS record padding

 TLS (1.3) offers optional record padding and OpenSSL provides an API for it.
 I could make sense for libcurl to offer this ability to applications to make
 traffic patterns harder to figure out by network traffic observers.

 See https://github.com/curl/curl/issues/5398

13.10 Support Authority Information Access certificate extension (AIA)

 AIA can provide various things like CRLs but more importantly information
 about intermediate CA certificates that can allow validation path to be
 fulfilled when the HTTPS server does not itself provide them.

 Since AIA is about downloading certs on demand to complete a TLS handshake,
 it is probably a bit tricky to get done right.

 See https://github.com/curl/curl/issues/2793

13.11 Some TLS options are not offered for HTTPS proxies

 Some TLS related options to the command line tool and libcurl are only
 provided for the server and not for HTTPS proxies. --proxy-tls-max,
 --proxy-tlsv1.3, --proxy-curves and a few more.
 For more Documentation on this see:
 https://curl.se/libcurl/c/tls-options.html

 https://github.com/curl/curl/issues/12286

13.13 Make sure we forbid TLS 1.3 post-handshake authentication

 RFC 8740 explains how using HTTP/2 must forbid the use of TLS 1.3
 post-handshake authentication. We should make sure to live up to that.

 See https://github.com/curl/curl/issues/5396

13.14 Support the clienthello extension

 Certain stupid networks and middle boxes have a problem with SSL handshake
 packets that are within a certain size range because how that sets some bits
 that previously (in older TLS version) were not set. The clienthello
 extension adds padding to avoid that size range.

 https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7685
 https://github.com/curl/curl/issues/2299

13.16 Share the CA cache

 For TLS backends that supports CA caching, it makes sense to allow the share
 object to be used to store the CA cache as well via the share API. Would
 allow multiple easy handles to reuse the CA cache and save themselves from a
 lot of extra processing overhead.

13.17 Add missing features to TLS backends

 The feature matrix at https://curl.se/libcurl/c/tls-options.html shows which
 features are supported by which TLS backends, and thus also where there are
 feature gaps.

14. Proxy

14.1 Retry SOCKS handshake on address type not supported

 When curl resolves a hostname, it might get a mix of IPv6 and IPv4 returned.
 curl might then use an IPv6 address with a SOCKS5 proxy, which - if it does
 not support IPv6 - returns "Address type not supported" and curl exits with
 that error.

 Perhaps it is preferred if curl would in this situation instead first retry
 the SOCKS handshake again for this case and then use one of the IPv4
 addresses for the target host.

 See https://github.com/curl/curl/issues/17222

15. Schannel

15.1 Extend support for client certificate authentication

 The existing support for the -E/--cert and --key options could be
 extended by supplying a custom certificate and key in PEM format, see:
 - Getting a Certificate for Schannel
   https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa375447.aspx

15.2 Extend support for the --ciphers option

 The existing support for the --ciphers option could be extended
 by mapping the OpenSSL/GnuTLS cipher suites to the Schannel APIs, see
 - Specifying Schannel Ciphers and Cipher Strengths
   https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa380161.aspx

15.4 Add option to allow abrupt server closure

 libcurl with Schannel errors without a known termination point from the server
 (such as length of transfer, or SSL "close notify" alert) to prevent against
 a truncation attack. Really old servers may neglect to send any termination
 point. An option could be added to ignore such abrupt closures.

 https://github.com/curl/curl/issues/4427

16. SASL

16.1 Other authentication mechanisms

 Add support for other authentication mechanisms such as OLP,
 GSS-SPNEGO and others.

16.2 Add QOP support to GSSAPI authentication

 Currently the GSSAPI authentication only supports the default QOP of auth
 (Authentication), whilst Kerberos V5 supports both auth-int (Authentication
 with integrity protection) and auth-conf (Authentication with integrity and
 privacy protection).


17. SSH protocols

17.1 Multiplexing

 SSH is a perfectly fine multiplexed protocols which would allow libcurl to do
 multiple parallel transfers from the same host using the same connection,
 much in the same spirit as HTTP/2 does. libcurl however does not take
 advantage of that ability but does instead always create a new connection for
 new transfers even if an existing connection already exists to the host.

 To fix this, libcurl would have to detect an existing connection and "attach"
 the new transfer to the existing one.

17.2 Handle growing SFTP files

 The SFTP code in libcurl checks the file size *before* a transfer starts and
 then proceeds to transfer exactly that amount of data. If the remote file
 grows while the transfer is in progress libcurl does not notice and does not
 adapt. The OpenSSH SFTP command line tool does and libcurl could also just
 attempt to download more to see if there is more to get...

 https://github.com/curl/curl/issues/4344

17.3 Read keys from ~/.ssh/id_ecdsa, id_ed25519

 The libssh2 backend in curl is limited to only reading keys from id_rsa and
 id_dsa, which makes it fail connecting to servers that use more modern key
 types.

 https://github.com/curl/curl/issues/8586

17.4 Support CURLOPT_PREQUOTE

 The two other QUOTE options are supported for SFTP, but this was left out for
 unknown reasons.

17.5 SSH over HTTPS proxy with more backends

 The SSH based protocols SFTP and SCP did not work over HTTPS proxy at
 all until PR https://github.com/curl/curl/pull/6021 brought the
 functionality with the libssh2 backend. Presumably, this support
 can/could be added for the other backends as well.

17.6 SFTP with SCP://

 OpenSSH 9 switched their 'scp' tool to speak SFTP under the hood. Going
 forward it might be worth having curl or libcurl attempt SFTP if SCP fails to
 follow suite.

18. Command line tool

18.1 sync

 "curl --sync http://example.com/feed[1-100].rss" or
 "curl --sync http://example.net/{index,calendar,history}.html"

 Downloads a range or set of URLs using the remote name, but only if the
 remote file is newer than the local file. A Last-Modified HTTP date header
 should also be used to set the mod date on the downloaded file.

18.2 glob posts

 Globbing support for -d and -F, as in 'curl -d "name=foo[0-9]" URL'.
 This is easily scripted though.

18.4 --proxycommand

 Allow the user to make curl run a command and use its stdio to make requests
 and not do any network connection by itself. Example:

   curl --proxycommand 'ssh pi@raspberrypi.local -W 10.1.1.75 80' \
        http://some/otherwise/unavailable/service.php

 See https://github.com/curl/curl/issues/4941

18.5 UTF-8 filenames in Content-Disposition

 RFC 6266 documents how UTF-8 names can be passed to a client in the
 Content-Disposition header, and curl does not support this.

 https://github.com/curl/curl/issues/1888

18.6 Option to make -Z merge lined based outputs on stdout

 When a user requests multiple lined based files using -Z and sends them to
 stdout, curl does not "merge" and send complete lines fine but may send
 partial lines from several sources.

 https://github.com/curl/curl/issues/5175

18.7 specify which response codes that make -f/--fail return error

 Allows a user to better specify exactly which error code(s) that are fine
 and which are errors for their specific uses cases

18.9 Choose the name of file in braces for complex URLs

 When using braces to download a list of URLs and you use complicated names
 in the list of alternatives, it could be handy to allow curl to use other
 names when saving.

 Consider a way to offer that. Possibly like
 {partURL1:name1,partURL2:name2,partURL3:name3} where the name following the
 colon is the output name.

 See https://github.com/curl/curl/issues/221

18.10 improve how curl works in a Windows console window

 If you pull the scrollbar when transferring with curl in a Windows console
 window, the transfer is interrupted and can get disconnected. This can
 probably be improved. See https://github.com/curl/curl/issues/322

18.11 Windows: set attribute 'archive' for completed downloads

 The archive bit (FILE_ATTRIBUTE_ARCHIVE, 0x20) separates files that shall be
 backed up from those that are either not ready or have not changed.

 Downloads in progress are neither ready to be backed up, nor should they be
 opened by a different process. Only after a download has been completed it is
 sensible to include it in any integer snapshot or backup of the system.

 See https://github.com/curl/curl/issues/3354

18.12 keep running, read instructions from pipe/socket

 Provide an option that makes curl not exit after the last URL (or even work
 without a given URL), and then make it read instructions passed on a pipe or
 over a socket to make further instructions so that a second subsequent curl
 invoke can talk to the still running instance and ask for transfers to get
 done, and thus maintain its connection pool, DNS cache and more.

18.13 Acknowledge Ratelimit headers

 Consider a command line option that can make curl do multiple serial requests
 while acknowledging server specified rate limits:
 https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-ietf-httpapi-ratelimit-headers/

 See https://github.com/curl/curl/issues/5406

18.14 --dry-run

 A command line option that makes curl show exactly what it would do and send
 if it would run for real.

 See https://github.com/curl/curl/issues/5426

18.15 --retry should resume

 When --retry is used and curl actually retries transfer, it should use the
 already transferred data and do a resumed transfer for the rest (when
 possible) so that it does not have to transfer the same data again that was
 already transferred before the retry.

 See https://github.com/curl/curl/issues/1084

18.17 consider filename from the redirected URL with -O ?

 When a user gives a URL and uses -O, and curl follows a redirect to a new
 URL, the filename is not extracted and used from the newly redirected-to URL
 even if the new URL may have a much more sensible filename.

 This is clearly documented and helps for security since there is no surprise
 to users which filename that might get overwritten, but maybe a new option
 could allow for this or maybe -J should imply such a treatment as well as -J
 already allows for the server to decide what filename to use so it already
 provides the "may overwrite any file" risk.

 This is extra tricky if the original URL has no filename part at all since
 then the current code path does error out with an error message, and we
 cannot *know* already at that point if curl is redirected to a URL that has a
 filename...

 See https://github.com/curl/curl/issues/1241

18.18 retry on network is unreachable

 The --retry option retries transfers on "transient failures". We later added
 --retry-connrefused to also retry for "connection refused" errors.

 Suggestions have been brought to also allow retry on "network is unreachable"
 errors and while totally reasonable, maybe we should consider a way to make
 this more configurable than to add a new option for every new error people
 want to retry for?

 https://github.com/curl/curl/issues/1603

18.19 expand ~/ in config files

 For example .curlrc could benefit from being able to do this.

 See https://github.com/curl/curl/issues/2317

18.20 hostname sections in config files

 config files would be more powerful if they could set different
 configurations depending on used URLs, hostname or possibly origin. Then a
 default .curlrc could a specific user-agent only when doing requests against
 a certain site.

18.21 retry on the redirected-to URL

 When curl is told to --retry a failed transfer and follows redirects, it
 might get an HTTP 429 response from the redirected-to URL and not the
 original one, which then could make curl decide to rather retry the transfer
 on that URL only instead of the original operation to the original URL.

 Perhaps extra emphasized if the original transfer is a large POST that
 redirects to a separate GET, and that GET is what gets the 529

 See https://github.com/curl/curl/issues/5462

18.23 Set the modification date on an uploaded file

 For SFTP and possibly FTP, curl could offer an option to set the
 modification time for the uploaded file.

 See https://github.com/curl/curl/issues/5768

18.24 Use multiple parallel transfers for a single download

 To enhance transfer speed, downloading a single URL can be split up into
 multiple separate range downloads that get combined into a single final
 result.

 An ideal implementation would not use a specified number of parallel
 transfers, but curl could:
 - First start getting the full file as transfer A
 - If after N seconds have passed and the transfer is expected to continue for
   M seconds or more, add a new transfer (B) that asks for the second half of
   A's content (and stop A at the middle).
 - If splitting up the work improves the transfer rate, it could then be done
   again. Then again, etc up to a limit.

 This way, if transfer B fails (because Range: is not supported) it lets
 transfer A remain the single one. N and M could be set to some sensible
 defaults.

 See https://github.com/curl/curl/issues/5774

18.25 Prevent terminal injection when writing to terminal

 curl could offer an option to make escape sequence either non-functional or
 avoid cursor moves or similar to reduce the risk of a user getting tricked by
 clever tricks.

 See https://github.com/curl/curl/issues/6150

18.26 Custom progress meter update interval

 Users who are for example doing large downloads in CI or remote setups might
 want the occasional progress meter update to see that the transfer is
 progressing and has not stuck, but they may not appreciate the
 many-times-a-second frequency curl can end up doing it with now.

18.27 -J and -O with %-encoded filenames

 -J/--remote-header-name does not decode %-encoded filenames. RFC 6266 details
 how it should be done. The can of worm is basically that we have no charset
 handling in curl and ASCII >=128 is a challenge for us. Not to mention that
 decoding also means that we need to check for nastiness that is attempted,
 like "../" sequences and the like. Probably everything to the left of any
 embedded slashes should be cut off.
 https://curl.se/bug/view.cgi?id=1294

 -O also does not decode %-encoded names, and while it has even less
 information about the charset involved the process is similar to the -J case.

 Note that we do not decode -O without the user asking for it with some other
 means, since -O has always been documented to use the name exactly as
 specified in the URL.

18.28 -J with -C -

 When using -J (with -O), automatically resumed downloading together with "-C
 -" fails. Without -J the same command line works. This happens because the
 resume logic is worked out before the target filename (and thus its
 pre-transfer size) has been figured out. This can be improved.

 https://curl.se/bug/view.cgi?id=1169

18.29 --retry and transfer timeouts

 If using --retry and the transfer timeouts (possibly due to using -m or
 -y/-Y) the next attempt does not resume the transfer properly from what was
 downloaded in the previous attempt but truncates and restarts at the original
 position where it was at before the previous failed attempt. See
 https://curl.se/mail/lib-2008-01/0080.html and Mandriva bug report
 https://qa.mandriva.com/show_bug.cgi?id=22565


19. Build

19.2 Enable PIE and RELRO by default

 Especially when having programs that execute curl via the command line, PIE
 renders the exploitation of memory corruption vulnerabilities a lot more
 difficult. This can be attributed to the additional information leaks being
 required to conduct a successful attack. RELRO, on the other hand, masks
 different binary sections like the GOT as read-only and thus kills a handful
 of techniques that come in handy when attackers are able to arbitrarily
 overwrite memory. A few tests showed that enabling these features had close
 to no impact, neither on the performance nor on the general functionality of
 curl.

19.3 Do not use GNU libtool on OpenBSD

 When compiling curl on OpenBSD with "--enable-debug" it gives linking errors
 when you use GNU libtool. This can be fixed by using the libtool provided by
 OpenBSD itself. However for this the user always needs to invoke make with
 "LIBTOOL=/usr/bin/libtool". It would be nice if the script could have some
 magic to detect if this system is an OpenBSD host and then use the OpenBSD
 libtool instead.

 See https://github.com/curl/curl/issues/5862

19.4 Package curl for Windows in a signed installer

 See https://github.com/curl/curl/issues/5424

19.5 make configure use --cache-file more and better

 The configure script can be improved to cache more values so that repeated
 invokes run much faster.

 See https://github.com/curl/curl/issues/7753

20. Test suite

20.1 SSL tunnel

 Make our own version of stunnel for simple port forwarding to enable HTTPS
 and FTP-SSL tests without the stunnel dependency, and it could allow us to
 provide test tools built with either OpenSSL or GnuTLS

20.2 more protocols supported

 Extend the test suite to include more protocols. The telnet could just do FTP
 or http operations (for which we have test servers).

20.3 more platforms supported

 Make the test suite work on more platforms. OpenBSD and macOS. Remove
 fork()s and it should become even more portable.

20.4 write an SMB test server to replace impacket

 This would allow us to run SMB tests on more platforms and do better and more
 covering tests.

 See https://github.com/curl/curl/issues/15697

20.5 Use the RFC 6265 test suite

 A test suite made for HTTP cookies (RFC 6265) by Adam Barth is available at
 https://github.com/abarth/http-state/tree/master/tests

 It would be good if someone would write a script/setup that would run curl
 with that test suite and detect deviances. Ideally, that would even be
 incorporated into our regular test suite.

20.6 Run web-platform-tests URL tests

 Run web-platform-tests URL tests and compare results with browsers on wpt.fyi

 It would help us find issues to fix and help us document where our parser
 differs from the WHATWG URL spec parsers.

 See https://github.com/curl/curl/issues/4477

21. MQTT

21.1 Support rate-limiting

 The rate-limiting logic is done in the PERFORMING state in multi.c but MQTT
 is not (yet) implemented to use that.

21.2 Support MQTTS

21.3 Handle network blocks

  Running test suite with
  `CURL_DBG_SOCK_WBLOCK=90 ./runtests.pl -a mqtt` makes several
  MQTT test cases fail where they should not.

22. TFTP

22.1 TFTP does not convert LF to CRLF for mode=netascii

 RFC 3617 defines that an TFTP transfer can be done using "netascii"
 mode. curl does not support extracting that mode from the URL nor does it treat
 such transfers specifically. It should probably do LF to CRLF translations
 for them.

 See https://github.com/curl/curl/issues/12655

23. Gopher

23.1 Handle network blocks

  Running test suite with
  `CURL_DBG_SOCK_WBLOCK=90 ./runtests.pl -a 1200 to 1300` makes several
  Gopher test cases fail where they should not.
usr/share/doc/alt-curlssl11/TheArtOfHttpScripting.md000064400000067723150404430250016370 0ustar00<!--
Copyright (C) Daniel Stenberg, <daniel@haxx.se>, et al.

SPDX-License-Identifier: curl
-->

# The Art Of Scripting HTTP Requests Using curl

## Background

 This document assumes that you are familiar with HTML and general networking.

 The increasing amount of applications moving to the web has made "HTTP
 Scripting" more frequently requested and wanted. To be able to automatically
 extract information from the web, to fake users, to post or upload data to
 web servers are all important tasks today.

 curl is a command line tool for doing all sorts of URL manipulations and
 transfers, but this particular document focuses on how to use it when doing
 HTTP requests for fun and profit. This documents assumes that you know how to
 invoke `curl --help` or `curl --manual` to get basic information about it.

 curl is not written to do everything for you. It makes the requests, it gets
 the data, it sends data and it retrieves the information. You probably need
 to glue everything together using some kind of script language or repeated
 manual invokes.

## The HTTP Protocol

 HTTP is the protocol used to fetch data from web servers. It is a simple
 protocol that is built upon TCP/IP. The protocol also allows information to
 get sent to the server from the client using a few different methods, as is
 shown here.

 HTTP is plain ASCII text lines being sent by the client to a server to
 request a particular action, and then the server replies a few text lines
 before the actual requested content is sent to the client.

 The client, curl, sends an HTTP request. The request contains a method (like
 GET, POST, HEAD etc), a number of request headers and sometimes a request
 body. The HTTP server responds with a status line (indicating if things went
 well), response headers and most often also a response body. The "body" part
 is the plain data you requested, like the actual HTML or the image etc.

## See the Protocol

 Using curl's option [`--verbose`](https://curl.se/docs/manpage.html#-v) (`-v`
 as a short option) displays what kind of commands curl sends to the server,
 as well as a few other informational texts.

 `--verbose` is the single most useful option when it comes to debug or even
 understand the curl<->server interaction.

 Sometimes even `--verbose` is not enough. Then
 [`--trace`](https://curl.se/docs/manpage.html#-trace) and
 [`--trace-ascii`](https://curl.se/docs/manpage.html#--trace-ascii)
 offer even more details as they show **everything** curl sends and
 receives. Use it like this:

    curl --trace-ascii debugdump.txt http://www.example.com/

## See the Timing

 Many times you may wonder what exactly is taking all the time, or you just
 want to know the amount of milliseconds between two points in a transfer. For
 those, and other similar situations, the
 [`--trace-time`](https://curl.se/docs/manpage.html#--trace-time) option is
 what you need. It prepends the time to each trace output line:

    curl --trace-ascii d.txt --trace-time http://example.com/

## See which Transfer

 When doing parallel transfers, it is relevant to see which transfer is doing
 what. When response headers are received (and logged) you need to know which
 transfer these are for.
 [`--trace-ids`](https://curl.se/docs/manpage.html#--trace-ids) option is what
 you need. It prepends the transfer and connection identifier to each trace
 output line:

    curl --trace-ascii d.txt --trace-ids http://example.com/

## See the Response

 By default curl sends the response to stdout. You need to redirect it
 somewhere to avoid that, most often that is done with `-o` or `-O`.

# URL

## Spec

 The Uniform Resource Locator format is how you specify the address of a
 particular resource on the Internet. You know these, you have seen URLs like
 https://curl.se or https://example.com a million times. RFC 3986 is the
 canonical spec. The formal name is not URL, it is **URI**.

## Host

 The hostname is usually resolved using DNS or your /etc/hosts file to an IP
 address and that is what curl communicates with. Alternatively you specify
 the IP address directly in the URL instead of a name.

 For development and other trying out situations, you can point to a different
 IP address for a hostname than what would otherwise be used, by using curl's
 [`--resolve`](https://curl.se/docs/manpage.html#--resolve) option:

    curl --resolve www.example.org:80:127.0.0.1 http://www.example.org/

## Port number

 Each protocol curl supports operates on a default port number, be it over TCP
 or in some cases UDP. Normally you do not have to take that into
 consideration, but at times you run test servers on other ports or
 similar. Then you can specify the port number in the URL with a colon and a
 number immediately following the hostname. Like when doing HTTP to port
 1234:

    curl http://www.example.org:1234/

 The port number you specify in the URL is the number that the server uses to
 offer its services. Sometimes you may use a proxy, and then you may
 need to specify that proxy's port number separately from what curl needs to
 connect to the server. Like when using an HTTP proxy on port 4321:

    curl --proxy http://proxy.example.org:4321 http://remote.example.org/

## Username and password

 Some services are setup to require HTTP authentication and then you need to
 provide name and password which is then transferred to the remote site in
 various ways depending on the exact authentication protocol used.

 You can opt to either insert the user and password in the URL or you can
 provide them separately:

    curl http://user:password@example.org/

 or

    curl -u user:password http://example.org/

 You need to pay attention that this kind of HTTP authentication is not what
 is usually done and requested by user-oriented websites these days. They tend
 to use forms and cookies instead.

## Path part

 The path part is just sent off to the server to request that it sends back
 the associated response. The path is what is to the right side of the slash
 that follows the hostname and possibly port number.

# Fetch a page

## GET

 The simplest and most common request/operation made using HTTP is to GET a
 URL. The URL could itself refer to a webpage, an image or a file. The client
 issues a GET request to the server and receives the document it asked for.
 If you issue the command line

    curl https://curl.se

 you get a webpage returned in your terminal window. The entire HTML document
 this URL identifies.

 All HTTP replies contain a set of response headers that are normally hidden,
 use curl's [`--include`](https://curl.se/docs/manpage.html#-i) (`-i`)
 option to display them as well as the rest of the document.

## HEAD

 You can ask the remote server for ONLY the headers by using the
 [`--head`](https://curl.se/docs/manpage.html#-I) (`-I`) option which makes
 curl issue a HEAD request. In some special cases servers deny the HEAD method
 while others still work, which is a particular kind of annoyance.

 The HEAD method is defined and made so that the server returns the headers
 exactly the way it would do for a GET, but without a body. It means that you
 may see a `Content-Length:` in the response headers, but there must not be an
 actual body in the HEAD response.

## Multiple URLs in a single command line

 A single curl command line may involve one or many URLs. The most common case
 is probably to just use one, but you can specify any amount of URLs. Yes any.
 No limits. You then get requests repeated over and over for all the given
 URLs.

 Example, send two GET requests:

    curl http://url1.example.com http://url2.example.com

 If you use [`--data`](https://curl.se/docs/manpage.html#-d) to POST to
 the URL, using multiple URLs means that you send that same POST to all the
 given URLs.

 Example, send two POSTs:

    curl --data name=curl http://url1.example.com http://url2.example.com


## Multiple HTTP methods in a single command line

 Sometimes you need to operate on several URLs in a single command line and do
 different HTTP methods on each. For this, you might enjoy the
 [`--next`](https://curl.se/docs/manpage.html#-:) option. It is basically a
 separator that separates a bunch of options from the next. All the URLs
 before `--next` get the same method and get all the POST data merged into
 one.

 When curl reaches the `--next` on the command line, it resets the method and
 the POST data and allow a new set.

 Perhaps this is best shown with a few examples. To send first a HEAD and then
 a GET:

    curl -I http://example.com --next http://example.com

 To first send a POST and then a GET:

    curl -d score=10 http://example.com/post.cgi --next http://example.com/results.html

# HTML forms

## Forms explained

 Forms are the general way a website can present an HTML page with fields for
 the user to enter data in, and then press some kind of 'OK' or 'Submit'
 button to get that data sent to the server. The server then typically uses
 the posted data to decide how to act. Like using the entered words to search
 in a database, or to add the info in a bug tracking system, display the
 entered address on a map or using the info as a login-prompt verifying that
 the user is allowed to see what it is about to see.

 Of course there has to be some kind of program on the server end to receive
 the data you send. You cannot just invent something out of the air.

## GET

 A GET-form uses the method GET, as specified in HTML like:

```html
<form method="GET" action="junk.cgi">
  <input type=text name="birthyear">
  <input type=submit name=press value="OK">
</form>
```

 In your favorite browser, this form appears with a text box to fill in and a
 press-button labeled "OK". If you fill in '1905' and press the OK button,
 your browser then creates a new URL to get for you. The URL gets
 `junk.cgi?birthyear=1905&press=OK` appended to the path part of the previous
 URL.

 If the original form was seen on the page `www.example.com/when/birth.html`,
 the second page you get becomes
 `www.example.com/when/junk.cgi?birthyear=1905&press=OK`.

 Most search engines work this way.

 To make curl do the GET form post for you, just enter the expected created
 URL:

    curl "http://www.example.com/when/junk.cgi?birthyear=1905&press=OK"

## POST

 The GET method makes all input field names get displayed in the URL field of
 your browser. That is generally a good thing when you want to be able to
 bookmark that page with your given data, but it is an obvious disadvantage if
 you entered secret information in one of the fields or if there are a large
 amount of fields creating a long and unreadable URL.

 The HTTP protocol then offers the POST method. This way the client sends the
 data separated from the URL and thus you do not see any of it in the URL
 address field.

 The form would look similar to the previous one:

```html
<form method="POST" action="junk.cgi">
  <input type=text name="birthyear">
  <input type=submit name=press value=" OK ">
</form>
```

 And to use curl to post this form with the same data filled in as before, we
 could do it like:

    curl --data "birthyear=1905&press=%20OK%20" http://www.example.com/when/junk.cgi

 This kind of POST uses the Content-Type `application/x-www-form-urlencoded`
 and is the most widely used POST kind.

 The data you send to the server MUST already be properly encoded, curl does
 not do that for you. For example, if you want the data to contain a space,
 you need to replace that space with `%20`, etc. Failing to comply with this
 most likely causes your data to be received wrongly and messed up.

 Recent curl versions can in fact url-encode POST data for you, like this:

    curl --data-urlencode "name=I am Daniel" http://www.example.com

 If you repeat `--data` several times on the command line, curl concatenates
 all the given data pieces - and put a `&` symbol between each data segment.

## File Upload POST

 Back in late 1995 they defined an additional way to post data over HTTP. It
 is documented in the RFC 1867, why this method sometimes is referred to as
 RFC 1867-posting.

 This method is mainly designed to better support file uploads. A form that
 allows a user to upload a file could be written like this in HTML:

    <form method="POST" enctype='multipart/form-data' action="upload.cgi">
      <input name=upload type=file>
      <input type=submit name=press value="OK">
    </form>

 This clearly shows that the Content-Type about to be sent is
 `multipart/form-data`.

 To post to a form like this with curl, you enter a command line like:

    curl --form upload=@localfilename --form press=OK [URL]

## Hidden Fields

 A common way for HTML based applications to pass state information between
 pages is to add hidden fields to the forms. Hidden fields are already filled
 in, they are not displayed to the user and they get passed along just as all
 the other fields.

 A similar example form with one visible field, one hidden field and one
 submit button could look like:

```html
<form method="POST" action="foobar.cgi">
  <input type=text name="birthyear">
  <input type=hidden name="person" value="daniel">
  <input type=submit name="press" value="OK">
</form>
```

 To POST this with curl, you do not have to think about if the fields are
 hidden or not. To curl they are all the same:

    curl --data "birthyear=1905&press=OK&person=daniel" [URL]

## Figure Out What A POST Looks Like

 When you are about to fill in a form and send it to a server by using curl
 instead of a browser, you are of course interested in sending a POST exactly
 the way your browser does.

 An easy way to get to see this, is to save the HTML page with the form on
 your local disk, modify the 'method' to a GET, and press the submit button
 (you could also change the action URL if you want to).

 You then clearly see the data get appended to the URL, separated with a
 `?`-letter as GET forms are supposed to.

# HTTP upload

## PUT

 Perhaps the best way to upload data to an HTTP server is to use PUT. Then
 again, this of course requires that someone put a program or script on the
 server end that knows how to receive an HTTP PUT stream.

 Put a file to an HTTP server with curl:

    curl --upload-file uploadfile http://www.example.com/receive.cgi

# HTTP Authentication

## Basic Authentication

 HTTP Authentication is the ability to tell the server your username and
 password so that it can verify that you are allowed to do the request you are
 doing. The Basic authentication used in HTTP (which is the type curl uses by
 default) is **plain text** based, which means it sends username and password
 only slightly obfuscated, but still fully readable by anyone that sniffs on
 the network between you and the remote server.

 To tell curl to use a user and password for authentication:

    curl --user name:password http://www.example.com

## Other Authentication

 The site might require a different authentication method (check the headers
 returned by the server), and then
 [`--ntlm`](https://curl.se/docs/manpage.html#--ntlm),
 [`--digest`](https://curl.se/docs/manpage.html#--digest),
 [`--negotiate`](https://curl.se/docs/manpage.html#--negotiate) or even
 [`--anyauth`](https://curl.se/docs/manpage.html#--anyauth) might be
 options that suit you.

## Proxy Authentication

 Sometimes your HTTP access is only available through the use of an HTTP
 proxy. This seems to be especially common at various companies. An HTTP proxy
 may require its own user and password to allow the client to get through to
 the Internet. To specify those with curl, run something like:

    curl --proxy-user proxyuser:proxypassword curl.se

 If your proxy requires the authentication to be done using the NTLM method,
 use [`--proxy-ntlm`](https://curl.se/docs/manpage.html#--proxy-ntlm), if
 it requires Digest use
 [`--proxy-digest`](https://curl.se/docs/manpage.html#--proxy-digest).

 If you use any one of these user+password options but leave out the password
 part, curl prompts for the password interactively.

## Hiding credentials

 Do note that when a program is run, its parameters might be possible to see
 when listing the running processes of the system. Thus, other users may be
 able to watch your passwords if you pass them as plain command line
 options. There are ways to circumvent this.

 It is worth noting that while this is how HTTP Authentication works, many
 websites do not use this concept when they provide logins etc. See the Web
 Login chapter further below for more details on that.

# More HTTP Headers

## Referer

 An HTTP request may include a 'referer' field (yes it is misspelled), which
 can be used to tell from which URL the client got to this particular
 resource. Some programs/scripts check the referer field of requests to verify
 that this was not arriving from an external site or an unknown page. While
 this is a stupid way to check something so easily forged, many scripts still
 do it. Using curl, you can put anything you want in the referer-field and
 thus more easily be able to fool the server into serving your request.

 Use curl to set the referer field with:

    curl --referer http://www.example.come http://www.example.com

## User Agent

 Similar to the referer field, all HTTP requests may set the User-Agent
 field. It names what user agent (client) that is being used. Many
 applications use this information to decide how to display pages. Silly web
 programmers try to make different pages for users of different browsers to
 make them look the best possible for their particular browsers. They usually
 also do different kinds of JavaScript etc.

 At times, you may learn that getting a page with curl does not return the
 same page that you see when getting the page with your browser. Then you know
 it is time to set the User Agent field to fool the server into thinking you
 are one of those browsers.

 By default, curl uses curl/VERSION, such as User-Agent: curl/8.11.0.

 To make curl look like Internet Explorer 5 on a Windows 2000 box:

    curl --user-agent "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 5.01; Windows NT 5.0)" [URL]

 Or why not look like you are using Netscape 4.73 on an old Linux box:

    curl --user-agent "Mozilla/4.73 [en] (X11; U; Linux 2.2.15 i686)" [URL]

## Redirects

## Location header

 When a resource is requested from a server, the reply from the server may
 include a hint about where the browser should go next to find this page, or a
 new page keeping newly generated output. The header that tells the browser to
 redirect is `Location:`.

 curl does not follow `Location:` headers by default, but simply displays such
 pages in the same manner it displays all HTTP replies. It does however
 feature an option that makes it attempt to follow the `Location:` pointers.

 To tell curl to follow a Location:

    curl --location http://www.example.com

 If you use curl to POST to a site that immediately redirects you to another
 page, you can safely use [`--location`](https://curl.se/docs/manpage.html#-L)
 (`-L`) and `--data`/`--form` together. curl only uses POST in the first
 request, and then revert to GET in the following operations.

## Other redirects

 Browsers typically support at least two other ways of redirects that curl
 does not: first the html may contain a meta refresh tag that asks the browser
 to load a specific URL after a set number of seconds, or it may use
 JavaScript to do it.

# Cookies

## Cookie Basics

 The way the web browsers do "client side state control" is by using
 cookies. Cookies are just names with associated contents. The cookies are
 sent to the client by the server. The server tells the client for what path
 and hostname it wants the cookie sent back, and it also sends an expiration
 date and a few more properties.

 When a client communicates with a server with a name and path as previously
 specified in a received cookie, the client sends back the cookies and their
 contents to the server, unless of course they are expired.

 Many applications and servers use this method to connect a series of requests
 into a single logical session. To be able to use curl in such occasions, we
 must be able to record and send back cookies the way the web application
 expects them. The same way browsers deal with them.

## Cookie options

 The simplest way to send a few cookies to the server when getting a page with
 curl is to add them on the command line like:

    curl --cookie "name=Daniel" http://www.example.com

 Cookies are sent as common HTTP headers. This is practical as it allows curl
 to record cookies simply by recording headers. Record cookies with curl by
 using the [`--dump-header`](https://curl.se/docs/manpage.html#-D) (`-D`)
 option like:

    curl --dump-header headers_and_cookies http://www.example.com

 (Take note that the
 [`--cookie-jar`](https://curl.se/docs/manpage.html#-c) option described
 below is a better way to store cookies.)

 curl has a full blown cookie parsing engine built-in that comes in use if you
 want to reconnect to a server and use cookies that were stored from a
 previous connection (or hand-crafted manually to fool the server into
 believing you had a previous connection). To use previously stored cookies,
 you run curl like:

    curl --cookie stored_cookies_in_file http://www.example.com

 curl's "cookie engine" gets enabled when you use the
 [`--cookie`](https://curl.se/docs/manpage.html#-b) option. If you only
 want curl to understand received cookies, use `--cookie` with a file that
 does not exist. Example, if you want to let curl understand cookies from a
 page and follow a location (and thus possibly send back cookies it received),
 you can invoke it like:

    curl --cookie nada --location http://www.example.com

 curl has the ability to read and write cookie files that use the same file
 format that Netscape and Mozilla once used. It is a convenient way to share
 cookies between scripts or invokes. The `--cookie` (`-b`) switch
 automatically detects if a given file is such a cookie file and parses it,
 and by using the `--cookie-jar` (`-c`) option you make curl write a new
 cookie file at the end of an operation:

    curl --cookie cookies.txt --cookie-jar newcookies.txt \
      http://www.example.com

# HTTPS

## HTTPS is HTTP secure

 There are a few ways to do secure HTTP transfers. By far the most common
 protocol for doing this is what is generally known as HTTPS, HTTP over
 SSL. SSL encrypts all the data that is sent and received over the network and
 thus makes it harder for attackers to spy on sensitive information.

 SSL (or TLS as the current version of the standard is called) offers a set of
 advanced features to do secure transfers over HTTP.

 curl supports encrypted fetches when built to use a TLS library and it can be
 built to use one out of a fairly large set of libraries - `curl -V` shows
 which one your curl was built to use (if any). To get a page from an HTTPS
 server, simply run curl like:

    curl https://secure.example.com

## Certificates

 In the HTTPS world, you use certificates to validate that you are the one you
 claim to be, as an addition to normal passwords. curl supports client- side
 certificates. All certificates are locked with a passphrase, which you need
 to enter before the certificate can be used by curl. The passphrase can be
 specified on the command line or if not, entered interactively when curl
 queries for it. Use a certificate with curl on an HTTPS server like:

    curl --cert mycert.pem https://secure.example.com

 curl also tries to verify that the server is who it claims to be, by
 verifying the server's certificate against a locally stored CA cert bundle.
 Failing the verification causes curl to deny the connection. You must then
 use [`--insecure`](https://curl.se/docs/manpage.html#-k) (`-k`) in case you
 want to tell curl to ignore that the server cannot be verified.

 More about server certificate verification and ca cert bundles can be read in
 the [`SSLCERTS` document](https://curl.se/docs/sslcerts.html).

 At times you may end up with your own CA cert store and then you can tell
 curl to use that to verify the server's certificate:

    curl --cacert ca-bundle.pem https://example.com/

# Custom Request Elements

## Modify method and headers

 Doing fancy stuff, you may need to add or change elements of a single curl
 request.

 For example, you can change the POST method to `PROPFIND` and send the data
 as `Content-Type: text/xml` (instead of the default `Content-Type`) like
 this:

    curl --data "<xml>" --header "Content-Type: text/xml" \
      --request PROPFIND example.com

 You can delete a default header by providing one without content. Like you
 can ruin the request by chopping off the `Host:` header:

    curl --header "Host:" http://www.example.com

 You can add headers the same way. Your server may want a `Destination:`
 header, and you can add it:

    curl --header "Destination: http://nowhere" http://example.com

## More on changed methods

 It should be noted that curl selects which methods to use on its own
 depending on what action to ask for. `-d` makes a POST, `-I` makes a HEAD and
 so on. If you use the [`--request`](https://curl.se/docs/manpage.html#-X) /
 `-X` option you can change the method keyword curl selects, but you do not
 modify curl's behavior. This means that if you for example use -d "data" to
 do a POST, you can modify the method to a `PROPFIND` with `-X` and curl still
 thinks it sends a POST. You can change the normal GET to a POST method by
 simply adding `-X POST` in a command line like:

    curl -X POST http://example.org/

 curl however still acts as if it sent a GET so it does not send any request
 body etc.

# Web Login

## Some login tricks

 While not strictly just HTTP related, it still causes a lot of people
 problems so here's the executive run-down of how the vast majority of all
 login forms work and how to login to them using curl.

 It can also be noted that to do this properly in an automated fashion, you
 most certainly need to script things and do multiple curl invokes etc.

 First, servers mostly use cookies to track the logged-in status of the
 client, so you need to capture the cookies you receive in the responses.
 Then, many sites also set a special cookie on the login page (to make sure
 you got there through their login page) so you should make a habit of first
 getting the login-form page to capture the cookies set there.

 Some web-based login systems feature various amounts of JavaScript, and
 sometimes they use such code to set or modify cookie contents. Possibly they
 do that to prevent programmed logins, like this manual describes how to...
 Anyway, if reading the code is not enough to let you repeat the behavior
 manually, capturing the HTTP requests done by your browsers and analyzing the
 sent cookies is usually a working method to work out how to shortcut the
 JavaScript need.

 In the actual `<form>` tag for the login, lots of sites fill-in
 random/session or otherwise secretly generated hidden tags and you may need
 to first capture the HTML code for the login form and extract all the hidden
 fields to be able to do a proper login POST. Remember that the contents need
 to be URL encoded when sent in a normal POST.

# Debug

## Some debug tricks

 Many times when you run curl on a site, you notice that the site does not
 seem to respond the same way to your curl requests as it does to your
 browser's.

 Then you need to start making your curl requests more similar to your
 browser's requests:

 - Use the `--trace-ascii` option to store fully detailed logs of the requests
   for easier analyzing and better understanding

 - Make sure you check for and use cookies when needed (both reading with
   `--cookie` and writing with `--cookie-jar`)

 - Set user-agent (with [`-A`](https://curl.se/docs/manpage.html#-A)) to
   one like a recent popular browser does

 - Set referer (with [`-E`](https://curl.se/docs/manpage.html#-E)) like
   it is set by the browser

 - If you use POST, make sure you send all the fields and in the same order as
   the browser does it.

## Check what the browsers do

 A good helper to make sure you do this right, is the web browsers' developers
 tools that let you view all headers you send and receive (even when using
 HTTPS).

 A more raw approach is to capture the HTTP traffic on the network with tools
 such as Wireshark or tcpdump and check what headers that were sent and
 received by the browser. (HTTPS forces you to use `SSLKEYLOGFILE` to do
 that.)
usr/share/doc/alt-curlssl11/COPYING000064400000002100150404430250012654 0ustar00COPYRIGHT AND PERMISSION NOTICE

Copyright (c) 1996 - 2025, Daniel Stenberg, <daniel@haxx.se>, and many
contributors, see the THANKS file.

All rights reserved.

Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any purpose
with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright
notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.

THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT OF THIRD PARTY RIGHTS. IN
NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM,
DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR
OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE
OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Except as contained in this notice, the name of a copyright holder shall not
be used in advertising or otherwise to promote the sale, use or other dealings
in this Software without prior written authorization of the copyright holder.
usr/share/doc/alt-curlssl11/CHANGES.md000064400000000666150404430250013232 0ustar00<!--
Copyright (C) Daniel Stenberg, <daniel@haxx.se>, et al.

SPDX-License-Identifier: curl
-->

In a release tarball, check the RELEASES-NOTES file for what was done in the
most recent release. In a git check-out, that file mentions changes that have
been done since the previous release.

See the online [changelog](https://curl.se/changes.html) for the edited and
human readable version of what has changed in different curl releases.
usr/share/doc/alt-curlssl11/README000064400000003200150404430250012503 0ustar00                                  _   _ ____  _
                              ___| | | |  _ \| |
                             / __| | | | |_) | |
                            | (__| |_| |  _ <| |___
                             \___|\___/|_| \_\_____|

README

  Curl is a command line tool for transferring data specified with URL
  syntax. Find out how to use curl by reading the curl.1 man page or the
  MANUAL document. Find out how to install Curl by reading the INSTALL
  document.

  libcurl is the library curl is using to do its job. It is readily
  available to be used by your software. Read the libcurl.3 man page to
  learn how.

  You find answers to the most frequent questions we get in the FAQ document.

  Study the COPYING file for distribution terms.

  Those documents and more can be found in the docs/ directory.

CONTACT

  If you have problems, questions, ideas or suggestions, please contact us
  by posting to a suitable mailing list. See https://curl.se/mail/

  All contributors to the project are listed in the THANKS document.

WEBSITE

  Visit the curl website for the latest news and downloads:

        https://curl.se/

GIT

  To download the latest source code off the GIT server, do this:

    git clone https://github.com/curl/curl.git

  (you will get a directory named curl created, filled with the source code)

SECURITY PROBLEMS

  Report suspected security problems via our HackerOne page and not in public.

    https://hackerone.com/curl

NOTICE

  Curl contains pieces of source code that is Copyright (c) 1998, 1999
  Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan. This notice is included here to comply with the
  distribution terms.
usr/share/doc/alt-curlssl11/FAQ000064400000204560150404430260012172 0ustar00                                  _   _ ____  _
                              ___| | | |  _ \| |
                             / __| | | | |_) | |
                            | (__| |_| |  _ <| |___
                             \___|\___/|_| \_\_____|

FAQ

 1. Philosophy
  1.1 What is cURL?
  1.2 What is libcurl?
  1.3 What is curl not?
  1.4 When will you make curl do XXXX ?
  1.5 Who makes curl?
  1.6 What do you get for making curl?
  1.7 What about CURL from curl.com?
  1.8 I have a problem, who do I mail?
  1.9 Where do I buy commercial support for curl?
  1.10 How many are using curl?
  1.11 Why do you not update ca-bundle.crt
  1.12 I have a problem, who can I chat with?
  1.13 curl's ECCN number?
  1.14 How do I submit my patch?
  1.15 How do I port libcurl to my OS?

 2. Install Related Problems
  2.1 configure fails when using static libraries
  2.2 Does curl work/build with other SSL libraries?
  2.3 How do I upgrade curl.exe in Windows?
  2.4 Does curl support SOCKS (RFC 1928) ?

 3. Usage Problems
  3.1 curl: (1) SSL is disabled, https: not supported
  3.2 How do I tell curl to resume a transfer?
  3.3 Why does my posting using -F not work?
  3.4 How do I tell curl to run custom FTP commands?
  3.5 How can I disable the Accept: */* header?
  3.6 Does curl support ASP, XML, XHTML or HTML version Y?
  3.7 Can I use curl to delete/rename a file through FTP?
  3.8 How do I tell curl to follow HTTP redirects?
  3.9 How do I use curl in my favorite programming language?
  3.10 What about SOAP, WebDAV, XML-RPC or similar protocols over HTTP?
  3.11 How do I POST with a different Content-Type?
  3.12 Why do FTP-specific features over HTTP proxy fail?
  3.13 Why do my single/double quotes fail?
  3.14 Does curl support JavaScript or PAC (automated proxy config)?
  3.15 Can I do recursive fetches with curl?
  3.16 What certificates do I need when I use SSL?
  3.17 How do I list the root directory of an FTP server?
  3.18 Can I use curl to send a POST/PUT and not wait for a response?
  3.19 How do I get HTTP from a host using a specific IP address?
  3.20 How to SFTP from my user's home directory?
  3.21 Protocol xxx not supported or disabled in libcurl
  3.22 curl -X gives me HTTP problems

 4. Running Problems
  4.2 Why do I get problems when I use & or % in the URL?
  4.3 How can I use {, }, [ or ] to specify multiple URLs?
  4.4 Why do I get downloaded data even though the webpage does not exist?
  4.5 Why do I get return code XXX from an HTTP server?
   4.5.1 "400 Bad Request"
   4.5.2 "401 Unauthorized"
   4.5.3 "403 Forbidden"
   4.5.4 "404 Not Found"
   4.5.5 "405 Method Not Allowed"
   4.5.6 "301 Moved Permanently"
  4.6 Can you tell me what error code 142 means?
  4.7 How do I keep usernames and passwords secret in curl command lines?
  4.8 I found a bug
  4.9 curl cannot authenticate to a server that requires NTLM?
  4.10 My HTTP request using HEAD, PUT or DELETE does not work
  4.11 Why do my HTTP range requests return the full document?
  4.12 Why do I get "certificate verify failed" ?
  4.13 Why is curl -R on Windows one hour off?
  4.14 Redirects work in browser but not with curl
  4.15 FTPS does not work
  4.16 My HTTP POST or PUT requests are slow
  4.17 Non-functional connect timeouts on Windows
  4.18 file:// URLs containing drive letters (Windows, NetWare)
  4.19 Why does not curl return an error when the network cable is unplugged?
  4.20 curl does not return error for HTTP non-200 responses

 5. libcurl Issues
  5.1 Is libcurl thread-safe?
  5.2 How can I receive all data into a large memory chunk?
  5.3 How do I fetch multiple files with libcurl?
  5.4 Does libcurl do Winsock initialization on Win32 systems?
  5.5 Does CURLOPT_WRITEDATA and CURLOPT_READDATA work on Win32 ?
  5.6 What about Keep-Alive or persistent connections?
  5.7 Link errors when building libcurl on Windows
  5.8 libcurl.so.X: open failed: No such file or directory
  5.9 How does libcurl resolve hostnames?
  5.10 How do I prevent libcurl from writing the response to stdout?
  5.11 How do I make libcurl not receive the whole HTTP response?
  5.12 Can I make libcurl fake or hide my real IP address?
  5.13 How do I stop an ongoing transfer?
  5.14 Using C++ non-static functions for callbacks?
  5.15 How do I get an FTP directory listing?
  5.16 I want a different time-out
  5.17 Can I write a server with libcurl?
  5.18 Does libcurl use threads?

 6. License Issues
  6.1 I have a GPL program, can I use the libcurl library?
  6.2 I have a closed-source program, can I use the libcurl library?
  6.3 I have a BSD licensed program, can I use the libcurl library?
  6.4 I have a program that uses LGPL libraries, can I use libcurl?
  6.5 Can I modify curl/libcurl for my program and keep the changes secret?
  6.6 Can you please change the curl/libcurl license to XXXX?
  6.7 What are my obligations when using libcurl in my commercial apps?

 7. PHP/CURL Issues
  7.1 What is PHP/CURL?
  7.2 Who wrote PHP/CURL?
  7.3 Can I perform multiple requests using the same handle?
  7.4 Does PHP/CURL have dependencies?

 8. Development
  8.1 Why does curl use C89?
  8.2 Will curl be rewritten?

==============================================================================

1. Philosophy

  1.1 What is cURL?

  cURL is the name of the project. The name is a play on 'Client for URLs',
  originally with URL spelled in uppercase to make it obvious it deals with
  URLs. The fact it can also be read as 'see URL' also helped, it works as
  an abbreviation for "Client URL Request Library" or why not the recursive
  version: "curl URL Request Library".

  The cURL project produces two products:

  libcurl

    A client-side URL transfer library, supporting DICT, FILE, FTP, FTPS,
    GOPHER, GOPHERS, HTTP, HTTPS, IMAP, IMAPS, LDAP, LDAPS, MQTT, POP3, POP3S,
    RTMP, RTMPS, RTSP, SCP, SFTP, SMB, SMBS, SMTP, SMTPS, TELNET, TFTP, WS
    and WSS.

    libcurl supports HTTPS certificates, HTTP POST, HTTP PUT, FTP uploading,
    Kerberos, SPNEGO, HTTP form based upload, proxies, cookies, user+password
    authentication, file transfer resume, http proxy tunneling and more.

    libcurl is highly portable, it builds and works identically on numerous
    platforms, including Solaris, NetBSD, FreeBSD, OpenBSD, Darwin, HP-UX,
    IRIX, AIX, Tru64, Linux, UnixWare, HURD, Windows, Amiga, OS/2, macOS,
    Ultrix, QNX, OpenVMS, RISC OS, Novell NetWare, DOS, Symbian, OSF, Android,
    Minix, IBM TPF and more...

    libcurl is free, thread-safe, IPv6 compatible, feature rich, well
    supported and fast.

  curl

    A command line tool for getting or sending data using URL syntax.

    Since curl uses libcurl, curl supports the same wide range of common
    Internet protocols that libcurl does.

  We pronounce curl with an initial k sound. It rhymes with words like girl
  and earl. This is a short WAV file to help you:

     https://media.merriam-webster.com/soundc11/c/curl0001.wav

  There are numerous sub-projects and related projects that also use the word
  curl in the project names in various combinations, but you should take
  notice that this FAQ is directed at the command-line tool named curl (and
  libcurl the library), and may therefore not be valid for other curl-related
  projects. (There is however a small section for the PHP/CURL in this FAQ.)

  1.2 What is libcurl?

  libcurl is a reliable and portable library for doing Internet data transfers
  using one or more of its supported Internet protocols.

  You can use libcurl freely in your application, be it open source,
  commercial or closed-source.

  libcurl is most probably the most portable, most powerful and most often
  used C-based multi-platform file transfer library on this planet - be it
  open source or commercial.

  1.3 What is curl not?

  curl is not a wget clone. That is a common misconception. Never, during
  curl's development, have we intended curl to replace wget or compete on its
  market. curl is targeted at single-shot file transfers.

  curl is not a website mirroring program. If you want to use curl to mirror
  something: fine, go ahead and write a script that wraps around curl or use
  libcurl to make it reality.

  curl is not an FTP site mirroring program. Sure, get and send FTP with curl
  but if you want systematic and sequential behavior you should write a
  script (or write a new program that interfaces libcurl) and do it.

  curl is not a PHP tool, even though it works perfectly well when used from
  or with PHP (when using the PHP/CURL module).

  curl is not a program for a single operating system. curl exists, compiles,
  builds and runs under a wide range of operating systems, including all
  modern Unixes (and a bunch of older ones too), Windows, Amiga, OS/2, macOS,
  QNX etc.

  1.4 When will you make curl do XXXX ?

  We love suggestions of what to change in order to make curl and libcurl
  better. We do however believe in a few rules when it comes to the future of
  curl:

  curl -- the command line tool -- is to remain a non-graphical command line
  tool. If you want GUIs or fancy scripting capabilities, you should look for
  another tool that uses libcurl.

  We do not add things to curl that other small and available tools already do
  well at the side. curl's output can be piped into another program or
  redirected to another file for the next program to interpret.

  We focus on protocol related issues and improvements. If you want to do more
  magic with the supported protocols than curl currently does, chances are
  good we will agree. If you want to add more protocols, we may agree.

  If you want someone else to do all the work while you wait for us to
  implement it for you, that is not a friendly attitude. We spend a
  considerable time already on maintaining and developing curl. In order to
  get more out of us, you should consider trading in some of your time and
  effort in return. Simply go to the GitHub repository which resides at
  https://github.com/curl/curl, fork the project, and create pull requests
  with your proposed changes.

  If you write the code, chances are better that it will get into curl faster.

  1.5 Who makes curl?

  curl and libcurl are not made by any single individual. Daniel Stenberg is
  project leader and main developer, but other persons' submissions are
  important and crucial. Anyone can contribute and post their changes and
  improvements and have them inserted in the main sources (of course on the
  condition that developers agree that the fixes are good).

  The full list of all contributors is found in the docs/THANKS file.

  curl is developed by a community, with Daniel at the wheel.

  1.6 What do you get for making curl?

  Project cURL is entirely free and open. We do this voluntarily, mostly in
  our spare time. Companies may pay individual developers to work on curl.
  This is not controlled by nor supervised in any way by the curl project.

  We get help from companies. Haxx provides website, bandwidth, mailing lists
  etc, GitHub hosts the primary git repository and other services like the bug
  tracker at https://github.com/curl/curl. Also again, some companies have
  sponsored certain parts of the development in the past and I hope some will
  continue to do so in the future.

  If you want to support our project, consider a donation or a banner-program
  or even better: by helping us with coding, documenting or testing etc.

  See also: https://curl.se/sponsors.html

  1.7 What about CURL from curl.com?

  During the summer of 2001, curl.com was busy advertising their client-side
  programming language for the web, named CURL.

  We are in no way associated with curl.com or their CURL programming
  language.

  Our project name curl has been in effective use since 1998. We were not the
  first computer related project to use the name "curl" and do not claim any
  rights to the name.

  We recognize that we will be living in parallel with curl.com and wish them
  every success.

  1.8 I have a problem, who do I mail?

  Please do not mail any single individual unless you really need to. Keep
  curl-related questions on a suitable mailing list. All available mailing
  lists are listed in the MANUAL document and online at
  https://curl.se/mail/

  Keeping curl-related questions and discussions on mailing lists allows
  others to join in and help, to share their ideas, to contribute their
  suggestions and to spread their wisdom. Keeping discussions on public mailing
  lists also allows for others to learn from this (both current and future
  users thanks to the web based archives of the mailing lists), thus saving us
  from having to repeat ourselves even more. Thanks for respecting this.

  If you have found or simply suspect a security problem in curl or libcurl,
  submit all the details at https://hackerone.one/curl. On there we keep the
  issue private while we investigate, confirm it, work and validate a fix and
  agree on a time schedule for publication etc. That way we produce a fix in a
  timely manner before the flaw is announced to the world, reducing the impact
  the problem risks having on existing users.

  Security issues can also be taking to the curl security team by emailing
  security at curl.se (closed list of receivers, mails are not disclosed).

  1.9 Where do I buy commercial support for curl?

  curl is fully open source. It means you can hire any skilled engineer to fix
  your curl-related problems.

  We list available alternatives on the curl website:
  https://curl.se/support.html

  1.10 How many are using curl?

  It is impossible to tell.

  We do not know how many users that knowingly have installed and use curl.

  We do not know how many users that use curl without knowing that they are in
  fact using it.

  We do not know how many users that downloaded or installed curl and then
  never use it.

  In 2020, we estimate that curl runs in roughly ten billion installations
  world wide.

  1.11 Why do you not update ca-bundle.crt

  In the cURL project we have decided not to attempt to keep this file updated
  (or even present) since deciding what to add to a ca cert bundle is an
  undertaking we have not been ready to accept, and the one we can get from
  Mozilla is perfectly fine so there is no need to duplicate that work.

  Today, with many services performed over HTTPS, every operating system
  should come with a default ca cert bundle that can be deemed somewhat
  trustworthy and that collection (if reasonably updated) should be deemed to
  be a lot better than a private curl version.

  If you want the most recent collection of ca certs that Mozilla Firefox
  uses, we recommend that you extract the collection yourself from Mozilla
  Firefox (by running 'make ca-bundle), or by using our online service setup
  for this purpose: https://curl.se/docs/caextract.html

  1.12 I have a problem who, can I chat with?

  There is a bunch of friendly people hanging out in the #curl channel on the
  IRC network libera.chat. If you are polite and nice, chances are good that
  you can get -- or provide -- help instantly.

  1.13 curl's ECCN number?

  The US government restricts exports of software that contains or uses
  cryptography. When doing so, the Export Control Classification Number (ECCN)
  is used to identify the level of export control etc.

  Apache Software Foundation gives a good explanation of ECCNs at
  https://www.apache.org/dev/crypto.html

  We believe curl's number might be ECCN 5D002, another possibility is
  5D992. It seems necessary to write them (the authority that administers ECCN
  numbers), asking to confirm.

  Comprehensible explanations of the meaning of such numbers and how to obtain
  them (resp.) are here

  https://www.bis.doc.gov/licensing/exportingbasics.htm
  https://www.bis.doc.gov/licensing/do_i_needaneccn.html

  An incomprehensible description of the two numbers above is here
  https://www.bis.doc.gov/index.php/documents/new-encryption/1653-ccl5-pt2-3

  1.14 How do I submit my patch?

  We strongly encourage you to submit changes and improvements directly as
  "pull requests" on GitHub: https://github.com/curl/curl/pulls

  If you for any reason cannot or will not deal with GitHub, send your patch to
  the curl-library mailing list. We are many subscribers there and there are
  lots of people who can review patches, comment on them and "receive" them
  properly.

  Lots of more details are found in the CONTRIBUTE.md and INTERNALS.md
  documents.

  1.15 How do I port libcurl to my OS?

  Here's a rough step-by-step:

  1. copy a suitable lib/config-*.h file as a start to lib/config-[youros].h

  2. edit lib/config-[youros].h to match your OS and setup

  3. edit lib/curl_setup.h to include config-[youros].h when your OS is
     detected by the preprocessor, in the style others already exist

  4. compile lib/*.c and make them into a library


2. Install Related Problems

  2.1 configure fails when using static libraries

  You may find that configure fails to properly detect the entire dependency
  chain of libraries when you provide static versions of the libraries that
  configure checks for.

  The reason why static libraries is much harder to deal with is that for them
  we do not get any help but the script itself must know or check what more
  libraries that are needed (with shared libraries, that dependency "chain" is
  handled automatically). This is an error-prone process and one that also
  tends to vary over time depending on the release versions of the involved
  components and may also differ between operating systems.

  For that reason, configure does few attempts to actually figure this out and
  you are instead encouraged to set LIBS and LDFLAGS accordingly when you
  invoke configure, and point out the needed libraries and set the necessary
  flags yourself.

  2.2 Does curl work with other SSL libraries?

  curl has been written to use a generic SSL function layer internally, and
  that SSL functionality can then be provided by one out of many different SSL
  backends.

  curl can be built to use one of the following SSL alternatives: OpenSSL,
  LibreSSL, BoringSSL, AWS-LC, GnuTLS, wolfSSL, mbedTLS, Secure Transport
  (native iOS/macOS), Schannel (native Windows), BearSSL or Rustls. They all
  have their pros and cons, and we try to maintain a comparison of them here:
  https://curl.se/docs/ssl-compared.html

  2.3 How do I upgrade curl.exe in Windows?

  The curl tool that is shipped as an integrated component of Windows 10 and
  Windows 11 is managed by Microsoft. If you were to delete the file or
  replace it with a newer version downloaded from https://curl.se/windows,
  then Windows Update will cease to work on your system.

  There is no way to independently force an upgrade of the curl.exe that is
  part of Windows other than through the regular Windows update process. There
  is also nothing the curl project itself can do about this, since this is
  managed and controlled entirely by Microsoft as owners of the operating
  system.

  You can always download and install the latest version of curl for Windows
  from https://curl.se/windows into a separate location.

  2.4 Does curl support SOCKS (RFC 1928) ?

  Yes, SOCKS 4 and 5 are supported.

3. Usage problems

  3.1 curl: (1) SSL is disabled, https: not supported

  If you get this output when trying to get anything from an HTTPS server, it
  means that the instance of curl/libcurl that you are using was built without
  support for this protocol.

  This could have happened if the configure script that was run at build time
  could not find all libs and include files curl requires for SSL to work. If
  the configure script fails to find them, curl is simply built without SSL
  support.

  To get HTTPS support into a curl that was previously built but that reports
  that HTTPS is not supported, you should dig through the document and logs
  and check out why the configure script does not find the SSL libs and/or
  include files.

  Also, check out the other paragraph in this FAQ labeled "configure does not
  find OpenSSL even when it is installed".

  3.2 How do I tell curl to resume a transfer?

  curl supports resumed transfers both ways on both FTP and HTTP.
  Try the -C option.

  3.3 Why does my posting using -F not work?

  You cannot arbitrarily use -F or -d, the choice between -F or -d depends on
  the HTTP operation you need curl to do and what the web server that will
  receive your post expects.

  If the form you are trying to submit uses the type 'multipart/form-data',
  then and only then you must use the -F type. In all the most common cases,
  you should use -d which then causes a posting with the type
  'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'.

  This is described in some detail in the MANUAL and TheArtOfHttpScripting
  documents, and if you do not understand it the first time, read it again
  before you post questions about this to the mailing list. Also, try reading
  through the mailing list archives for old postings and questions regarding
  this.

  3.4 How do I tell curl to run custom FTP commands?

  You can tell curl to perform optional commands both before and/or after a
  file transfer. Study the -Q/--quote option.

  Since curl is used for file transfers, you do not normally use curl to
  perform FTP commands without transferring anything. Therefore you must
  always specify a URL to transfer to/from even when doing custom FTP
  commands, or use -I which implies the "no body" option sent to libcurl.

  3.5 How can I disable the Accept: */* header?

  You can change all internally generated headers by adding a replacement with
  the -H/--header option. By adding a header with empty contents you safely
  disable that one. Use -H "Accept:" to disable that specific header.

  3.6 Does curl support ASP, XML, XHTML or HTML version Y?

  To curl, all contents are alike. It does not matter how the page was
  generated. It may be ASP, PHP, Perl, shell-script, SSI or plain HTML
  files. There is no difference to curl and it does not even know what kind of
  language that generated the page.

  See also item 3.14 regarding JavaScript.

  3.7 Can I use curl to delete/rename a file through FTP?

  Yes. You specify custom FTP commands with -Q/--quote.

  One example would be to delete a file after you have downloaded it:

     curl -O ftp://example.com/coolfile -Q '-DELE coolfile'

  or rename a file after upload:

     curl -T infile ftp://example.com/dir/ -Q "-RNFR infile" -Q "-RNTO newname"

  3.8 How do I tell curl to follow HTTP redirects?

  curl does not follow so-called redirects by default. The Location: header
  that informs the client about this is only interpreted if you are using the
  -L/--location option. As in:

     curl -L http://example.com

  Not all redirects are HTTP ones, see 4.14

  3.9 How do I use curl in my favorite programming language?

  Many programming languages have interfaces/bindings that allow you to use
  curl without having to use the command line tool. If you are fluent in such
  a language, you may prefer to use one of these interfaces instead.

  Find out more about which languages that support curl directly, and how to
  install and use them, in the libcurl section of the curl website:
  https://curl.se/libcurl/

  All the various bindings to libcurl are made by other projects and people,
  outside of the cURL project. The cURL project itself only produces libcurl
  with its plain C API. If you do not find anywhere else to ask you can ask
  about bindings on the curl-library list too, but be prepared that people on
  that list may not know anything about bindings.

  In December 2021, there were interfaces available for the following
  languages: Ada95, Basic, C, C++, Ch, Cocoa, D, Delphi, Dylan, Eiffel,
  Euphoria, Falcon, Ferite, Gambas, glib/GTK+, Go, Guile, Harbour, Haskell,
  Java, Julia, Lisp, Lua, Mono, .NET, node.js, Object-Pascal, OCaml, Pascal,
  Perl, PHP, PostgreSQL, Python, R, Rexx, Ring, RPG, Ruby, Rust, Scheme,
  Scilab, S-Lang, Smalltalk, SP-Forth, SPL, Tcl, Visual Basic, Visual FoxPro,
  Q, wxwidgets, XBLite and Xoho. By the time you read this, additional ones
  may have appeared.

  3.10 What about SOAP, WebDAV, XML-RPC or similar protocols over HTTP?

  curl adheres to the HTTP spec, which basically means you can play with *any*
  protocol that is built on top of HTTP. Protocols such as SOAP, WebDAV and
  XML-RPC are all such ones. You can use -X to set custom requests and -H to
  set custom headers (or replace internally generated ones).

  Using libcurl is of course just as good and you would just use the proper
  library options to do the same.

  3.11 How do I POST with a different Content-Type?

  You can always replace the internally generated headers with -H/--header.
  To make a simple HTTP POST with text/xml as content-type, do something like:

        curl -d "datatopost" -H "Content-Type: text/xml" [URL]

  3.12 Why do FTP-specific features over HTTP proxy fail?

  Because when you use an HTTP proxy, the protocol spoken on the network will
  be HTTP, even if you specify an FTP URL. This effectively means that you
  normally cannot use FTP-specific features such as FTP upload and FTP quote
  etc.

  There is one exception to this rule, and that is if you can "tunnel through"
  the given HTTP proxy. Proxy tunneling is enabled with a special option (-p)
  and is generally not available as proxy admins usually disable tunneling to
  ports other than 443 (which is used for HTTPS access through proxies).

  3.13 Why do my single/double quotes fail?

  To specify a command line option that includes spaces, you might need to
  put the entire option within quotes. Like in:

   curl -d " with spaces " example.com

  or perhaps

   curl -d ' with spaces ' example.com

  Exactly what kind of quotes and how to do this is entirely up to the shell
  or command line interpreter that you are using. For most Unix shells, you
  can more or less pick either single (') or double (") quotes. For
  Windows/DOS command prompts you must use double (") quotes, and if the
  option string contains inner double quotes you can escape them with a
  backslash.

  For Windows powershell the arguments are not always passed on as expected
  because curl is not a powershell script. You may or may not be able to use
  single quotes. To escape inner double quotes seems to require a
  backslash-backtick escape sequence and the outer quotes as double quotes.

  Please study the documentation for your particular environment. Examples in
  the curl docs will use a mix of both of these as shown above. You must
  adjust them to work in your environment.

  Remember that curl works and runs on more operating systems than most single
  individuals have ever tried.

  3.14 Does curl support JavaScript or PAC (automated proxy config)?

  Many webpages do magic stuff using embedded JavaScript. curl and libcurl
  have no built-in support for that, so it will be treated just like any other
  contents.

  .pac files are a Netscape invention and are sometimes used by organizations
  to allow them to differentiate which proxies to use. The .pac contents is
  just a JavaScript program that gets invoked by the browser and that returns
  the name of the proxy to connect to. Since curl does not support JavaScript,
  it cannot support .pac proxy configuration either.

  Some workarounds usually suggested to overcome this JavaScript dependency:

  Depending on the JavaScript complexity, write up a script that translates it
  to another language and execute that.

  Read the JavaScript code and rewrite the same logic in another language.

  Implement a JavaScript interpreter, people have successfully used the
  Mozilla JavaScript engine in the past.

  Ask your admins to stop this, for a static proxy setup or similar.

  3.15 Can I do recursive fetches with curl?

  No. curl itself has no code that performs recursive operations, such as
  those performed by wget and similar tools.

  There exists wrapper scripts with that functionality (for example the
  curlmirror perl script), and you can write programs based on libcurl to do
  it, but the command line tool curl itself cannot.

  3.16 What certificates do I need when I use SSL?

  There are three different kinds of "certificates" to keep track of when we
  talk about using SSL-based protocols (HTTPS or FTPS) using curl or libcurl.

  CLIENT CERTIFICATE

  The server you communicate with may require that you can provide this in
  order to prove that you actually are who you claim to be. If the server
  does not require this, you do not need a client certificate.

  A client certificate is always used together with a private key, and the
  private key has a pass phrase that protects it.

  SERVER CERTIFICATE

  The server you communicate with has a server certificate. You can and should
  verify this certificate to make sure that you are truly talking to the real
  server and not a server impersonating it.

  CERTIFICATE AUTHORITY CERTIFICATE ("CA cert")

  You often have several CA certs in a CA cert bundle that can be used to
  verify a server certificate that was signed by one of the authorities in the
  bundle. curl does not come with a CA cert bundle but most curl installs
  provide one. You can also override the default.

  The server certificate verification process is made by using a Certificate
  Authority certificate ("CA cert") that was used to sign the server
  certificate. Server certificate verification is enabled by default in curl
  and libcurl and is often the reason for problems as explained in FAQ entry
  4.12 and the SSLCERTS document
  (https://curl.se/docs/sslcerts.html). Server certificates that are
  "self-signed" or otherwise signed by a CA that you do not have a CA cert
  for, cannot be verified. If the verification during a connect fails, you are
  refused access. You then need to explicitly disable the verification to
  connect to the server.

  3.17 How do I list the root directory of an FTP server?

  There are two ways. The way defined in the RFC is to use an encoded slash
  in the first path part. List the "/tmp" directory like this:

     curl ftp://ftp.example.com/%2ftmp/

  or the not-quite-kosher-but-more-readable way, by simply starting the path
  section of the URL with a slash:

     curl ftp://ftp.example.com//tmp/

  3.18 Can I use curl to send a POST/PUT and not wait for a response?

  No.

  You can easily write your own program using libcurl to do such stunts.

  3.19 How do I get HTTP from a host using a specific IP address?

  For example, you may be trying out a website installation that is not yet in
  the DNS. Or you have a site using multiple IP addresses for a given host
  name and you want to address a specific one out of the set.

  Set a custom Host: header that identifies the server name you want to reach
  but use the target IP address in the URL:

    curl --header "Host: www.example.com" http://127.0.0.1/

  You can also opt to add faked hostname entries to curl with the --resolve
  option. That has the added benefit that things like redirects will also work
  properly. The above operation would instead be done as:

    curl --resolve www.example.com:80:127.0.0.1 http://www.example.com/

  3.20 How to SFTP from my user's home directory?

  Contrary to how FTP works, SFTP and SCP URLs specify the exact directory to
  work with. It means that if you do not specify that you want the user's home
  directory, you get the actual root directory.

  To specify a file in your user's home directory, you need to use the correct
  URL syntax which for SFTP might look similar to:

    curl -O -u user:password sftp://example.com/~/file.txt

  and for SCP it is just a different protocol prefix:

    curl -O -u user:password scp://example.com/~/file.txt

  3.21 Protocol xxx not supported or disabled in libcurl

  When passing on a URL to curl to use, it may respond that the particular
  protocol is not supported or disabled. The particular way this error message
  is phrased is because curl does not make a distinction internally of whether
  a particular protocol is not supported (i.e. never got any code added that
  knows how to speak that protocol) or if it was explicitly disabled. curl can
  be built to only support a given set of protocols, and the rest would then
  be disabled or not supported.

  Note that this error will also occur if you pass a wrongly spelled protocol
  part as in "htpt://example.com" or as in the less evident case if you prefix
  the protocol part with a space as in " http://example.com/".

  3.22 curl -X gives me HTTP problems

  In normal circumstances, -X should hardly ever be used.

  By default you use curl without explicitly saying which request method to
  use when the URL identifies an HTTP transfer. If you just pass in a URL like
  "curl http://example.com" it will use GET. If you use -d or -F curl will use
  POST, -I will cause a HEAD and -T will make it a PUT.

  If for whatever reason you are not happy with these default choices that curl
  does for you, you can override those request methods by specifying -X
  [WHATEVER]. This way you can for example send a DELETE by doing "curl -X
  DELETE [URL]".

  It is thus pointless to do "curl -XGET [URL]" as GET would be used anyway.
  In the same vein it is pointless to do "curl -X POST -d data [URL]". You can
  make a fun and somewhat rare request that sends a request-body in a GET
  request with something like "curl -X GET -d data [URL]"

  Note that -X does not actually change curl's behavior as it only modifies the
  actual string sent in the request, but that may of course trigger a
  different set of events.

  Accordingly, by using -XPOST on a command line that for example would follow
  a 303 redirect, you will effectively prevent curl from behaving
  correctly. Be aware.


4. Running Problems

  4.2 Why do I get problems when I use & or % in the URL?

  In general Unix shells, the & symbol is treated specially and when used, it
  runs the specified command in the background. To safely send the & as a part
  of a URL, you should quote the entire URL by using single (') or double (")
  quotes around it. Similar problems can also occur on some shells with other
  characters, including ?*!$~(){}<>\|;`. When in doubt, quote the URL.

  An example that would invoke a remote CGI that uses &-symbols could be:

     curl 'http://www.example.com/cgi-bin/query?text=yes&q=curl'

  In Windows, the standard DOS shell treats the percent sign specially and you
  need to use TWO percent signs for each single one you want to use in the
  URL.

  If you want a literal percent sign to be part of the data you pass in a POST
  using -d/--data you must encode it as '%25' (which then also needs the
  percent sign doubled on Windows machines).

  4.3 How can I use {, }, [ or ] to specify multiple URLs?

  Because those letters have a special meaning to the shell, to be used in
  a URL specified to curl you must quote them.

  An example that downloads two URLs (sequentially) would be:

    curl '{curl,www}.haxx.se'

  To be able to use those characters as actual parts of the URL (without using
  them for the curl URL "globbing" system), use the -g/--globoff option:

    curl -g 'www.example.com/weirdname[].html'

  4.4 Why do I get downloaded data even though the webpage does not exist?

  curl asks remote servers for the page you specify. If the page does not exist
  at the server, the HTTP protocol defines how the server should respond and
  that means that headers and a "page" will be returned. That is simply how
  HTTP works.

  By using the --fail option you can tell curl explicitly to not get any data
  if the HTTP return code does not say success.

  4.5 Why do I get return code XXX from an HTTP server?

  RFC 2616 clearly explains the return codes. This is a short transcript. Go
  read the RFC for exact details:

    4.5.1 "400 Bad Request"

    The request could not be understood by the server due to malformed
    syntax. The client SHOULD NOT repeat the request without modifications.

    4.5.2 "401 Unauthorized"

    The request requires user authentication.

    4.5.3 "403 Forbidden"

    The server understood the request, but is refusing to fulfill it.
    Authorization will not help and the request SHOULD NOT be repeated.

    4.5.4 "404 Not Found"

    The server has not found anything matching the Request-URI. No indication
    is given as to whether the condition is temporary or permanent.

    4.5.5 "405 Method Not Allowed"

    The method specified in the Request-Line is not allowed for the resource
    identified by the Request-URI. The response MUST include an Allow header
    containing a list of valid methods for the requested resource.

    4.5.6 "301 Moved Permanently"

    If you get this return code and an HTML output similar to this:

       <H1>Moved Permanently</H1> The document has moved <A
       HREF="http://same_url_now_with_a_trailing_slash/">here</A>.

    it might be because you requested a directory URL but without the trailing
    slash. Try the same operation again _with_ the trailing URL, or use the
    -L/--location option to follow the redirection.

  4.6 Can you tell me what error code 142 means?

  All curl error codes are described at the end of the man page, in the
  section called "EXIT CODES".

  Error codes that are larger than the highest documented error code means
  that curl has exited due to a crash. This is a serious error, and we
  appreciate a detailed bug report from you that describes how we could go
  ahead and repeat this.

  4.7 How do I keep usernames and passwords secret in curl command lines?

  This problem has two sides:

  The first part is to avoid having clear-text passwords in the command line
  so that they do not appear in 'ps' outputs and similar. That is easily
  avoided by using the "-K" option to tell curl to read parameters from a file
  or stdin to which you can pass the secret info. curl itself will also
  attempt to "hide" the given password by blanking out the option - this
  does not work on all platforms.

  To keep the passwords in your account secret from the rest of the world is
  not a task that curl addresses. You could of course encrypt them somehow to
  at least hide them from being read by human eyes, but that is not what
  anyone would call security.

  Also note that regular HTTP (using Basic authentication) and FTP passwords
  are sent as cleartext across the network. All it takes for anyone to fetch
  them is to listen on the network. Eavesdropping is easy. Use more secure
  authentication methods (like Digest, Negotiate or even NTLM) or consider the
  SSL-based alternatives HTTPS and FTPS.

  4.8 I found a bug

  It is not a bug if the behavior is documented. Read the docs first.
  Especially check out the KNOWN_BUGS file, it may be a documented bug.

  If it is a problem with a binary you have downloaded or a package for your
  particular platform, try contacting the person who built the package/archive
  you have.

  If there is a bug, read the BUGS document first. Then report it as described
  in there.

  4.9 curl cannot authenticate to a server that requires NTLM?

  NTLM support requires OpenSSL, GnuTLS, mbedTLS, Secure Transport, or
  Microsoft Windows libraries at build-time to provide this functionality.

  4.10 My HTTP request using HEAD, PUT or DELETE does not work

  Many web servers allow or demand that the administrator configures the
  server properly for these requests to work on the web server.

  Some servers seem to support HEAD only on certain kinds of URLs.

  To fully grasp this, try the documentation for the particular server
  software you are trying to interact with. This is not anything curl can do
  anything about.

  4.11 Why do my HTTP range requests return the full document?

  Because the range may not be supported by the server, or the server may
  choose to ignore it and return the full document anyway.

  4.12 Why do I get "certificate verify failed" ?

  When you invoke curl and get an error 60 error back it means that curl
  could not verify that the server's certificate was good. curl verifies the
  certificate using the CA cert bundle and verifying for which names the
  certificate has been granted.

  To completely disable the certificate verification, use -k. This does
  however enable man-in-the-middle attacks and makes the transfer INSECURE.
  We strongly advise against doing this for more than experiments.

  If you get this failure with a CA cert bundle installed and used, the
  server's certificate might not be signed by one of the CA's in your CA
  store. It might for example be self-signed. You then correct this problem by
  obtaining a valid CA cert for the server. Or again, decrease the security by
  disabling this check.

  At times, you find that the verification works in your favorite browser but
  fails in curl. When this happens, the reason is usually that the server
  sends an incomplete cert chain. The server is mandated to send all
  "intermediate certificates" but does not. This typically works with browsers
  anyway since they A) cache such certs and B) supports AIA which downloads
  such missing certificates on demand. This is a server misconfiguration. A
  good way to figure out if this is the case it to use the SSL Labs server
  test and check the certificate chain: https://www.ssllabs.com/ssltest/

  Details are also in the SSLCERTS.md document, found online here:
  https://curl.se/docs/sslcerts.html

  4.13 Why is curl -R on Windows one hour off?

  Since curl 7.53.0 this issue should be fixed as long as curl was built with
  any modern compiler that allows for a 64-bit curl_off_t type. For older
  compilers or prior curl versions it may set a time that appears one hour off.
  This happens due to a flaw in how Windows stores and uses file modification
  times and it is not easily worked around. For more details read this:
  https://www.codeproject.com/Articles/1144/Beating-the-Daylight-Savings-Time-bug-and-getting

  4.14 Redirects work in browser but not with curl

  curl supports HTTP redirects well (see item 3.8). Browsers generally support
  at least two other ways to perform redirects that curl does not:

  Meta tags. You can write an HTML tag that will cause the browser to redirect
  to another given URL after a certain time.

  JavaScript. You can write a JavaScript program embedded in an HTML page that
  redirects the browser to another given URL.

  There is no way to make curl follow these redirects. You must either
  manually figure out what the page is set to do, or write a script that parses
  the results and fetches the new URL.

  4.15 FTPS does not work

  curl supports FTPS (sometimes known as FTP-SSL) both implicit and explicit
  mode.

  When a URL is used that starts with FTPS://, curl assumes implicit SSL on
  the control connection and will therefore immediately connect and try to
  speak SSL. FTPS:// connections default to port 990.

  To use explicit FTPS, you use an FTP:// URL and the --ssl-reqd option (or one
  of its related flavors). This is the most common method, and the one
  mandated by RFC 4217. This kind of connection will then of course use the
  standard FTP port 21 by default.

  4.16 My HTTP POST or PUT requests are slow

  libcurl makes all POST and PUT requests (except for requests with a small
  request body) use the "Expect: 100-continue" header. This header allows the
  server to deny the operation early so that libcurl can bail out before having
  to send any data. This is useful in authentication cases and others.

  However, many servers do not implement the Expect: stuff properly and if the
  server does not respond (positively) within 1 second libcurl will continue
  and send off the data anyway.

  You can disable libcurl's use of the Expect: header the same way you disable
  any header, using -H / CURLOPT_HTTPHEADER, or by forcing it to use HTTP 1.0.

  4.17 Non-functional connect timeouts

  In most Windows setups having a timeout longer than 21 seconds make no
  difference, as it will only send 3 TCP SYN packets and no more. The second
  packet sent three seconds after the first and the third six seconds after
  the second. No more than three packets are sent, no matter how long the
  timeout is set.

  See option TcpMaxConnectRetransmissions on this page:
  https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/kb/175523/en-us

  Also, even on non-Windows systems there may run a firewall or anti-virus
  software or similar that accepts the connection but does not actually do
  anything else. This will make (lib)curl to consider the connection connected
  and thus the connect timeout will not trigger.

  4.18 file:// URLs containing drive letters (Windows, NetWare)

  When using curl to try to download a local file, one might use a URL
  in this format:

  file://D:/blah.txt

  you will find that even if D:\blah.txt does exist, curl returns a 'file
  not found' error.

  According to RFC 1738 (https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1738.txt),
  file:// URLs must contain a host component, but it is ignored by
  most implementations. In the above example, 'D:' is treated as the
  host component, and is taken away. Thus, curl tries to open '/blah.txt'.
  If your system is installed to drive C:, that will resolve to 'C:\blah.txt',
  and if that does not exist you will get the not found error.

  To fix this problem, use file:// URLs with *three* leading slashes:

  file:///D:/blah.txt

  Alternatively, if it makes more sense, specify 'localhost' as the host
  component:

  file://localhost/D:/blah.txt

  In either case, curl should now be looking for the correct file.

  4.19 Why does not curl return an error when the network cable is unplugged?

  Unplugging a cable is not an error situation. The TCP/IP protocol stack
  was designed to be fault tolerant, so even though there may be a physical
  break somewhere the connection should not be affected, just possibly
  delayed. Eventually, the physical break will be fixed or the data will be
  re-routed around the physical problem through another path.

  In such cases, the TCP/IP stack is responsible for detecting when the
  network connection is irrevocably lost. Since with some protocols it is
  perfectly legal for the client to wait indefinitely for data, the stack may
  never report a problem, and even when it does, it can take up to 20 minutes
  for it to detect an issue. The curl option --keepalive-time enables
  keep-alive support in the TCP/IP stack which makes it periodically probe the
  connection to make sure it is still available to send data. That should
  reliably detect any TCP/IP network failure.

  TCP keep alive will not detect the network going down before the TCP/IP
  connection is established (e.g. during a DNS lookup) or using protocols that
  do not use TCP. To handle those situations, curl offers a number of timeouts
  on its own. --speed-limit/--speed-time will abort if the data transfer rate
  falls too low, and --connect-timeout and --max-time can be used to put an
  overall timeout on the connection phase or the entire transfer.

  A libcurl-using application running in a known physical environment (e.g.
  an embedded device with only a single network connection) may want to act
  immediately if its lone network connection goes down. That can be achieved
  by having the application monitor the network connection on its own using an
  OS-specific mechanism, then signaling libcurl to abort (see also item 5.13).

  4.20 curl does not return error for HTTP non-200 responses

  Correct. Unless you use -f (--fail).

  When doing HTTP transfers, curl will perform exactly what you are asking it
  to do and if successful it will not return an error. You can use curl to
  test your web server's "file not found" page (that gets 404 back), you can
  use it to check your authentication protected webpages (that gets a 401
  back) and so on.

  The specific HTTP response code does not constitute a problem or error for
  curl. It simply sends and delivers HTTP as you asked and if that worked,
  everything is fine and dandy. The response code is generally providing more
  higher level error information that curl does not care about. The error was
  not in the HTTP transfer.

  If you want your command line to treat error codes in the 400 and up range
  as errors and thus return a non-zero value and possibly show an error
  message, curl has a dedicated option for that: -f (CURLOPT_FAILONERROR in
  libcurl speak).

  You can also use the -w option and the variable %{response_code} to extract
  the exact response code that was returned in the response.

5. libcurl Issues

  5.1 Is libcurl thread-safe?

  Yes.

  We have written the libcurl code specifically adjusted for multi-threaded
  programs. libcurl will use thread-safe functions instead of non-safe ones if
  your system has such. Note that you must never share the same handle in
  multiple threads.

  There may be some exceptions to thread safety depending on how libcurl was
  built. Please review the guidelines for thread safety to learn more:
  https://curl.se/libcurl/c/threadsafe.html

  5.2 How can I receive all data into a large memory chunk?

  [ See also the examples/getinmemory.c source ]

  You are in full control of the callback function that gets called every time
  there is data received from the remote server. You can make that callback do
  whatever you want. You do not have to write the received data to a file.

  One solution to this problem could be to have a pointer to a struct that you
  pass to the callback function. You set the pointer using the
  CURLOPT_WRITEDATA option. Then that pointer will be passed to the callback
  instead of a FILE * to a file:

        /* imaginary struct */
        struct MemoryStruct {
          char *memory;
          size_t size;
        };

        /* imaginary callback function */
        size_t
        WriteMemoryCallback(void *ptr, size_t size, size_t nmemb, void *data)
        {
          size_t realsize = size * nmemb;
          struct MemoryStruct *mem = (struct MemoryStruct *)data;

          mem->memory = (char *)realloc(mem->memory, mem->size + realsize + 1);
          if (mem->memory) {
            memcpy(&(mem->memory[mem->size]), ptr, realsize);
            mem->size += realsize;
            mem->memory[mem->size] = 0;
          }
          return realsize;
        }

  5.3 How do I fetch multiple files with libcurl?

  libcurl has excellent support for transferring multiple files. You should
  just repeatedly set new URLs with curl_easy_setopt() and then transfer it
  with curl_easy_perform(). The handle you get from curl_easy_init() is not
  only reusable, but you are even encouraged to reuse it if you can, as that
  will enable libcurl to use persistent connections.

  5.4 Does libcurl do Winsock initialization on Win32 systems?

  Yes, if told to in the curl_global_init() call.

  5.5 Does CURLOPT_WRITEDATA and CURLOPT_READDATA work on Win32 ?

  Yes, but you cannot open a FILE * and pass the pointer to a DLL and have
  that DLL use the FILE * (as the DLL and the client application cannot access
  each others' variable memory areas). If you set CURLOPT_WRITEDATA you must
  also use CURLOPT_WRITEFUNCTION as well to set a function that writes the
  file, even if that simply writes the data to the specified FILE *.
  Similarly, if you use CURLOPT_READDATA you must also specify
  CURLOPT_READFUNCTION.

  5.6 What about Keep-Alive or persistent connections?

  curl and libcurl have excellent support for persistent connections when
  transferring several files from the same server. curl will attempt to reuse
  connections for all URLs specified on the same command line/config file, and
  libcurl will reuse connections for all transfers that are made using the
  same libcurl handle.

  When you use the easy interface the connection cache is kept within the easy
  handle. If you instead use the multi interface, the connection cache will be
  kept within the multi handle and will be shared among all the easy handles
  that are used within the same multi handle.

  5.7 Link errors when building libcurl on Windows

  You need to make sure that your project, and all the libraries (both static
  and dynamic) that it links against, are compiled/linked against the same run
  time library.

  This is determined by the /MD, /ML, /MT (and their corresponding /M?d)
  options to the command line compiler. /MD (linking against MSVCRT dll) seems
  to be the most commonly used option.

  When building an application that uses the static libcurl library, you must
  add -DCURL_STATICLIB to your CFLAGS. Otherwise the linker will look for
  dynamic import symbols. If you are using Visual Studio, you need to instead
  add CURL_STATICLIB in the "Preprocessor Definitions" section.

  If you get a linker error like "unknown symbol __imp__curl_easy_init ..." you
  have linked against the wrong (static) library. If you want to use the
  libcurl.dll and import lib, you do not need any extra CFLAGS, but use one of
  the import libraries below. These are the libraries produced by the various
  lib/Makefile.* files:

       Target:          static lib.   import lib for libcurl*.dll.
       -----------------------------------------------------------
       MinGW:           libcurl.a     libcurldll.a
       MSVC (release):  libcurl.lib   libcurl_imp.lib
       MSVC (debug):    libcurld.lib  libcurld_imp.lib
       Borland:         libcurl.lib   libcurl_imp.lib

  5.8 libcurl.so.X: open failed: No such file or directory

  This is an error message you might get when you try to run a program linked
  with a shared version of libcurl and your runtime linker (ld.so) could not
  find the shared library named libcurl.so.X. (Where X is the number of the
  current libcurl ABI, typically 3 or 4).

  You need to make sure that ld.so finds libcurl.so.X. You can do that
  multiple ways, and it differs somewhat between different operating systems.
  They are usually:

  * Add an option to the linker command line that specify the hard-coded path
    the runtime linker should check for the lib (usually -R)

  * Set an environment variable (LD_LIBRARY_PATH for example) where ld.so
    should check for libs

  * Adjust the system's config to check for libs in the directory where you have
    put the library (like Linux's /etc/ld.so.conf)

  'man ld.so' and 'man ld' will tell you more details

  5.9 How does libcurl resolve hostnames?

  libcurl supports a large number of name resolve functions. One of them is
  picked at build-time and will be used unconditionally. Thus, if you want to
  change name resolver function you must rebuild libcurl and tell it to use a
  different function.

  - The non-IPv6 resolver that can use one of four different hostname resolve
  calls (depending on what your system supports):

      A - gethostbyname()
      B - gethostbyname_r() with 3 arguments
      C - gethostbyname_r() with 5 arguments
      D - gethostbyname_r() with 6 arguments

  - The IPv6-resolver that uses getaddrinfo()

  - The c-ares based name resolver that uses the c-ares library for resolves.
    Using this offers asynchronous name resolves.

  - The threaded resolver (default option on Windows). It uses:

      A - gethostbyname() on plain IPv4 hosts
      B - getaddrinfo() on IPv6 enabled hosts

  Also note that libcurl never resolves or reverse-lookups addresses given as
  pure numbers, such as 127.0.0.1 or ::1.

  5.10 How do I prevent libcurl from writing the response to stdout?

  libcurl provides a default built-in write function that writes received data
  to stdout. Set the CURLOPT_WRITEFUNCTION to receive the data, or possibly
  set CURLOPT_WRITEDATA to a different FILE * handle.

  5.11 How do I make libcurl not receive the whole HTTP response?

  You make the write callback (or progress callback) return an error and
  libcurl will then abort the transfer.

  5.12 Can I make libcurl fake or hide my real IP address?

  No. libcurl operates on a higher level. Besides, faking IP address would
  imply sending IP packets with a made-up source address, and then you normally
  get a problem with receiving the packet sent back as they would then not be
  routed to you.

  If you use a proxy to access remote sites, the sites will not see your local
  IP address but instead the address of the proxy.

  Also note that on many networks NATs or other IP-munging techniques are used
  that makes you see and use a different IP address locally than what the
  remote server will see you coming from. You may also consider using
  https://www.torproject.org/ .

  5.13 How do I stop an ongoing transfer?

  With the easy interface you make sure to return the correct error code from
  one of the callbacks, but none of them are instant. There is no function you
  can call from another thread or similar that will stop it immediately.
  Instead, you need to make sure that one of the callbacks you use returns an
  appropriate value that will stop the transfer. Suitable callbacks that you
  can do this with include the progress callback, the read callback and the
  write callback.

  If you are using the multi interface, you can also stop a transfer by
  removing the particular easy handle from the multi stack at any moment you
  think the transfer is done or when you wish to abort the transfer.

  5.14 Using C++ non-static functions for callbacks?

  libcurl is a C library, it does not know anything about C++ member functions.

  You can overcome this "limitation" with relative ease using a static
  member function that is passed a pointer to the class:

     // f is the pointer to your object.
     static size_t YourClass::func(void *buffer, size_t sz, size_t n, void *f)
     {
       // Call non-static member function.
       static_cast<YourClass*>(f)->nonStaticFunction();
     }

     // This is how you pass pointer to the static function:
     curl_easy_setopt(hcurl, CURLOPT_WRITEFUNCTION, YourClass::func);
     curl_easy_setopt(hcurl, CURLOPT_WRITEDATA, this);

  5.15 How do I get an FTP directory listing?

  If you end the FTP URL you request with a slash, libcurl will provide you
  with a directory listing of that given directory. You can also set
  CURLOPT_CUSTOMREQUEST to alter what exact listing command libcurl would use
  to list the files.

  The follow-up question tends to be how is a program supposed to parse the
  directory listing. How does it know what's a file and what's a directory and
  what's a symlink etc. If the FTP server supports the MLSD command then it
  will return data in a machine-readable format that can be parsed for type.
  The types are specified by RFC 3659 section 7.5.1. If MLSD is not supported
  then you have to work with what you are given. The LIST output format is
  entirely at the server's own liking and the NLST output does not reveal any
  types and in many cases does not even include all the directory entries.
  Also, both LIST and NLST tend to hide Unix-style hidden files (those that
  start with a dot) by default so you need to do "LIST -a" or similar to see
  them.

  Example - List only directories.
  ftp.funet.fi supports MLSD and ftp.kernel.org does not:

     curl -s ftp.funet.fi/pub/ -X MLSD | \
       perl -lne 'print if s/(?:^|;)type=dir;[^ ]+ (.+)$/$1/'

     curl -s ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/ | \
       perl -lne 'print if s/^d[-rwx]{9}(?: +[^ ]+){7} (.+)$/$1/'

  If you need to parse LIST output in libcurl one such existing
  list parser is available at https://cr.yp.to/ftpparse.html  Versions of
  libcurl since 7.21.0 also provide the ability to specify a wildcard to
  download multiple files from one FTP directory.

  5.16 I want a different time-out

  Sometimes users realize that CURLOPT_TIMEOUT and CURLOPT_CONNECTIMEOUT are
  not sufficiently advanced or flexible to cover all the various use cases and
  scenarios applications end up with.

  libcurl offers many more ways to time-out operations. A common alternative
  is to use the CURLOPT_LOW_SPEED_LIMIT and CURLOPT_LOW_SPEED_TIME options to
  specify the lowest possible speed to accept before to consider the transfer
  timed out.

  The most flexible way is by writing your own time-out logic and using
  CURLOPT_XFERINFOFUNCTION (perhaps in combination with other callbacks) and
  use that to figure out exactly when the right condition is met when the
  transfer should get stopped.

  5.17 Can I write a server with libcurl?

  No. libcurl offers no functions or building blocks to build any kind of
  Internet protocol server. libcurl is only a client-side library. For server
  libraries, you need to continue your search elsewhere but there exist many
  good open source ones out there for most protocols you could want a server
  for. There are also really good stand-alone servers that have been tested
  and proven for many years. There is no need for you to reinvent them.

  5.18 Does libcurl use threads?

  Put simply: no, libcurl will execute in the same thread you call it in. All
  callbacks will be called in the same thread as the one you call libcurl in.

  If you want to avoid your thread to be blocked by the libcurl call, you make
  sure you use the non-blocking multi API which will do transfers
  asynchronously - still in the same single thread.

  libcurl will potentially internally use threads for name resolving, if it
  was built to work like that, but in those cases it will create the child
  threads by itself and they will only be used and then killed internally by
  libcurl and never exposed to the outside.

6. License Issues

  curl and libcurl are released under an MIT/X derivative license. The license
  is liberal and should not impose a problem for your project. This section is
  just a brief summary for the cases we get the most questions. (Parts of this
  section was much enhanced by Bjorn Reese.)

  We are not lawyers and this is not legal advice. You should probably consult
  one if you want true and accurate legal insights without our prejudice. Note
  especially that this section concerns the libcurl license only; compiling in
  features of libcurl that depend on other libraries (e.g. OpenSSL) may affect
  the licensing obligations of your application.

  6.1 I have a GPL program, can I use the libcurl library?

  Yes

  Since libcurl may be distributed under the MIT/X derivative license, it can
  be used together with GPL in any software.

  6.2 I have a closed-source program, can I use the libcurl library?

  Yes

  libcurl does not put any restrictions on the program that uses the library.

  6.3 I have a BSD licensed program, can I use the libcurl library?

  Yes

  libcurl does not put any restrictions on the program that uses the library.

  6.4 I have a program that uses LGPL libraries, can I use libcurl?

  Yes

  The LGPL license does not clash with other licenses.

  6.5 Can I modify curl/libcurl for my program and keep the changes secret?

  Yes

  The MIT/X derivative license practically allows you to do almost anything
  with the sources, on the condition that the copyright texts in the sources
  are left intact.

  6.6 Can you please change the curl/libcurl license to XXXX?

  No.

  We have carefully picked this license after years of development and
  discussions and a large amount of people have contributed with source code
  knowing that this is the license we use. This license puts the restrictions
  we want on curl/libcurl and it does not spread to other programs or
  libraries that use it. It should be possible for everyone to use libcurl or
  curl in their projects, no matter what license they already have in use.

  6.7 What are my obligations when using libcurl in my commercial apps?

  Next to none. All you need to adhere to is the MIT-style license (stated in
  the COPYING file) which basically says you have to include the copyright
  notice in "all copies" and that you may not use the copyright holder's name
  when promoting your software.

  You do not have to release any of your source code.

  You do not have to reveal or make public any changes to the libcurl source
  code.

  You do not have to broadcast to the world that you are using libcurl within
  your app.

  All we ask is that you disclose "the copyright notice and this permission
  notice" somewhere. Most probably like in the documentation or in the section
  where other third party dependencies already are mentioned and acknowledged.

  As can be seen here: https://curl.se/docs/companies.html and elsewhere,
  more and more companies are discovering the power of libcurl and take
  advantage of it even in commercial environments.


7. PHP/CURL Issues

  7.1 What is PHP/CURL?

  The module for PHP that makes it possible for PHP programs to access curl-
  functions from within PHP.

  In the cURL project we call this module PHP/CURL to differentiate it from
  curl the command line tool and libcurl the library. The PHP team however
  does not refer to it like this (for unknown reasons). They call it plain
  CURL (often using all caps) or sometimes ext/curl, but both cause much
  confusion to users which in turn gives us a higher question load.

  7.2 Who wrote PHP/CURL?

  PHP/CURL was initially written by Sterling Hughes.

  7.3 Can I perform multiple requests using the same handle?

  Yes - at least in PHP version 4.3.8 and later (this has been known to not
  work in earlier versions, but the exact version when it started to work is
  unknown to me).

  After a transfer, you just set new options in the handle and make another
  transfer. This will make libcurl reuse the same connection if it can.

  7.4 Does PHP/CURL have dependencies?

  PHP/CURL is a module that comes with the regular PHP package. It depends on
  and uses libcurl, so you need to have libcurl installed properly before
  PHP/CURL can be used.

8. Development

 8.1 Why does curl use C89?

 As with everything in curl, there is a history and we keep using what we have
 used before until someone brings up the subject and argues for and works on
 changing it.

 We started out using C89 in the 1990s because that was the only way to write
 a truly portable C program and have it run as widely as possible. C89 was for
 a long time even necessary to make things work on otherwise considered modern
 platforms such as Windows. Today, we do not really know how many users that
 still require the use of a C89 compiler.

 We will continue to use C89 for as long as nobody brings up a strong enough
 reason for us to change our minds. The core developers of the project do not
 feel restricted by this and we are not convinced that going C99 will offer us
 enough of a benefit to warrant the risk of cutting off a share of users.

 8.2 Will curl be rewritten?

 In one go: no. Little by little over time? Maybe.

 Over the years, new languages and clever operating environments come and go.
 Every now and then the urge apparently arises to request that we rewrite curl
 in another language.

 Some the most important properties in curl are maintaining the API and ABI
 for libcurl and keeping the behavior for the command line tool. As long as we
 can do that, everything else is up for discussion. To maintain the ABI, we
 probably have to maintain a certain amount of code in C, and to remain rock
 stable, we will never risk anything by rewriting a lot of things in one go.
 That said, we can certainly offer more and more optional backends written in
 other languages, as long as those backends can be plugged in at build-time.
 Backends can be written in any language, but should probably provide APIs
 usable from C to ease integration and transition.